Citizens of a Christian nation: Evangelical missions and the problem of race in the nineteenth century

Citizens of a Christian Nation: Evangelical Missions and the Problem of Race in the Nineteenth Century

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-237

  Chang, Derek ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84896566958     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (693)

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4. E. G. Robinson, "Race and Religion on the American Continent, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly 5:3 (March 1883), 49-53.
5. E. G. Robinson, "Race and Religion on the American Continent, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly (March 1883)., 49, 52-53.
6. Elon Galusha, "Address to Southern Baptists, delivered 30 April 1840, " reproduced in A. F. Foss and E. Mathews, Facts for Baptist Churches (Utica, N.Y., 1850), 46;.
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15. Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, Religion and Society in Frontier California (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994).
16. Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, "Assembling Bodies and Souls: Missionary Practices on the Pacific Frontier, " in Practicing Protestants: Histories of Christian Life in America, 1630-1965, ed. Maffly-Kipp, Leigh E. Schmidt, and Mark Valeri (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 51-76.
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31. Peggy Pascoe's, Work on women and home missions in Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874-1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
32. Wesley S. Woo, "Chinese Protestants in the San Francisco Bay Area, " in Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943, ed. Sucheng Chan (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 213-45.
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35. Pascoe Woo, Judy Tzu-Chun, Doctor "Mom" Chung of the Fair-Haired Bastards: The Life of a Wartime Celebrity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
36. Mary Ting, Yi Lui ., Explores the dynamics of white female missionaries who ministered to Chinese men in her excellent .The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005).
37. Nayan Shah, examines the role of missionaries in creating discourses of respectability in San Francisco's Chinatown in his thought-provoking, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
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60. Stuart Hall, "New Ethnicities, " in "Race, " Culture and Difference, ed. James Donald and Ali Rattansi (London: Sage, 1992), 252-59.
61. Ann Laura Stoler, "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia, " in Cooper and Stoler, Tensions of Empire, 203-214.
62. Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 84-97.
63. Viranjini Munasinghe, Calloloo or Tossed Salad? East Indians and the Cultural Politics of Identity in Trinidad (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001), 8-16.
64. Pascoe, Relations of Rescue, 143-44.
65. Stuart Creighton, Miller most famously explored the influence of missionaries in espousing notions of racial difference. The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese, 1785-1882 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).
66. Jessica L. Harland-Jacobs, Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717-1927 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 12.
67. Raymond Gavins, "Fear, Hope, and Struggle: Recasting Black North Carolina in the Age of Jim Crow, " in Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy, ed. David S. Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 201-2.
68. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 1-5.
69. Gary Y. Okihiro, Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994).
70. Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
71. Najia Aarim-Heriot, Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848-82 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003).
72. Lon Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival in Los Angeles, 1934-1990 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 2.
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77. Gavins, "Fear, Hope, and Struggle, " 185-206.
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81. Vicki L. Ruiz, "Dead Ends or Gold Mines? Using Missionary Records in Mexican American Women's History, " in Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, 2nd ed., ed. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois (New York: Routledge, 1994), 312.
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97. Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, 5.
98. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirtieth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1862), 25.
99. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1860), 43.
100. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-first Annual Report of the ABHMS (New York, 1863), 59.
101. Executive Board, Thirty-first Annual Report, 18.
102. John Stanford Holme, "The Freedmen of the United States-Who They Are and What They Are, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly 8:1 (February 1879), 116-17.
103. Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretative History (Boston: Twayne, 1991), 30-31.
104. Executive Board, Thirty-first Annual Report, 18-19.
105. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Forty-first Annual Report (New York, 1873), 56-57.
106. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census, vol. 1, The Statistics of the Population of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1872).
107. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistics of the Population of the United States at the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1883).
108. Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963).
109. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
110. Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, rev. ed. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985).
111. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-third Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1865), 9.
112. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-third Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1865), 9-10.
113. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-third Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1865), 10.
114. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1869), 20.
115. H. M. Kings "Report of the Committee on Chinese Missions, " Executive Board of the ABHMS, Fiftieth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1882), 16.
116. "The Chinese in California, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:3 (September 1852), 2.
117. John Loud, "Thirty Thousand Chinese in California, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:5 (November 1852), 2.
118. "Glad to Hear It, " Home and Foreign Journal 8:9 (March 1859), 1.
119. "Chinese Immigration, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:4 (August 1869), 4.
120. Henry Ward Beecher, "The American Christian's Duty to America, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly 1:12 (June 1879), 182-85.
121. Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965), 36-72.
122. Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, Religion and Society in Frontier California (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 3-35.
123. Robert G. Torbet, A History of the Baptists, 3rd ed., rev. (Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson Press, 1963), 248-49.
124. H. L. Morehouse, "Historical Sketch of the ABHMS for Fifty Years, " Including a Full Report of the Proceedings and Addresses of the Jubilee Meeting, and a Historical Sketch of the ABHMS, Historical Tables, Etc., 1832-1882 (New York, 1883), 302-6.
125. Rufus Babcock, Memoir of John Mason Peck D.D. (Philadelphia, 1864), 166.
126. Morehouse, "Historical Sketch, " 300.
127. Morehouse, Historical Sketch, 317-18.
128. Babcock, Memoir, 186, 234-44.
129. Torbet, A History of Baptists, 360.
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131. Morehouse, "Historical Sketch, " 324.
132. Steven Chapin, "A Discourse before the ABHMS, Delivered at Their Annual Meeting, Held in Calvert-Street Baptist Church, in the City of Baltimore, " no. 12, ed. William H. Stokes, (Penfield, Ga., 1841), 166.
133. Martin E. Marty." Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York: Dial Press, 1970), 1.
134. Lemuel Moss, "Results of Home Mission Work, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly 5:5 (May 1883), 101.
135. Andrew Jackson. The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 150-80.
136. Susan Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth-Century England (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1990), 147.
137. Mark A. Noll, A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1992), 178.
138. Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivalism in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978).
139. Elon Galusha, "Address to Southern Baptists, delivered 30 April 1840, " reproduced in A. F. Foss and E. Mathews, Facts for Baptist Churches (Utica, N.Y., 1850), 45-47.
140. Nathaniel Colver, A Review of the Doings of the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions, and of the Triennial Convention, at Baltimore, April, 1841 (n.p., 1841). 31.
141. Moss, "Results of Home Mission Work, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly 5:5 (May 1883), 101.
142. Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny.Committee on the State of the Country report reproduced in Executive Board, Thirty-third Annual Report, 43.
143. "Burning of Churches in Petersburg, " Harper's Weekly, May 19, 1866, 317.
144. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1866), 27-28.
145. H. C. Fish, "Report to the Executive Board of the ABHMS, " reproduced in Morehouse, "Historical Sketch, " 398.
146. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Mission for Life: The Story of the Family of Adoniram Judson, the Dramatic Events of the First American Foreign Mission, and the Course of Evangelical Religion in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Free Press, 1980).
147. American Baptist Missionary Magazine 14 (March 1834), 94-95.
148. "China and Oregon, " Religious Herald (Richmond, Va.), March 26, 1846, p. 2.
149. "Board of Domestic Missions: Operations of the Board, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:4 (October 1852), 1.
150. "Address of the San Francisco Baptist Association, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:6 (December 1852), 1-2.
151. "China Mission, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:9 (March 1853), 2.
152. "Resignation of Rev. J. L. Shuck, " Home and Foreign Journal 3:2 (August 1853), 2.
153. "Missionary Table, " in Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1870), 48.
154. "California-Chinese, " Religious Herald (Richmond, Va.), May 12, 1853, p. 2.
155. A. W. Loomis "Chinese in California: Their Sign-Board Literature, " 1:2 (August 1868), 152-56.
156. "The Chinese Six Companies, " 1:3 (September 1868), 221-27.
157. "The Old East in the New West, " 1:4 (October 1868), 360-67.
158. "Our Heathen Temples, " 1:5 (November 1868), 453-61.
159. "What Our Chinamen Read, " 1:6 (December 1868), 525-30.
160. "Holiday in the Chinese Quarter, " 2:2 (February 1869), 144-53.
161. "How Our Chinamen Are Employed, " 2:3 (March 1869), 231-40.
162. "Chinese Women in California, " 2:4 (April 1869), 344-51.
163. "Medical Art in the Chinese Quarter, " 2:6 (June 1869), 496-506.
164. "Chinese 'Funeral Baked Meats, '" 3:1 (July 1869), 21-29.
165. "The Chinese as Agriculturalists, " 4:6 (June 1870), 526-32.
166. "Occult Science in the Chinese Quarter, " 3:2 (August 1869), 160-69.
167. Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), 106-16.
168. Loomis, "Our Heathen Temples, " 453.
169. Loomis, "Our Heathen Temples", 461.
170. "Chinese Immigration, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:4 (August 1869), 4.
171. Peter Iadicola and Anson Shupe, Violence, Inequality, and Human Freedom (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 23-53.
172. "The Chinese in California, " Home and Foreign Journal 2:3 (September 1852), 1.
173. "Glad to Hear It, " Home and Foreign Journal 8:9 (March 1859), 1.
174. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Fiftieth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1882), 16.
175. Morehouse, "Historical Sketch, " 490.
176. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 2001), 364.
177. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 2001), 360.
178. Moon-Ho Jung, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
179. Najia Aarim-Heriot, Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848-82 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 37.
180. Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 7.
181. Linda Frost, Never One Nation: Freaks, Savages, and Whiteness in U.S. Popular Culture, 1850-1877 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), 139-64.
182. Robert G. Lee, Oriental: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), 51-82.
183. Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).
184. Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996).
185. Gary Y. Okihiro, Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 31-63.
186. "The Chinese Again, " Harper's Weekly, October 18, 1879, 822.
187. "Editorial Notes, " Baptist Home Mission Monthly 5:1 (January 1883), 10.
188. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Forty-eighth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1880), 37.
189. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1871), 20-21.
190. Linda Frost, Never One Nation: Freaks, Savages, and Whiteness in U.S. Popular Culture, 1850-1877 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), 139-64.
191. Najia Aarim-Heriot, Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848-82 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003).
192. Elliott West, "Reconstructing Race, " Western Historical Quarterly 34 (Spring 2003), 7-26.
193. Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
194. David M. Reimers, Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People (New York: New York University Press, 2005).
195. Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000).
196. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993).
197. Lawrence H. Fuchs, The American Kaleidoscope: Race, Ethnicity, and the Civic Culture (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1990).
198. Lo Hsianglin, Comp. Yuedongzhifeng (Taipei: Orient Cultural Service, 1947), 268.
199. Yong Chen, Chinese San Francisco, 1850-1943: A Trans-Pacific Community (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000), 40.
200. Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 8-9.
201. Guion Griffis Johnson, Ante-Bellum North Carolina: A Social History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), 116.
202. Rabinowitz, Race Relations, 9-10.
203. Carlos Arnaldo Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretative History, rev. ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 236.
204. Karin L. Zipf, "'The White Shall Rule the Land or Die': Gender, Race, and Class in North Carolina Reconstruction Politics, " Journal of Southern History 65:3 (August 1999), 503-5.
205. Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1870), 3-43.
206. ABHMS president M. B. Anderson's address in Executive Board of the ABHMS, Thirty-third Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1865), 9-11.
207. Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, Religion and Society in Frontier California (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 35.
208. Ninth Census, vol. 1, The Statistics of the Population of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1872), 225.
209. Statistics of the Population of the United States at the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1883), 423.
210. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991), 36.
211. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, "An Act to Establish an Uniform Rule of Naturalization, " in The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, vol. 1 (Boston, 1848), 103.
212. Statutes at Large 16 (1870), 254.
213. Dan Caldwell, "The Negroization of the Chinese Stereotype in California, " Southern California Quarterly 53 (June 1971), 123-31.
214. Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 153-82.
215. Moon-Ho Jung, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
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217. Robert G. Lee, Oriental: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), 51-82.
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502. Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 29-34.
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515. Raboteau, Slave Religion, 212.
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518. Melville J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941), 232-35.
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526. Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), 240.
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529. Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (New York: Vintage Books, 1976), 414-18.
530. Theophus H. Smith, Conjuring Culture: Biblical Formations of Black America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
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533. Levine, Black Culture, 3-135.
534. John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Ante-Bellum South, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
535. John B. Boles, Introduction to Masters and Slaves in the House of the Lord: Race and Religion in the American South, 1740-1870, ed. Boles (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1988), 9.
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541. Logan, "Henry Martin Tupper, " 40.
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544. Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863-1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 80.
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546. Henry Martin Tupper, Shaw University Annual Report, 1885-86.
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550. McMillen, To Raise Up the South, 152-54.
551. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), 187.
552. Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 113-116.
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554. W. N. Hartshorn, ed., An Era of Progress and Promise, 1863-1910: The Religious, Moral, and Educational Development of the American Negro Since His Emancipation (Boston: Priscilla Publishing, 1910), 441.
555. Whitted, A History of Negro Baptists, 34.
556. "Missionary Table" in Executive Board of the ABHMS, Fortieth Annual Report of the American Baptist Home Mission Society (New York, 1872), 119.
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577. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Church in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1974).
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591. James T. Campbell, Middle Passages: African American Journeys to Africa, 1787-2005 (New York: Penguin, 2006), 136-87.
592. Donald F. Roth, "The 'Black Man's Burden': The Racial Background of Afro-American Missionaries and Africa, " in Black Americans and the Missionary Movement in Africa, ed. Sylvia M. Jacobs (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1982), 32.
593. Gaines, Uplifting the Race, 39.
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598. Campbell, Songs of Zion, xiii.
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685. Josiah Strong, general secretary, Evangelical Alliance for the United States of America, New York, November 5, 1892.
686. Henry A. Tupper, Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Richmond, Virginia, November 5, 1892.
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