Imine reductases: A comparison of glutamate dehydrogenase to ketimine reductases in the brain

Neurochemical Research

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 527-541

  Hallen, André ^a   Jamie, Joanne F ^a   Cooper, Arthur J L ^b  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Glutamate dehydrogenase; Imine; Ketimine reductase

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; CRYSTALLIN; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; GLUTAMIC ACID; IMINE; KETIMINE REDUCTASE; LYSINE; MU CRYSTALLIN; NITROGEN; ORNITHINE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PROLINE; SULFUR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; BRAIN; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CRYM GENE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REDUCTION; REVIEW; TRANSDEAMINATION; TRANSREAMINATION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; HUMANS; IMINES; NITRILES; OXIDOREDUCTASES; OXIDOREDUCTASES ACTING ON CH-NH GROUP DONORS;

EID: 84896721105     PISSN: 03643190     EISSN: 15736903     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0964-1     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Berl S, Takagaki G, Clarke DD, Waelsch H (1962) Metabolic compartments in vivo. Ammonia and glutamic acid metabolism in brain and liver. J Biol Chem 237:2562-2569
2. Berl S, Takagaki G, Clarke DD, Waelsch H (1962) Carbon dioxide fixation in the brain. J Biol Chem 237:2570-2573
3. Norenberg MD, Martinez-Hernandez A (1979) Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain. Brain Res 161(2):303-310 (Pubitemid 9087410)
4. Martinez-Hernandez A, Bell KP, Norenberg MD (1977) Glutamine synthetase: glial localization in brain. Science 195(4284): 1356-1358 (Pubitemid 8056735)
5. Martin-Rufian M, Tosina M, Campos-Sandoval JA, Manzanares E, Lobo C, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Mates JM, Marquez J (2012) Mammalian glutaminase Gls2 gene encodes two functional alternative transcripts by a surrogate promoter usage mechanism. PLoS ONE 7(6):e38380
6. McKenna MC (2007) The glutamate-glutamine cycle is not stoichiometric: fates of glutamate in brain. J Neurosci Res 85(15):3347-3358
7. 13C MRS studies of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in humans. NMR Biomed 24(8):943-957
8. Spanaki C, Plaitakis A (2012) The role of glutamate dehydrogenase in mammalian ammonia metabolism. Neurotox Res 21(1): 117-127
9. Plaitakis A, Latsoudis H, Spanaki C (2011) The human GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase and its regulation in health and disease. Neurochem Int 59(4):495-509
10. Braunstein A (1957) Principal ways of assimilation & dissimilation of nitrogen in animals. Adv Enzymol Relat Subj Biochem (French) 19:335-389
11. Braunstein AE, Kritzmann MG (1937) Formation of amino-acids by inter-molecular transfer of the amino group. Nature 140:503-504
12. 13N]ammonia in rat liver in vivo. J Biol Chem 262(3):1073-1080
13. 13N-labeled glutamate, alanine, and glutamine(amide) in rat liver. J Biol Chem 263(25):12268-12273
14. Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT (2009) Hepatic glutamate metabolism: a tale of 2 hepatocytes. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3):857S-861S
15. Watford M, Smith EM (1990) Distribution of hepatic glutaminase activity and mRNA in perivenous and periportal rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 267(1):265-267 (Pubitemid 20122667)
16. 13N-labeled ammonia in rat brain. J Biol Chem 254(12):4982-4992
17. Williamson DH, Lund P, Krebs HA (1967) The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver. Biochem J 103(2):514-527
18. Chee PY, Dahl JL, Fahien LA (1979) The purification and properties of rat brain glutamate dehydrogenase. J Neurochem 33(1):53-60 (Pubitemid 9233911)
19. Cooper AJL, Mora SN, Cruz NF, Gelbard AS (1985) Cerebral ammonia metabolism in hyperammonemic rats. J Neurochem 44(6):1716-1723 (Pubitemid 15000274)
20. Dadsetan S, Bak LK, Sorensen M, Keiding S, Vilstrup H, Ott P, Leke R, Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS (2011) Inhibition of glutamine synthesis induces glutamate dehydrogenase-dependent ammonia fixation into alanine in co-cultures of astrocytes and neurons. Neurochem Int 59(4):482-488
21. 13N as a tracer for studying glutamate metabolism. Neurochem Int 59(4):456-464
22. Cooper AJL (2012) The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in cerebral ammonia homeostasis. Neurochem Res 37(11):2493-2455
23. von Euler H, Adler E, Gunther G, Das NB (1938) Über den enzymatischen Abbau und Aufbau der Glutaminsäure. II. In tierischen Geweben. Z Physiol Chem 254:61-103
24. Hochreiter MC, Patek DR, Schellenberg KA (1972) Catalysis of α-iminoglutarate formation from α-ketoglutarate and ammonia by bovine glutamate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 247(19): 6271-6276
25. Hochreiter MC, Schellenberg KA (1969) α-Iminoglutarate formation by beef liver L-glutamate dehydrogenase. Detection by borohydride or dithionite reduction to glutamate. J Am Chem Soc 91(23):6530-6531
26. 1-pyrroline-2- carboxylic acid) by NADPH. J Biol Chem 257(22):13208-13210
27. Cabello J, Leon B, Prajoux V, Plaza M (1964) Molecular changes during the Titration of α-Keto-δ-aminovaleric acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 107:51-56
28. 1-Pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase. Methods Enzymol 5:878-882
29. Srinivasan R, Medary RT, Fisher HF, Norris DJ, Steward R (1982) The pyridinium-dihydropyridine system. Reduction potentials and the mechanism of oxidation of 1,4-dihydropyridines by a Schiff base. J Am Chem Soc 104:807-812
30. Srinivasan R, Fisher HF (1985) Structural features facilitating the glutamate dehydrogenase catalysed α-imino acid - α-amino acid interconversion. Arch Biochem Biophys 246(2):743-750
31. 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 3(6):1197-1202
32. Meister A, Radhakrishnan AN, Buckley SD (1957) Enzymatic synthesis of L-pipecolic acid and L-proline. J Biol Chem 229(2):789-800
33. Weissman N, Schoenheimer RJ (1941) The relative stability of L-lysine in rats studied with deuterium and heavy nitrogen. J Biol Chem 140:779
34. Rothstein M, Miller LL (1954) The conversion of lysine to pipecolic acid in the rat. J Biol Chem 211(2):851-858
35. Coccia R, Foppoli C, Blarzino C, De Marco C, Pensa B (1992) Transamination of some sulphur- or selenium-containing amino acids by bovine liver glutamine transaminase. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 24(4):313-321
36. Ogawa T, Kimoto M, Sasaoka K (1990) Dimethylarginine: pyruvate aminotransferase in rats. Purification, properties, and identity with alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 2. J Biol Chem 265(34):20938-20945 (Pubitemid 120014101)
37. Meister A (1954) Enzymatic transamination reactions involving arginine and ornithine. J Biol Chem 206(2):587-596
38. Strecker HJ (1965) Purification and properties of rat river ornithine δ-transaminase. J Biol Chem 240:1225-1230
39. Blanchard M, Green DE, Nocito V, Ratner S (1944) L-Amino acid oxidase of animal tissue. J Biol Chem 155:421-440
40. Murthy SN, Janardanasarma MK (1999) Identification of L-amino acid/L-lysine α-amino oxidase in mouse brain. Mol Cell Biochem 197(1-2):13-23 (Pubitemid 29408072)
41. Chang YF (1976) Pipecolic acid pathway: the major lysine metabolic route in the rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 69(1):174-180
42. Rao VV, Pan X, Chang YF (1992) Developmental changes of L-lysine-ketoglutarate reductase in rat brain and liver. Comp Biochem Physiol B Comp Biochem 103(1):221-224
43. Fujii T, Mukaihara M, Agematu H, Tsunekawa H (2002) Biotransformation of L-lysine to L-pipecolic acid catalyzed by L-lysine 6-aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66(3):622-627 (Pubitemid 39251021)
44. Chang YE (1978) Lysine metabolism in the rat brain: the pipecolic acid-forming pathway. J Neurochem 30(2):347-354
45. Hasse K, Ratych OT, Salnikow J (1967) Transaminierung und Decarboxylierung von Ornithin und Lysin in höheren Pflanzen. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 348 (7):843-851
46. Mestichelli LJG, Gukpta RN, Spenser ID (1979) The biosynthetic route from ornithine to proline. J Biol Chem 254:640-647
47. Boulanger P, Bertrand J, Osteux R (1957) Désamination de l'ornithine et de la lysine sélectivement marquées par la L-aminoacide-déshydrogénase du foie de dindon (Meleagris gallopavo L). Biochim Biophys Acta 26(1):143-145
48. Muth WL, Costilow RN (1974) Ornithine cyclase (deaminating). II. Properties of the homogeneous enzyme. J Biol Chem 249(23):7457-7462
49. Trovato M, Maras B, Linhares F, Costantino P (2001) The plant oncogene rolD encodes a functional ornithine cyclodeaminase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(23):13449-13453 (Pubitemid 33051383)
50. Graupner M, White RH (2001) Methanococcus jannaschii generates L -proline by cyclization of L-ornithine. J Bacteriol 183(17):5203-5205 (Pubitemid 32750950)
51. Dessaux Y, Petit A, Tempe J, Demarez M, Legrain C, Wiame JM (1986) Arginine catabolism in Agrobacterium strains: role of the Ti plasmid. J Bacteriol 166(1):44-50 (Pubitemid 16043278)
52. Meister A, Buckley SD (1957) Pyridine nucleotide-dependent reduction of the α-keto acid analogue of lysine to L-pipecolic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 23(1):202-203
53. Radhakrishnan AN, Meister A (1958) Amino acid synthesis by reversal of the amino acid oxidase reaction. J Biol Chem 233(2): 444-450
54. Scannone H, Wellner D, Novogrodsky A (1964) A study of amino acid oxidase specificity, using a new sensitive assay. Biochemistry 3:1742-1745
55. Wellner D, Scannone H (1964) Oxidation of L-Proline and L-3,4-Dehydroproline by D-amino acid oxidase. Biochemistry 3: 1746-1749
56. Visser WF, Verhoeven-Duif NM, de Koning TJ (2012) Identification of a human trans-3-hydroxy- L-proline dehydratase, the first characterized member of a novel family of proline race-mase-like enzymes. J Biol Chem 287(26):21654-21662
57. Di Lullo GA, Sweeney SM, Körkkö J, Ala-Kokko L, San Antonio JD (2002) Mapping the ligand-binding sites and disease-associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human, Type I collagen. J Biol Chem 277:4223-4231 (Pubitemid 34968685)
58. +-oxidoreductase of hog Kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta 99:78-95
59. Lin MC, Wagner C (1975) Purification and characterization of N-methylalanine dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 250(10): 3746-3751
60. Mihara H, Muramatsu H, Kakutani R, Yasuda M, Ueda M, Kurihara T, Esaki N (2005) N-methyl-L-amino acid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida. A novel member of an unusual NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductase superfamily. FEBS J 272(5):1117-1123 (Pubitemid 40314931)
61. 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase belonging to a new family of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases: conformational change, substrate recognition, and stereochemistry of the reaction. J Biol Chem 280(49):40875-40884
62. 1-pyrroline-2- carboxylate reductase activity. J Neurochem 35(3): 616-621
63. Kase Y, Kataoka M, Miyata T, Okano Y (1973) Pipecolic acid in the dog brain. Life Sci 13(7):867-873
64. Nardini M, Ricci G, Vesci L, Pecci L, Cavallini D (1988) Bovine brain ketimine reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta 957(2):286-292 (Pubitemid 18267284)
65. Nardini M, Ricci G, Caccuri AM, Solinas SP, Vesci L, Cavallini D (1988) Purification and characterization of a ketimine-reducing enzyme. Eur J Biochem 173(3):689-694
66. Cavallini D, Ricci G, Dupre S, Pecci L, Costa M, Matarese RM, Pensa B, Antonucci A, Solinas SP, Fontana M (1991) Sulfur-containing cyclic ketimines and imino acids. A novel family of endogenous products in the search for a role. Eur J Biochem 202(2):217-223
67. Cooper AJL (2004) The role of glutamine transaminase K (GTK) in sulfur and alpha-keto acid metabolism in the brain, and in the possible bioactivation of neurotoxicants. Neurochem Int 44(8):557-577
68. Costa M, Pensa B, Blarzino C, Cavallini D (1985) New enzymatic changes of L-cystathionine catalyzed by bovine tissue extracts. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 17(1):107-111
69. Costa M, Pensa B, Fontana M, Foppoli C, Cavallini D (1986) Transamination of L-cystathionine and related compounds by a bovine liver enzyme. Possible identification with glutamine transaminase. Biochim Biophys Acta 881(3):314-320 (Pubitemid 16033446)
70. Scandurra R, Consalvi V, De Marco C, Politi L, Cavallini D (1979) Lanthionine decarboxylation by animal tissues. Life Sci 24(21):1925-1930 (Pubitemid 9210104)
71. Pitari G, Maurizi G, Flati V, Ursini CL, Spera L, Dupre S, Cavallini D (1992) Enzymatic synthesis of S-aminoethyl-L-cysteine from pantetheine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1116(1):27-33
72. Braunstein AE, Goryachenkova EV (1984) The β-replacement-specific pyridoxal-P-dependent lyases. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 56:1-89
73. Cooper AJL, Pinto JT, Callery PS (2011) Reversible and irreversible protein glutathionylation: biological and clinical aspects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 7(7):891-910
74. Cavallini D, Ricci G, Federici G (1983) The ketimine derivatives of thialysine, lanthionine, cystathionine, cystine: preparation and properties. Prog Clin Biol Res 125:355-363
75. Fontana M, Brunori A, Costa M, Antonucci A (1997) Detection of cystathionine ketimine and lanthionine ketimine in human brain. Neurochem Res 22(7):821-824 (Pubitemid 27300640)
76. Ricci G, Vesci L, Matarese RM, Antonucci A, Maggio A, Pecci L, Cavallini D (1990) Detection of cystathionine ketimine in bovine cerebellum. J Neurochem 55(5):1599-1602
77. Ricci G, Vesci L, Nardini M, Arduini A, Storto S, Rosato N, Cavallini D (1989) Detection of 2H-1,4-thiazine-5,6-dihydro-3,5-dicarboxylic acid (lanthionine ketimine) in the bovine brain by a fluorometric assay. Biochim Biophys Acta 990(2):211-215 (Pubitemid 19055414)
78. Nardini M, Matarese RM, Pecci L, Antonucci A, Ricci G, Cavallini D (1990) Detection of 2H-1,4-thiazine-5,6-dihydro-3-carboxylic acid (aminoethylcysteine ketimine) in the bovine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166(3):1251-1256 (Pubitemid 20068974)
79. Cavallini D, Pecci L, Matarese RM, Ricci G, Achilli M (1985) Gas-chromatographic mass-spectrometric detection of 1,4-hexahydrothiazepine-3,5- dicarboxylic acid (cyclothionine) in bovine brain. J Biol Chem 260(29):15577-15579 (Pubitemid 16173179)
80. Cavallini D, Matarese RM, Pecci L, Ricci G (1985) 1,4-Thiomorpholine-3,5- dicarboxylic acid, a novel cyclic imino acid detected in bovine brain. FEBS Lett 192(2):247-250 (Pubitemid 16231755)
81. Tallan HH, Moore S, Stein WH (1958) L-Cystathionine in human brain. J Biol Chem 230(2):707-716
82. 35S]lanthionine ketimine specific binding to bovine brain membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195(2):673-677
83. 35S]lanthionine ketimine binding sites from bovine brain. Neurochem Int 28(2):169-173
84. Zhang J, Zhang M, Sugahara K, Sagara Y, Spirito A, Dupre KH (1999) D-Cystathionine ketimine and L-cystathionine ketimine enhance superoxide generation by human neutrophils in a different manner. Arch Biochem Biophys 363(1):55-59 (Pubitemid 29394330)
85. Zhang J, Sugahara K, Hashimoto K, Sagara Y, Fontana M, Dupre S, Kodama H (1997) Lanthionine ketimine and S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ketimine induce the tyrosyl phosphorylation of 45 kDa protein in parallel with its stimulation of superoxide generation in human neutrophils. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 29(2):199-211 (Pubitemid 127519278)
86. Zhang J, Sugahara K, Sagara Y, Fontana M, Dupre S, Kodama H (1996) Effect of cystathionine ketimine on the stimulus coupled responses of neutrophils and their modulation by various protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 218(1):371-376 (Pubitemid 26034541)
87. Gao HM, Zhou H, Hong JS (2012) NADPH oxidases: novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Pharm Sci 33(6):295-303
88. Ricci G, Nardini M, Caccuri AM, Federici G (1983) Interaction between 1,4-thiazine derivatives and D-amino-acid oxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 748(1):40-47
89. Hensley K, Venkova K, Christov A (2010) Emerging biological importance of central nervous system lanthionines. Molecules 15(8):5581-5594
90. Hensley K, Christov A, Kamat S, Zhang XC, Jackson KW, Snow S, Post J (2010) Proteomic identification of binding partners for the brain metabolite lanthionine ketimine (LK) and documentation of LK effects on microglia and motoneuron cell cultures. J Neurosci 30(8):2979-2988
91. Hallen A, Cooper AJ, Jamie JF, Haynes PA, Willows RD (2011) Mammalian forebrain ketimine reductase identified as μ-crystallin; potential regulation by thyroid hormones. J Neurochem 118(3):379-387
92. Segovia L, Horwitz J, Gasser R, Wistow G (1997) Two roles for μ-crystallin: a lens structural protein in diurnal marsupials and a possible enzyme in mammalian retinas. Mol Vis 3:9
93. Hashizume K, Miyamoto T, Yamauchi K, Ichikawa K, Kobayashi M, Ohtsuka H, Sakurai A, Suzuki S, Yamada T (1989) Counterregulation of nuclear 3,5,3′ -triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) binding by oxidized and reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates in the presence of cytosolic T3-binding protein in vitro. Endocrinology 124(4):1678-1683 (Pubitemid 19105432)
94. Mori J, Suzuki S, Kobayashi M, Inagaki T, Komatsu A, Takeda T, Miyamoto T, Ichikawa K, Hashizume K (2002) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent cytosolic T(3) binding protein as a regulator for T(3)-mediated transactivation. Endocrinology 143(4):1538-1544 (Pubitemid 34274385)
95. Vie MP, Evrard C, Osty J, Breton-Gilet A, Blanchet P, Pomerance M, Rouget P, Francon J, Blondeau JP (1997) Purification, molecular cloning, and functional expression of the human nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-regulated thyroid hormone-binding protein. Mol Endocrinol 11(11):1728-1736 (Pubitemid 27435420)
96. Beslin A, Vie MP, Blondeau JP, Francon J (1995) Identification by photoaffinity labelling of a pyridine nucleotide-dependent tri-iodothyronine- binding protein in the cytosol of cultured astroglial cells. Biochem J 305(Pt 3):729-737
97. Yamauchi K, Tata JR (1994) Purification and characterization of a cytosolic thyroid-hormone-binding protein (CTBP) in Xenopus liver. Eur J Biochem 225(3):1105-1112 (Pubitemid 24342557)
98. Yamauchi K, Nakajima J, Hayashi H, Horiuchi R, Tata JR (1999) Xenopus cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein (xCTBP) is aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzing the formation of retinoic acid. J Biol Chem 274(13):8460-8469 (Pubitemid 29164635)
99. Goudonnet H, Truchot R, Michel R (1975) The effect of structural analogs of triiodo-3,5,3′-L-thyronine on the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase of liver and cardiac mitochondria and liver alcohol dehydrogenase in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 24(18):1679-1685
100. Freerksen DL, Schroedl NA, Hartzell CR (1984) Triiodothyronine depresses the NAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of cultured neonatal rat heart cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 228(2):474-479 (Pubitemid 14185789)
101. Maggio ET, Ullman EF (1978) Inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by thyroxine and structurally related compounds. Biochim Biophys Acta 522(2):284-290 (Pubitemid 8274342)
102. Wolff J (1962) The effect of thyroxine on isolated dehydrogenases. III. The site of action of thyroxine on glutamic dehydrogenase, the function of adenine and guanine nucleotides, and the relation of kinetic to sedimentation changes. J Biol Chem 237:236-242
103. Gatto GJ Jr, Boyne MT 2nd, Kelleher NL, Walsh CT (2006) Biosynthesis of pipecolic acid by RapL, a lysine cyclodeaminase encoded in the rapamycin gene cluster. J Am Chem Soc 128(11):3838-3847
104. Goodman JL, Wang S, Alam S, Ruzicka FJ, Frey PA, Wedekind JE (2004) Ornithine cyclodeaminase: structure, mechanism of action, and implications for the μ-crystallin family. Biochemistry 43(44):13883-13891 (Pubitemid 39482737)
105. Gallagher DT, Monbouquette HG, Schroder I, Robinson H, Holden MJ, Smith NN (2004) Structure of alanine dehydrogenase from Archaeoglobus: active site analysis and relation to bacterial cyclodeaminases and mammalian μ-crystallin. J Mol Biol 342(1):119-130 (Pubitemid 39094509)
106. Grimshaw CE, Cook PF, Cleland WW (1981) Use of isotope effects and pH studies to determine the chemical mechanism of Bacillus subtilis L-alanine dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 20(20): 5655-5661 (Pubitemid 12217500)
107. Martins-de-Souza D, Gattaz WF, Schmitt A, Maccarrone G, Hunyadi-Gulyas E, Eberlin MN, Souza GH, Marangoni S, Novello JC, Turck CW, Dias-Neto E (2009) Proteomic analysis of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicates the involvement of cytoskeleton, oligodendrocyte, energy metabolism and new potential markers in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 43(11):978-986
108. Avasarala JR, Chittur SV, George AD, Tine JA (2008) Microarray analysis in B cells among siblings with/without MS - role for transcription factor TCF2. BMC Med Genomics 1:2
109. Reed PW, Corse AM, Porter NC, Flanigan KM, Bloch RJ (2007) Abnormal expression of μ-crystallin in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Exp Neurol 205(2):583-586 (Pubitemid 46755775)
110. Oshima A, Suzuki S, Takumi Y, Hashizume K, Abe S, Usami S (2006) CRYM mutations cause deafness through thyroid hormone binding properties in the fibrocytes of the cochlea. J Med Genet 43(6):e25
111. Fukada Y, Yasui K, Kitayama M, Doi K, Nakano T, Watanabe Y, Nakashima K (2007) Gene expression analysis of the murine model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: studies of the Leu126delTT mutation in SOD1. Brain Res 1160:1-10 (Pubitemid 47058044)
112. George AJ, Gordon L, Beissbarth T, Koukoulas I, Holsinger RM, Perreau V, Cappai R, Tan SS, Masters CL, Scott HS, Li QX (2010) A serial analysis of gene expression profile of the Alzheimer's disease Tg2576 mouse model. Neurotox Res 17(4):360-379
113. Al-Kafaji G, Malik AN (2010) Hyperglycemia induces elevated expression of thyroid hormone binding protein in vivo in kidney and heart and in vitro in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391(4):1585-1591
114. Middleton FA, Mirnics K, Pierri JN, Lewis DA, Levitt P (2002) Gene expression profiling reveals alterations of specific metabolic pathways in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 22(7):2718-2729 (Pubitemid 37465821)
115. Aoki N, Ito K, Ito M (2000) μ-Crystallin, thyroid hormone-binding protein, is expressed abundantly in the murine inner root sheath cells. J Invest Dermatol 115(3):402-405
116. Abe S, Katagiri T, Saito-Hisaminato A, Usami S, Inoue Y, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y (2003) Identification of CRYM as a candidate responsible for nonsyndromic deafness, through cDNA microarray analysis of human cochlear and vestibular tissues. Am J Hum Genet 72(1):73-82 (Pubitemid 36056843)
117. Pestana RR, Kinjo ER, Hernandes MS, Britto LR (2010) Reactive oxygen species generated by NADPH oxidase are involved in neurodegeneration in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 484(3):187-191
118. Choi DH, Cristovao AC, Guhathakurta S, Lee J, Joh TH, Beal MF, Kim YS (2012) NADPH oxidase 1-mediated oxidative stress leads to dopamine neuron death in Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 16(10):1033-1045
119. Cairns B, Kim JY, Tang XN, Yenari MA (2012) NOX inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Curr Drug Targets 13(2):199-206