Critical care medicine: Bleeding and coagulopathies in critical care

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 370, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 847-859

  Hunt, Beverley J ^a,b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA;

BLEEDING; BLEEDING DISORDER; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; MANAGED CARE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SAFETY; POSTTRANSFUSION PURPURA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE; BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY;

BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION; CRITICAL CARE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

EID: 84896719601     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1208626     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007;63:805-13. (Pubitemid 350287298)
2. Holcomb JB, del Junco DJ, Fox EE, et al. The Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) study: comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. JAMA Surg 2013;148:127-36.
3. Rajasekhar A, Gowing R, Zarychanski R, et al. Survival of trauma patients after massive red blood cell transfusion using a high or low red blood cell to plasma transfusion ratio. Crit Care Med 2011;39:1507-13.
4. MacLennan S, Williamson LM. Risks of fresh frozen plasma and platelets. J Trauma 2006;60:Suppl:S46-S50.
5. Inaba K, Branco BC, Rhee P, et al. Impact of plasma transfusion in trauma patients who do not require massive transfusion. J Am Coll Surg 2010;210:957-65.
6. Innerhofer P, Westermann I, Tauber H, et al. The exclusive use of coagulation factor concentrates enables reversal of coagulopathy and decreases transfusion rates in patients with major blunt trauma. Injury 2013;44:209-16.
7. Ziegler B, Schimke C, Marchet P, Stögermüller B, Schöchl H, Solomon C. Severe pediatric blunt trauma - successful ROTEM-guided hemostatic therapy with fibrinogen concentrate and no administration of fresh frozen plasma or platelets. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2013;19:453-9.
8. Hiippala S. Replacement of massive blood loss. Vox Sang 1998;74:Suppl 2:399-407. (Pubitemid 28379812)
9. Spahn DR, Cerny V, Coats TJ, et al. Management of bleeding following major trauma: a European guideline. Crit Care 2007;11:R17. [Erratum, Crit Care 2007;11:414.]
10. Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:1342-51.
11. Stanworth SJ, Hunt BJ. The desperate need for good-quality clinical trials to evaluate the optimal source and dose of fibrinogen in managing bleeding. Crit Care 2011;15:1006.
12. Simpson E, Lin Y, Stanworth S, Birchall J, Doree C, Hyde C. Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;3:CD005011.
13. Levi M, Levy JH, Andersen HF, Truloff D. Safety of recombinant activated factor VII in randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1791-800. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2011;365:1944.]
14. Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376:23-32.
15. CRASH-2 Collaborators. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:1096-101.
16. Ker K, Edwards P, Perel P, Shakur H, Roberts I. Effect of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding: systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e3054.
17. Desborough M, Stanworth S. Plasma transfusion for bedside, radiologically guided, and operating room invasive procedures. Transfusion 2012;52:Suppl 1:20S-29S.
18. Hall DP, Lone NI, Watson DM, Stanworth SJ, Walsh TS. Factors associated with prophylactic plasma transfusion before vascular catheterization in non-bleeding critically ill adults with prolonged prothrombin time: a case-control study. Br J Anaesth 2012;109:919-27.
19. Collins PW, Macchiavello LI, Lewis SJ, et al. Global tests of haemostasis in critically ill patients with severe sepsis syndrome compared to controls. Br J Haematol 2006;135:220-7. (Pubitemid 44401620)
20. Holmes MV, Hunt BJ, Shearer MJ. The role of dietary vitamin K in the management of oral vitamin K antagonists. Blood Rev 2012;26:1-14.
21. Toh CH, Hoots WK. The scoring system of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis: a 5-year overview. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:604-6. (Pubitemid 46680696)
22. Øvstebø R, Aass HC, Haug KB, et al. LPS from Neisseria meningitidis is crucial for inducing monocyte- and microparticle-associated tissue factor activity but not for tissue factor expression. Innate Immun 2012;18:580-91.
23. Osterud B, Flaegstad T. Increased tissue thromboplastin activity in monocytes of patients with meningococcal infection: related to an unfavourable prognosis. Thromb Haemost 1983;49:5-7. (Pubitemid 13144355)
24. Nieuwland R, Berckmans RJ, McGregor S, et al. Cellular origin and procoagulant properties of microparticles in meningococcal sepsis. Blood 2000;95:930-5. (Pubitemid 30063043)
25. Ranieri VM, Thompson BT, Barie PS, et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in adults with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2055-64.
26. Afshari A, Wetterslev J, Brok J, Møller AM. Antithrombin III for critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;3:CD005370.
27. Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, et al. Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:238-47. (Pubitemid 37430063)
28. Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Br J Haematol 2009;145:24-33.
29. Vanderschueren S, De Weerdt A, Malbrain M, et al. Thrombocytopenia and prognosis in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2000;28:1871-6. (Pubitemid 30428745)
30. Slichter SJ. Evidence-based platelet transfusion guidelines. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007:172-8.
31. Segal HC, Harrison P. Methods for counting platelets in severe thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep 2006;5:70-5.
32. Kelton JG, Arnold DM, Bates SM. Nonheparin anticoagulants for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2013;368:737-44.
33. Allen DL, Samol J, Benjamin S, Verjee S, Tusold A, Murphy MF. Survey of the use and clinical effectiveness of HPA-1a/5b-negative platelet concentrates in proven or suspected platelet alloimmunization. Transfus Med 2004;14:409-17. (Pubitemid 39627215)
34. Scully M, Hunt BJ, Benjamin S, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other thrombotic microangiopathies. Br J Haematol 2012;158:323-35.
35. Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011;365:147-56.
36. Roberts LN, Patel RK, Arya R. Haemostasis and thrombosis in liver disease. Br J Haematol 2010;148:507-21.
37. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:11-21. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2013;368:2341.]
38. Hedges SJ, Dehoney SB, Hooper JS, Amanzadeh J, Busti AJ. Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007;3:138-53. (Pubitemid 46327140)
39. Mezzano D, Panes O, Muñoz B, et al. Tranexamic acid inhibits fibrinolysis, shortens the bleeding time and improves platelet function in patients with chronic renal failure. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1250-4. (Pubitemid 29473787)
40. Zhang Z, Hongying N. Efficacy and safety of regional citrate anticoagulation in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:20-8.
41. Hunt BJ, Segal H. Hyperfibrinolysis. J Clin Pathol 1996;49:958. [Erratum, J Clin Pathol 1997;50:357.]
42. Raza I, Davenport R, Rourke C, et al. The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:307-14.
43. Cuker A, Connors JM, Katz JT, Levy BD, Loscalzo J. A bloody mystery. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1887-94.
44. Heilmann C, Geisen U, Beyersdorf F, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in patients with extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Intensive Care Med 2012;38:62-8.
45. Franchini M, Mannucci PM. Von Willebrand disease-associated angiodysplasia: a few answers, still many questions. Br J Haematol 2013;161:177-82.
46. Tiede A, Rand JH, Budde U, Ganser A, Federici AB. How I treat the acquired von Willebrand syndrome. Blood 2011;117:6777-85.
47. Kaatz S, Kouides PA, Garcia DA, et al. Guidance on the emergent reversal of oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Am J Hematol 2012;87:Suppl 1:S141-S145. [Erratum, Am J Hematol 2012;87:748.]
48. Makris M, Van Veen JJ, Tait CR, Mumford AD, Laffan M. Guideline on the management of bleeding in patients on antithrombotic agents. Br J Haematol 2013;160:35-46.
49. Lazo-Langner A, Lang ES, Douketis J. Clinical management of new oral anticoagulants: a structured review with emphasis on the reversal of bleeding complications. Crit Care 2013;17:230.
50. Harper P, Young L, Merriman E. Bleeding risk with dabigatran in the frail elderly. N Engl J Med 2012;366:864-6.