Reinscribing Schlesien as ͆ląsk: Memory and mythology in a postwar German-Polish Borderland

History and Memory

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 39-86

  Demshuk, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84896548436     PISSN: 0935560X     EISSN: 15271994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/ham.2012.0001     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Fürsten Von Hatzfeldt, Bericht über die Fahrt nach Schlesien vom 9.-12. Juni 1973 (Cologne: n. p., 1973), 2.
2. Jan Gross first exposed the interdependence of wartime and postwar population movements in their methods and result (such as granting successor populations rapid upward mobility and more tolerance for extreme measures) in his "Social Consequences of War: Preliminaries to the Study of Imposition of Communist Regimes in East Central Europe", East European Politics and Societies 3(March 1989):198-214.
3. Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire", Representations, no. 26(Spring 1989):12.
4. Andreas Huyssen observes that urban spaces can become palimpsests. New meanings are written over the old, shaping collective imaginations and amnesias: Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 7.
5. Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse portray Silesia as a land of constant historical transformation in Microcosm: Portrait of a central European city (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002), but the periodic change of rulers and multicultural interchange before 1945 cannot compare to the province's veritable reinvention after the near-complete shift ofpopulations.
6. Gregor Thum rightly emphasizes continuities between prewar and postwar Silesia in Die fremde Stadt: Breslau 1945 (Munich: Siedler, 2003), 48.
7. Yet even if (for example) early Wrocławian academics and politicians were fluent in German, they generally considered themselves to be Polish and fostered the city's Polonization. Zbigniew Mazur proposes 1989 as a change as important as 1945, because Poles were finally seeking a new relationship with the German past, in "Das deutsche Kulturerbe in den West- und Nordgebieten Polens", Osteuropa 47(1997):647.
8. For examples of the reinscription of an ancient, "Piast" Silesia, see contemporary scholarship such as Józef Kokot, The logic of the Oder-Neisse Frontier, 2nd ed., trans. Andrzej Potocki (Poznan: Journalists' Cooperative, 1959);
9. and Bohdan Gruchman et al., eds., Polish Western Territories (Poznan: Instytut Zachodni, 1959).
10. Nora, "Between Memory and History", 9.
11. Padraic Kenney, "Polish Workers and the Stalinist Transformation", in Norman Naimark and Leonid Gibianskii, eds., The establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 140.
12. Waves of anti-Semitism wracked Silesia's Jewish community through the medieval and early modern periods. By the nineteenth century, Breslau possessed the second-largest Jewish community in Prussia after Berlin. Till van Rahden analyzes this community's interaction with the surrounding German political, economic and cultural structure in Juden und andere Breslauer (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2000).
13. In Niemcy w Polsce (Germans in Poland) (Wrocław Wydanictwo Dolnoslaskie, 2001), Marek Zybura surveys the history of Germans in Poland and places postwar atrocities against Germans, such as the massacre at Lamsdorf, into a broader historical context that includes German atrocities and settlement in Poland during World War II (93-207).
14. Marek Czaplinski, ed., Historia Slqska (The history of Silesia) (Wrocław, 2002), 328-29;
15. Maria Wanda Wanatowicz, Historia społeczno-polityczna Górnego Slqska i Slqska Cieszynskiego w latach 1918-1945 (The sociopolitical history of Upper Silesia and Teschen Silesia, 1918-1945) (Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego, 1994), 12.
16. Polish National Democrats (rightwing nationalists also known as Endeks) dueled throughout the twentieth century with their highly comparable German Ostforscher counterparts, who produced expanding justifications for the German Drang nach Osten against Poland. Markus Krzoska has produced an excellent historiographic biography of a leading Polish nationalist historian, Für ein Polen an Oder und Ostsee: Zygmunt Wojciechowski (1900-1955) als Historiker und Publizist (Osnabruck, Fibre Verlag, 2003)
17. which is well paired with Eduard Muhle's biography of a leading anti-Slavic scholar, Fur Volk und deutschen Osten: der Historiker Hermann Aubin und die deutsche Ostforschung (Dusseldorf: Droste, 2005).
18. Important critical studies of Ostforschung include Michael Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988);
19. and Ingo Haar and Michael Fahlbusch eds., German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing, 1919-1945 (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005).
20. Gunther Doose, Die separatistische Bewegung in Oberschlesien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, 1918-1922 (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1987);
21. Marek Czaplinski, ed., Historia Slqska (The history of Silesia) (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2002), 296.
22. For the importance of economic considerations, see Waldemar Grosch's analysis of plebiscite placards and campaigns in Deutsche und polnische Propaganda während der Volksabstimmung in Oberschlesien, 1919-1921 (Dortmund: Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, 2002).
23. For the importance of Catholicism in framing national indifference, see James Bjork, Neither German nor Pole: Catholicism in a Central European Borderland (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008).
24. In this manner, as Beata Ociepka demonstrates, the Polish regime sought to demonstrate that the "recovered territories" were in fact home to an ancient Polish population. See Niemcy na Dolnym Slqsku w latach 1945-1970 (Germans in Lower Silesia, 1945-1970) (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1992), 6. Both the German and then Polish population projects illustrate the power of modern bureaucratic efficiency when wedded to modern nationalist and racial ideologies, which had no comparable precedent in Silesia's history of multiethnic exchange.
25. See Michael Esch, "Gesunde Verhältnisse": Deutsche und polnische Bevolkerungspolitik in Ostmitteleuropa 1939-1950 (Marburg: Herder Institut, 1998), 48, 58, 408.
26. For a detailed depiction of many facets of early postwar life in Wrocław (political structures, reconstruction, worker culture, Jewish life, the departure of Germans, etc.), see Marek Ordylowskim, Życie codzienne we Wrocławiu, 1945-1948 (Everyday life in Wrocław, 1945-1948) (Wrocław: Zaklad Narodowy im Ossolinskich, 1991).
27. See Peter Fritzsche's theory that, after immense trauma, nostalgia can become social, as some of those affected seek to restore a lost sense of wholeness: "How Nostalgia Narrates Modernity", in Alon Confino and Peter Fritzsche, eds., The Work of Memory (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 62-85.
28. That these three groups collaborated, despite their significant mistrust of one another, in order to achieve the nationalist goals in Poland's "recovered territories" has been well-documented in recent studies, most notably T. David Curp, A Clean Sweep?: The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing in Western Poland, 1945-1960 (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006).
29. Marek Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe in Schlesien nach 1945, Impressionen aus der Kulturlandschaft Schlesien 3 (Gôrlitz: Senfkorn Verlag Alfred Theisen, 2005), 15.
30. Brian Porter, When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 5.
31. Grzegorz Strauchold, "Die Wiedergegewonnen Gebiete und das 'Piastische Schlesien, '" in Marek Czaplinski and Tobias Weger, eds., Schlesische Erinnerungsorte: Gedächtnis und Identität einer mitteleuropäischen Region (Görlitz: Neiße Verlag, 2005), 306.
32. See also Strauchold's examination of ways in which Polish societies promulgated the "western idea" in idem, Mys'l zachodnia i jej realizacja w Polsce ludowej w latach 1945-1957 (The western idea and its realization in the Polish people, 1945-1957) (Torun: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek, 2003).
33. See, for example, Marian Seyda, Poland and Germany and the Post-War Reconstruction of Europe (London: Published for Private Circulation, September 1942).
34. See their article, "Developments in Polish Scholarship on German History, 1945-2000", German History 22, no. 3(2004):313.
35. Quoted in Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe, 12. These proclamations were ubiquitous, as in the "Appeal from the Central Resettlement Committee"
36. quoted in Thum, Die fremde Stadt, 120.
37. S. L. Schneiderman, Between Fear and Hope (New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1947), 245-46. This is in keeping with the work of T. David Curp. Because a majority voted in favor of the new borders in the "three times yes" referendum meant to prove the regime's popularity, Curp has contended that the border issue made Poles willing to remain indifferent to the decimation of political pluralism.
38. See A Clean Sweep, 69, 78-79;
39. see also Thum, Die fremde Stadt, 38.
40. For an example of Western Poles' demands for both the "recovered territories" and the lost kresy, see "Resolution: Adopted by the Executive Board of the Polish American Congress on March 9, 1945", in Polish American Congress, 1944-1948: Selected Documents (Chicago: Polish American Congress, 1948)
41. Jakub Tyszkiewicz, "Communist Propaganda in the German Provinces Ceded to Poland", in Zdenko Čepič, ed., 1945-A Break with the Past: A History of Central European Countries at the End of World War Two (Ljubljana: Institute of Contemporary History, 2008), 95.
42. Józef Feldman and Zygmunt Wojciechowski, "Poland and Germany-The Last Ten Years", in Zygmunt Wojciechowski, ed., Poland's Place in Europe, trans. B. W. A. Massey (Poznan: Instytut Zachodni, 1947), 324, 358, 412.
43. Another foundational work was Wojciechowski's brochure Rozwój terytorialny Prus w stosunku do ziem maciewrzystych Polski (Prussia's territorial development with respect to Poland's ancient lands) (Torun, n. p., 1933), which argued that Poland's Prussianinduced backwardness could only be overcome through the "return" of allegedly ancient territories in Silesia and Pomerania.
44. For more on Wojciechowski's critical leadership role as the West Institute's first director and Dmowski's successor, see Krzoska, Fur ein Polen an Oder und Ostsee, 331.
45. Maria Kielczewska Zaleska, "The Geographical Bases of Poland", in Wojciechowski, ed., Poland's Place in Europe, 12;
46. Tadeusz Lehr-Spławinski, "The Origin and Ancestral Home of the Slavs", in ibid., 78.
47. For one among many examples, see Gruchman et al., Polish Western Territories, 6. The TRZZ brought together more than 3, 000 local groups and 150, 000 members and tapped annual funds which, by 1960, had reached about eleven million ztoty.
48. Rudolf J. Neumann, Polens Westarbeit: Die Polnischen Kultur- und Bildungs-Einrichtungen in den deutschen Ostgebieten (Bremen: Carl Schunemann Verlag, 1966), 169.
49. See T. David Curp, "'Roman Dmowski Understood': Ethnic Cleansing as Permanent Revolution", European History Quarterly 35, no. 3(July 2005):413-14.
50. Juliane Haubold-Stolle, Mythos Oberschlesien: der Kampf um die Erinnerung in Deutschland und in Polen (Osnabruck: Fibre Verlag, 2008), 324. This work also traces how the "western idea" lived onward in the idea of the "recovered territories"
51. Quoted in Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe, 15. "Homily of Pope John Paul II" (June 1, 1997), http://www.fjp2.com/us/john-paul-ii/online-library/homilies/2026-46th-international-eucharisticcongress (accessed August 13, 2011).
52. German-Polish Dialogue: Letters of the Polish and German Bishops and International Statements (Bonn, Brussels and New York: Edition Atlantic-Forum, 1966).
53. This phenomenon also entered into the observations of German travelers such as Willi Michael Beutel, "1500 km durch Niederschlesien: ein Reisebericht", in Johannes Seipolt, ed., Das Heutige Schlesien, vol. 2, Niederschlesien, ein Tatsachen und Reisebericht in Wort und Bild (Munich: Aufstieg-Verlag, 1957), 16;
54. and Karl Lerch, ed., Jenseits von Oder und Neiße: Wiesieht es im deutschen Osten aus? Bilder und Berichte aus Niederschlesien, Oberschlesien, Ostpreufien, Westpreußen, Danzig, und Pommern (Tubingen: Verlag Sudwest-Presse, 1957), 9.
55. Gregor Thum, "Cleansed Memory: The New Polish Wrocław/Breslau and the Expulsion of the Germans", in Terry Hunt Tooley and Stevan Béla Várdy, eds., Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Social Science Monographs (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 347.
56. "Aufnahmen: Graberfursorge fur das In- und Ausland, Munchen 13", Bundesarchiv in Koblenz (hereafter BAK), B 137/1280.
57. Wanda Roszkowska, A Guide to Wrocław, trans. Krystyna Kozlowska and Helena Massey (Warszawa: Sport i Turystyka Publications, 1970), 136-37.
58. For more on postwar Poland's troubled relationship to its Jewish population, see Jan Gross, Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz. An Essay in Historical Interpretation (New York: Princeton University Press, 2006).
59. Zbigniew Rowski, "Um die Entpreussung der Architektur der Westgebiete", in Deutsches Buro fur Friedensfragen, ed., Ausgewdhlte Berichte aus polnischen und tschechischen Zeitungen und Zeitschriften uber die deutschen Ostgebiete und das Sudetenland, vol. 4 (Stuttgart: Deutsches Buro fur Friedensfragen, September 1949), 12-13
60. (translated from Odra [Katowice], no. 7, March 8, 1949).
61. "Geheimes Schreiben des Chefs der Abteilung fur Organisation und Lehrausbildung in der Hauptverwaltung des Amtes fur Politische Erziehung der Polnischen Armee, Oberst Neugebauer, an das Ministerium fur die Wiedergewonnenen Gebiete betreffend die schlechte Verpflegung der Umsiedler und Fehler bei ihrer Verteilung", January 31, 1946, in Stanislaw Ciesielski, ed., Umsiedlung der Polen aus den ehemaligen polnischen Ostgebieten nach Polen in den Jahren 1944-1947, Quellen zur Geschichte und Landeskunde Ostmitteleuropas 6 (Marburg and Wrocław: Herder Institut, 2006), 464;
62. "Vertrauliches Schrieben des Leiters der PUR-Wojewodschaftsabteilung in Krakôw/Krakau, Ludwik Sowinski, an den Direktor des PUR zu den Vorwurfen gegen die Tátigkeit der PUR-Abteilung in Wrocław/Breslau", January 23, 1946, in ibid., 462;
63. "Schreiben des Direktors des Staatlichen Repatriierungsamtes, Michal Sapieha, an den Hauptbevollmächtigen der Regierung der RP fur Umsiedlungsangelegenheiten in der USSR betreffend die Entsendung von Umsiedlern aus der USSR, die bei Kurorten gelebt haben", August 2, 1945, in ibid., 358;
64. "Schreiben der Wojewodschaftsabteilung des PUR in Katowice/Kattowitz an die Wojewodschaftsbehôrde fur Offentliche Sicherheit betreffend den Schutz von Umsiedlertransporten", July 18, 1945, in ibid., 342.
65. Emil Kaliski, "Wrocław wrôcil do Polski" (Wrocław returned to Poland), Skarpa Warszawska, March 3, 1946, 4-5
66. quoted in Thum, "Cleansed Memory", 350.
67. Quoted in Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutsche Kulturerbe, 19, 13.
68. Stanislaw Lorentz, "Reconstruction of the Old Town Centers of Poland", in National Trust for Historic Preservation, ed., Historic Preservation Today: Essays presented to the Seminar on Preservation and Restoration, Williamsburg, Virginia, September 8-11, 1963 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966), 47, 70.
69. Turpin Bannister, response to Lorentz, in ibid., 78 (my emphasis);
70. George Mosse, response to Lorentz, in ibid., 75.
71. Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe, 22.
72. Davies and Moorhouse, Microcosm, 447.
73. "Urgeschichte Schlesiens", in Deutsches Buro fur Friedensfragen, ed., Ausgewahlte Berichte aus polnischen und tschechischen Zeitungen und Zeitschriften iiber die deutschen Ostgebiete und das Sudetenland, vol. 12(Stuttgart, May 1950):17-20;
74. cited from Rzeczpospolita (Warsaw), no. 43, February 12, 1950.
75. For statistics and the waves of resettlement in the kresy, see Stanislaw Ciesielski, "Introduction", in idem, ed., Umsiedlung der Polen, 1-75.
76. See also Andreas Hofmann, Die Nachkriegszeit in Schlesien: gesellschafts- und Bevolkerungspolitik in den polnischen Siedlungsgebieten 1945-1948 (Cologne: Bôhlau, 2000).
77. See "Protokoll einer Konferenz der Abtailungs - leiter in der Zentralverwaltung des PUR zum Verlauf der Umsiedlungsaktion und zur Lage der in die Westgebiete Umgesiedelten", July 21, 1945, in Ciesielski, ed., Umsiedlung der Polen, 348.
78. See, for example, Ulrich Blank, Zwischen Breslau und Danzig: Deutsche Heimat im Osten Heute (Hanover: Fackelträger Verlag, 1958), 87;
79. Johannes Seipolt, ed., Das Heutige Schlesien, vol. 1, Breslau, ein Tatsachen und Reisebericht in Wort und Bild (Munich: Aufstieg-Verlag, 1957), 80;
80. Karl Lerch, Jenseits von Oder und Neiße: Wie sieht es im deutschen Osten aus? Bilder und Berichte aus Niederschlesien, Oberschlesien, Ostpreußen, Westpreußen, Danzig, und Pommern (Tubingen: Verlag Sudwest-Presse, 1957), 12-13.
81. Ciesielski, "Introduction", 11.
82. K. S. Karol, Visafor Poland, trans. Mervyn Savill (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1959), 8.
83. Padraic Kenney, Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945-1950 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 165, 183-84.
84. "Polish Bishops' Appeal to their German Colleagues", in German-Polish Dialogue, 14-15.
85. Mazur, "Das deutsche Kulturerbe in den West- und Nordgebieten Polens", 634;
86. see also his monograph concerning Polish settlement patterns in former German regions, Wspôlne dziedzictwo? Ze studiôw nad stosunkiem do spuscizny kulturowej na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Pôtnocnych (Joint heirs? A study on the relation to the cultural heritage in the western and northern lands) (Poznan: Instytut Zachodni, 2000).
87. (Der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe, 9).
88. Mazur, "Das deutsche Kulturerbe in den West- und Nordgebieten Polens", 647.
89. "Past Time, Present Place: Landscape and Memory", Geographical Review 65, no. 1(January 1975):36.
90. See Czaplinski and Weger, eds., Schlesische Erinnerungsorte, 7-8.
91. Bernard Linek, "Deutsche und polnische nationale Politik in Oberschlesien 1922-1989", in Kai Struve and Philipp Ther, eds., Die Grenzen der Nationen: Identitdtenwandel in Oberschlesien in der Neuzeit (Marburg: Herder-Institut, 2002), 137-68;
92. Philipp Ther, "Schlesisch, deutsch oder polnisch? Identitatenwandel in Oberschlesien 1921-1956", in ibid., 169-202.
93. Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe, 9-10.
94. Mazur, "Das deutsche Kulturerbe in den West- und Nordgebieten Polens", 639.
95. Joanna Konopinska, Tamtem Wrocławski rok (A year of Wrocław) (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo DolnoSlaskie, 1987), 53
96. quoted in Thum, "Cleansed Memory", 337.
97. See his Death in Danzig, trans. Philip Boehm (Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2004).
98. Henryka Wolna, "Integracje: Ostatni powrôt miasta" (Integration: The recent return of the city), Stowo Powszechne, October 1, 1964, 1.
99. Grzegorz Strauchold, Wrocław okazjonalna stolica Polski: wokot powojennych obchodow rocznic historycznych (Wrocław as the occasional capital of Poland: Concerning postwar historical anniversary celebrations) (Wrocław: Wydanie Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2003), 17;
100. "Rundlass Nr. 11 des Direktors des PUR, Michal Sapieha", in Ciesielski, ed., Umsiedlung der Polen, 253.
101. Strauchold, "Die Wiedergegewonnen Gebiete und das 'Piastische Schlesien, '" 312-14.
102. Curp, A Clean Sweep?;
103. Kenney, "Polish Workers and the Stalinist Transformation";
104. Kersten, The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943-1948, trans. John MicGiel and Michael H. Bernhard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
105. Thum, Die fremde Stadt, 42;
106. Zybura, der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe, 20.
107. Zybura, Niemcy w Polsce, p224.
108. See for example Gregor Thum, "Breslau und die 'Stunde Null': Kontinuitat und Diskontinuitat einer mitteleuropaischen Stadtgeschichte", in Krzysztof Ruchniewicz, ed., Geschichte Schlesiens im 20. Jahrhundert in den Forschungen junger Nachwuchswissenschaftler aus Polen, Tschechen und Deutschland (Wrocław: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1998), 202.
109. Kenney, "Polish Workers and the Stalinist Transformation", 144.
110. Andrew Demshuk, "'When you come back, the mountains will surely still be there!' How Silesian Expellees Processed the Loss of Their Homeland in the Early Postwar Years, 1945-1949", Zeitschrif fur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 57, no. 2(2008), 159-86.
111. A. Steinauer, "Aus der alten Heimat", in Superintendent Gawel, Steinauer Heimatbote, September 5, 1948, Evangelisches Zentralarchiv-Zeitschriften 1006, 2.
112. Leo Machinek, "Ein Wort des Heimatpfarrers zu Weihnachten und zum Jahreswechsel", Christmas 1947, BAK Z 18/218, 11.
113. Leo Machinek, Pastoral Letter 4, mid-March 1948, BAK Z 18/218, 12.
114. Newspapers and pamphlets also disseminated evidence of the reinscription underway in the former East. In his 1949 book, Aus Breslau wurde Wrocław (Hannover: Verlag Wolfgang Kwiecinski, 1949), Breslauer Franz Otto Jerrig argued that two worlds had come into existence: a living, Polish Wrocław on top of a dead, German Breslau now accessible only in memory (7).
115. Hilde Riegel-Kallabis, "Meine Eltern, Ein Erinnerungsblatt", in Vermdchtnis der Lebenden: Oberschlesier erzdhlen (Augsburg: Oberschlesischer Heimatverlag, 1959-1962), 2:115.
116. This process of dealing with loss is examined in greater detail in Andrew Demshuk, The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945-1970" (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
117. For a further example of polnische Wirtschaft in German imagination of the East, see David Blackbourn, The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany (London and New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2006).
118. See the general consensus about tourism as active engagement in Diane Koenker and Anne Gorsuch, eds., Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006).
119. Gerhard Haupt, "Zerfall in Siegersdorf: Vernagelte Hauser, Trummer und Schutt, aber Menschen mit guten Herzen", Bunzlauer Heimat-Zeitung 6, no. 16(1957):5-6.
120. "Protocol between the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and the Polish Republic concerning the Emigration of Poles from Yugoslavia. Signed at Belgrade on 2. January 1946", United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 115(1951):30-34.
121. Haupt, "Zerfall in Siegersdorf", 6.
122. H. G., "Ein 'Ossiger' war jetzt daheim!" Liegnitzer Heimatbrief 15, no. 23, December 10, 1963, 361.
123. Bjork, Neither German nor Pole, 267.
124. "Ein klein wenig uber das jetzige Gleiwitz", Gleiwitzer, Beuthener, Tarnowitzer Heimatblatt 10, no. 7(July 1960):36-38.
125. Germanidentity J. K., "Wiedersehen mit Gleiwitz", Gleiwitzer, Beuthener, Tarnowitzer Heimatblatt 13, no. 5(May 1963):27-28.
126. Hubert A. Wolff, "Reisebericht", unpublished manuscript, October 23, 1971, 2a (a copy is in the author's possession).
127. Dorothea Tscheschner, Brieg: Bauten erzahlen: Eineschlesische Perle (Berlin: Dorothea Tscheschner Eigenverlag, 2004).
128. Heinrich Trierenberg, Heimat Breslau: Bild einer deutschen Stadt im Spiegel der Geschichte: Bildband mit 216 Grofifotos (Mannheim: Adam Kraft Verlag, 1980), 240, 239.
129. Hatzfeldt, Bericht iber die Fahrt nach Schlesien, 5.
130. Lise Gast, Heimat hinter Grenzen: Eine Fahrt ins alte Schlesien (Heilbronn: Eugen Salzer, 1975), 7, 49 (emphasis in original).
131. Hatzfeldt, Bericht uber die Fahrt nach Schlesien, 5-6.
132. Gast, Heimat hinter Grenzen, 49-50.
133. Hatzfeldt, Bericht uber die Fahrt nach Schlesien, 5-6.
134. Gast, Heimat hinter Grenzen, 51.
135. Hatzfeldt, Bericht uber die Fahrt nach Schlesien, 11.
136. Gast, Heimat hinter Grenzen, 63-65 (emphasis in original).
137. Monika Taubitz, Schlesien-Tagebuch einer Reise (Heidenheim: Jerratsch, 1972), 48, 52-53.
138. Trierenberg, Heimat Breslau, 22.
139. Wolff, "Reisebericht", 1, 3a.
140. Gast, Heimat hinter Grenzen, 100-101.
141. Hatzfeldt, Bericht uber die Fahrt nach Schlesien, 11.
142. Konrad-Sigismund Freiherr von Zedlitz und Neukirch, "Liegnitz heute", in Historische Gesellschaft Liegnitz, ed., Liegnitz: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer schlesischen Stadt von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Lorch and Wurttemberg: Gerhard Weber Verlag, 1979), 91-92.
143. Tscheschner, Brieg, 8.
144. For an excellent examination of Salonika as a Greek-Jewish-Turkish palimpsest, see Mark Mazower, Salonika: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 1430-1950 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2005).