메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 676-693

Temporal trend analyses of alpine data using North American regional reanalysis and in situ data: Temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and derived blowing snow

Author keywords

Climate change; In situ atmospheric observations; Model evaluation performance; North America; Snow cover; Wind effects

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; SNOW;

EID: 84896532519     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: 15588432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-092.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 84856797504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of lateral snow redistribution processes on snow melt and sublimation in alpine regions
    • Bernhardt, M., K. Schulz, G. E. Liston, and G. Zängl, 2012: The influence of lateral snow redistribution processes on snow melt and sublimation in alpine regions. J. Hydrol., 424-425, 196-206.
    • (2012) J. Hydrol. , vol.424-425 , pp. 196-206
    • Bernhardt, M.1    Schulz, K.2    Liston, G.E.3    Zängl, G.4
  • 2
    • 0026614676 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of snow cover patterns in a small alpine catchment
    • Blöschl, G., and R. Kirnbauer, 1992: An analysis of snow cover patterns in a small alpine catchment. Hydrol. Processes, 6, 99-109.
    • (1992) Hydrol. Processes , vol.6 , pp. 99-109
    • Blöschl, G.1    Kirnbauer, R.2
  • 3
    • 0026359367 scopus 로고
    • Distributed snowmelt simulations in an Alpine catchment: 1.Model evaluation on the basis of snow cover patterns
    • Blöschl, G., and R. Kirnbauer, and D. Gutknecht, 1991a: Distributed snowmelt simulations in an Alpine catchment: 1. Model evaluation on the basis of snow cover patterns. Water Resour. Res., 27, 3171-3179.
    • (1991) Water Resour. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 3171-3179
    • Blöschl, G.1    Kirnbauer, R.2    Gutknecht, D.3
  • 5
    • 0035392168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extraction of geopotential height and temperature structure from profiler and rawinsonde winds
    • Businger, S., M. E. Adams, S. E. Koch, and M. L. Kaplan, 2001: Extraction of geopotential height and temperature structure from profiler and rawinsonde winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1729-1739.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 1729-1739
    • Businger, S.1    Adams, M.E.2    Koch, S.E.3    Kaplan, M.L.4
  • 6
    • 0026281811 scopus 로고
    • Snow accumulation and distribution in an alpine watershed
    • Elder, K., J. Dozier, and J. Michaelsen, 1991: Snow accumulation and distribution in an alpine watershed. Water Resour. Res., 27, 1541-1552.
    • (1991) Water Resour. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 1541-1552
    • Elder, K.1    Dozier, J.2    Michaelsen, J.3
  • 8
    • 0019150835 scopus 로고
    • Snow transport over mountain crests
    • Fohn, P. M. B., 1980: Snow transport over mountain crests. J. Glaciol., 26, 469-480.
    • (1980) J. Glaciol. , vol.26 , pp. 469-480
    • Fohn, P.M.B.1
  • 9
    • 84860596619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in North American snow packs for 1979-2004 detected from the snow water equivalent data of SMMR and SSM/I passive microwave and related climatic factors
    • Cold Regions Hydrology in a Changing Climate, D. Yang, P. Marsh, and A. Gelfin, Eds., IAHS Publ. 346, Int. Association of Hydrological Sciences
    • Gan, T. Y., R. Barry, and A. Gobena, 2011: Changes in North American snow packs for 1979-2004 detected from the snow water equivalent data of SMMR and SSM/I passive microwave and related climatic factors. Cold Regions Hydrology in a Changing Climate, D. Yang, P. Marsh, and A. Gelfin, Eds., IAHS Publ. 346, Int. Association of Hydrological Sciences, 79-85.
    • (2011) , pp. 79-85
    • Gan, T.Y.1    Barry, R.2    Gobena, A.3
  • 10
    • 0028554437 scopus 로고
    • Review: The atmospheric boundary layer
    • Garratt, J. R., 1994: Review: The atmospheric boundary layer. Earth Sci. Rev., 37, 89-134.
    • (1994) Earth Sci. Rev. , vol.37 , pp. 89-134
    • Garratt, J.R.1
  • 11
    • 0033507571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of above treeline snowdrift formation using a numerical snowtransport model
    • Greene, E. M., G. E. Liston, and R. A. Pielke, 1999: Simulation of above treeline snowdrift formation using a numerical snowtransport model. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 30, 135-144.
    • (1999) Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. , vol.30 , pp. 135-144
    • Greene, E.M.1    Liston, G.E.2    Pielke, R.A.3
  • 12
    • 0028192982 scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of United States precipitation
    • Groisman, P. Ya., and D. R. Legates, 1994: The accuracy of United States precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 215-227.
    • (1994) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 215-227
    • Groisman, P.Y.1    Legates, D.R.2
  • 13
    • 0019148354 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous measurements of stability indexes and characteristic parameters describing the snow cover and the weather in fracture-zones of avalanches
    • Gubler, H., 1980: Simultaneous measurements of stability indexes and characteristic parameters describing the snow cover and the weather in fracture-zones of avalanches. J. Glaciol., 26, 65-74.
    • (1980) J. Glaciol. , vol.26 , pp. 65-74
    • Gubler, H.1
  • 14
    • 58049101827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A precipitation climatology and dataset intercomparison for the western United States
    • Guirguis, K. J., and R. Avissar, 2008: A precipitation climatology and dataset intercomparison for the western United States. J. Hydrometeor., 9, 825-841.
    • (2008) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.9 , pp. 825-841
    • Guirguis, K.J.1    Avissar, R.2
  • 16
    • 33846234300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) assimilations with independent observations
    • Hiemstra, C. A., G. E. Liston, R. A. Pielke Sr., D. L. Birkenheuer, and S. C. Albers, 2006: Comparing Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) assimilations with independent observations. Wea. Forecasting, 21, 1024-1040.
    • (2006) Wea. Forecasting , vol.21 , pp. 1024-1040
    • Hiemstra, C.A.1    Liston, G.E.2    Pielke Sr., R.A.3    Birkenheuer, D.L.4    Albers, S.C.5
  • 17
    • 73149096442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in wind speed over China during 1956-2004
    • Jiang, Y., Y. Luo, Z. C. Zhao, and S. W. Tao, 2010: Changes in wind speed over China during 1956-2004. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 99, 421-430.
    • (2010) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.99 , pp. 421-430
    • Jiang, Y.1    Luo, Y.2    Zhao, Z.C.3    Tao, S.W.4
  • 18
    • 0025573176 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of Aeolian transport of snow and sand
    • Kind, R. J., 1990: Mechanics of Aeolian transport of snow and sand. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 36, 855-866.
    • (1990) J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. , vol.36 , pp. 855-866
    • Kind, R.J.1
  • 19
    • 0042092646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP-NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation
    • Kistler, R., and Coauthors, 2001: The NCEP-NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 247-267.
    • (2001) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 247-267
    • Kistler, R.1
  • 20
    • 0033020310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatological mean and interannual variance of United States surface wind speed, direction and velocity
    • Klink, K., 1999: Climatological mean and interannual variance of United States surface wind speed, direction and velocity. Int. J. Climatol., 19, 471-488.
    • (1999) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.19 , pp. 471-488
    • Klink, K.1
  • 21
    • 84896497527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site (GLEES) hourly meteorology tower data: 1989-2005
    • U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. [Available online at]
    • Korfmacher, J. L., and D. M. Hultstrand, cited 2009: Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site (GLEES) hourly meteorology tower data: 1989-2005. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. [Available online at http://www.fs.usda.gov/rds/archive/Product/RDS-2006-0003/.]
    • (2009)
    • Korfmacher, J.L.1    Hultstrand, D.M.2
  • 22
    • 84978601065 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation measurement biases in the United States
    • Legates, D. R., and T. L. DeLiberty, 1993: Precipitation measurement biases in the United States. J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc., 29, 855-861.
    • (1993) J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. , vol.29 , pp. 855-861
    • Legates, D.R.1    DeLiberty, T.L.2
  • 23
    • 0033509333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations
    • Lehning, M., P. Bartelt, B. Brown, T. Russi, U. Stockli, and M. Zimmerli, 1999: Model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 30, 145-157.
    • (1999) Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. , vol.30 , pp. 145-157
    • Lehning, M.1    Bartelt, P.2    Brown, B.3    Russi, T.4    Stockli, U.5    Zimmerli, M.6
  • 25
    • 84992219503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between precipitation phase and air temperature: Comparison between Bolivian Andes and the Swiss Alps
    • L'hôte, Y., P. Chevallier, A. Courdrain, Y. Lejeune, and P. Etchevers, 2009: Relationship between precipitation phase and air temperature: Comparison between Bolivian Andes and the Swiss Alps. Hydrol. Sci. J., 50, 989-997.
    • (2009) Hydrol. Sci. J. , vol.50 , pp. 989-997
    • L'hôte, Y.1    Chevallier, P.2    Courdrain, A.3    Lejeune, Y.4    Etchevers, P.5
  • 26
    • 0031452637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data
    • Li, L., and J. W. Pomeroy, 1997: Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 36, 205-213.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.36 , pp. 205-213
    • Li, L.1    Pomeroy, J.W.2
  • 27
    • 77957550478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and climate variability of the wind power resources in the Great Lakes region of the United States
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD013415.
    • Li, X., S. Zhong, X. Bain, and W. Heilman, 2010: Climate and climate variability of the wind power resources in the Great Lakes region of the United States. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18107, doi:10.1029/2009JD013415.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Li, X.1    Zhong, S.2    Bain, X.3    Heilman, W.4
  • 28
    • 0000238238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test assimilations of the real-time, multi-sensor hourly precipitation analysis into the NCEP Eta Model
    • Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Mesoscale Meteorology, Boulder, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Lin, Y., K.E. Mitchell, E. Rogers, M. E. Baldwin, andG. J. DiMego, 1999: Test assimilations of the real-time, multi-sensor hourly precipitation analysis into the NCEP Eta Model. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Mesoscale Meteorology, Boulder, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 341-344.
    • (1999) , pp. 341-344
    • Lin, Y.1    Mitchell, K.E.2    Rogers, E.3    Baldwin, M.E.4    DiMego, G.J.5
  • 29
    • 1842739386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing subgrid snow cover heterogeneities in regional and global models
    • Liston, G. E., 2004: Representing subgrid snow cover heterogeneities in regional and global models. J. Climate, 17, 1381-1397.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 1381-1397
    • Liston, G.E.1
  • 30
    • 0032412637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A snow-transport model for complex terrain
    • Liston, G. E., and M. Sturm, 1998: A snow-transport model for complex terrain. J. Glaciol., 44, 498-516.
    • (1998) J. Glaciol. , vol.44 , pp. 498-516
    • Liston, G.E.1    Sturm, M.2
  • 31
    • 37249090975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instruments and methods simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D
    • Liston, G. E., R. B. Haehnel, M. Sturm, C. A. Hiemstra, S. Berezovskaya, and R. D. Tabler, 2007: Instruments and methods simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D. J. Glaciol., 53, 241-256.
    • (2007) J. Glaciol. , vol.53 , pp. 241-256
    • Liston, G.E.1    Haehnel, R.B.2    Sturm, M.3    Hiemstra, C.A.4    Berezovskaya, S.5    Tabler, R.D.6
  • 33
    • 84896515210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-1 (3743 m) climate station: CR23X data
    • Long Term Ecological Research Network. [Available online at]
    • Losleben, M., cited 2011a: D-1 (3743 m) climate station: CR23X data. Long Term Ecological Research Network. [Available online at http://tropical.lternet.edu/knb/metacat/knb-lter-nwt.402.6/lter.]
    • (2011)
    • Losleben, M.1
  • 34
    • 84896515210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-1 (3743m) climate station: DP211 data
    • Long Term Ecological Research Network. [Available online at
    • Losleben, M., cited 2011b: D-1 (3743m) climate station: DP211 data. Long Term Ecological Research Network. [Available online at http://tropical.lternet.edu/knb/metacat/knb-lter-nwt.72.5/lter.]
    • (2011)
    • Losleben, M.1
  • 35
    • 0033190338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subgrid parameterization of snow distribution for an energy and mass balance snow cover model
    • Luce, C. H., D. G. Tarboton, and K. R. Cooley, 1999: Subgrid parameterization of snow distribution for an energy and mass balance snow cover model. Hydrol. Processes, 13, 1921-1933.
    • (1999) Hydrol. Processes , vol.13 , pp. 1921-1933
    • Luce, C.H.1    Tarboton, D.G.2    Cooley, K.R.3
  • 36
    • 58249085975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006: Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL035627.
    • McVicar, T. R., T. G. Van Niel, L. T. Li, M. L. Roderick, D. P. Rayner, L. Ricciardull, and R. J. Donohue, 2008: Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006: Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20403, doi:10.1029/2008GL035627.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • McVicar, T.R.1    Van Niel, T.G.2    Li, L.T.3    Roderick, M.L.4    Rayner, D.P.5    Ricciardull, L.6    Donohue, R.J.7
  • 37
    • 77949829657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational evidence from two mountainous regions that near-surface wind speeds are declining more rapidly at higher elevations than lower elevations: 1960-2006
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL042255.
    • McVicar, T. R., T. G. Van Niel, L. T. Li, M. L. Roderick, D. P. Rayner, L. Ricciardull, and R. J. Donohue, M. L. Roderick, L. T. Li, X. G. Mo, N. E. Zimmermann, and D. R. Schmatz, 2010: Observational evidence from two mountainous regions that near-surface wind speeds are declining more rapidly at higher elevations than lower elevations: 1960-2006. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06402, doi:10.1029/2009GL042255.
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37
    • McVicar, T.R.1    Van Niel, T.G.2    Roderick, M.L.3    Rayner, D.P.4    Ricciardull, L.5    Donohue, R.J.6    Li, L.T.7    Mo, X.G.8    Zimmermann, N.E.9    Schmatz, D.R.10
  • 39
    • 0030410955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvements in quantitative precipitation forecasts with the Eta regional model at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction: The 48-km upgrade
    • Mesinger, F., 1996: Improvements in quantitative precipitation forecasts with the Eta regional model at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction: The 48-km upgrade. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2637-2649.
    • (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 2637-2649
    • Mesinger, F.1
  • 40
    • 33645538119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North American Regional Reanalysis
    • Mesinger, F., and Coauthors, 2006: North American Regional Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 343-360.
    • (2006) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.87 , pp. 343-360
    • Mesinger, F.1
  • 41
    • 57849143902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buoy observations from the windiest location in the world ocean Cape Farewell, Greenland
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL034845.
    • Moore, G. W. K., R. S. Pickart, and I. A. Renfrew, 2008: Buoy observations from the windiest location in the world ocean Cape Farewell, Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18802, doi:10.1029/2008GL034845.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Moore, G.W.K.1    Pickart, R.S.2    Renfrew, I.A.3
  • 42
    • 84896524581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis: NARR
    • NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, cited, [Available online at]
    • NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, cited 2009: NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis: NARR. [Available online at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data. narr.html.]
    • (2009)
  • 43
    • 84896522828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SNOTEL and snow survey &water supply forecasting
    • NRCS, cited, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service brochure. [Available online at]
    • NRCS, cited 2010: SNOTEL and snow survey &water supply forecasting. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service brochure. [Available online at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snotel/SNOTEL-brochure.pdf.]
    • (2010)
  • 44
    • 0000630450 scopus 로고
    • Adequacy of the rawinsonde network for global circulation studies tested through numerical model output
    • Oort, A. H., 1977: Adequacy of the rawinsonde network for global circulation studies tested through numerical model output. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 174-195.
    • (1977) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 174-195
    • Oort, A.H.1
  • 45
    • 0003454484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis
    • 5th ed. Duxbury Thomson Learning
    • Ott, R. L., and M. Longnecker, 2001: An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis. 5th ed. Duxbury Thomson Learning, 1152 pp.
    • (2001) , pp. 1152
    • Ott, R.L.1    Longnecker, M.2
  • 46
    • 54949159573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report
    • Eds., Cambridge University Press, [Available online at]
    • Pachauri, R. K., and A. Reisinger, Eds., 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Cambridge University Press, 104 pp. [Available online at http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_synthesis_report. htm.]
    • (2007) , pp. 104
    • Pachauri, R.K.1    Reisinger, A.2
  • 47
    • 0038603840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent near-surface wind changes in the central Mediterranean and Adriatic areas
    • Pirazzoli, P. A., and A. Tomasin, 2003: Recent near-surface wind changes in the central Mediterranean and Adriatic areas. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 963-973.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.23 , pp. 963-973
    • Pirazzoli, P.A.1    Tomasin, A.2
  • 48
    • 0026307840 scopus 로고
    • Transport and sublimation of snow in a windscoured alpine terrain
    • Snow, Hydrology and Forests in High Alpine Areas, H. Bergmann et al., Eds., Vol. 205, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publ.
    • Pomeroy, J. W., 1991: Transport and sublimation of snow in a windscoured alpine terrain. Snow, Hydrology and Forests in High Alpine Areas, H. Bergmann et al., Eds., Vol. 205, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publ. 205, 131-140.
    • (1991) , vol.205 , pp. 131-140
    • Pomeroy, J.W.1
  • 50
    • 70350050923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind speed trends over the contiguous United States
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD011416.
    • Pryor, S. C., and Coauthors, 2009: Wind speed trends over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D14105, doi:10.1029/2008JD011416.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Pryor, S.C.1
  • 51
    • 80755182295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of IPCC models' performance in simulating late-twentieth-century climatologies and weather patterns over North America
    • Radic, V., and G. K. C. Clarke, 2011: Evaluation of IPCC models' performance in simulating late-twentieth-century climatologies and weather patterns over North America. J. Climate, 24, 5257-5274.
    • (2011) J. Climate , vol.24 , pp. 5257-5274
    • Radic, V.1    Clarke, G.K.C.2
  • 53
    • 0022831599 scopus 로고
    • Transport rate of drifting snow and the mean wind speed profile
    • Schmidt, R. A., 1986: Transport rate of drifting snow and the mean wind speed profile. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 34, 213-241.
    • (1986) Bound.-Layer Meteor. , vol.34 , pp. 213-241
    • Schmidt, R.A.1
  • 54
    • 84896503050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational data used for assimilation in the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis
    • Preprints, 14th Conf. on Applied Climatology, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1.4. [Available online at]
    • Shafran, P., J. Woollen, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Shi, Y. Fan, R. Grumbine, and M. Fennessy, 2004: Observational data used for assimilation in the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis. Preprints, 14th Conf. on Applied Climatology, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1.4. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/71689.pdf.]
    • (2004)
    • Shafran, P.1    Woollen, J.2    Ebisuzaki, W.3    Shi, W.4    Fan, Y.5    Grumbine, R.6    Fennessy, M.7
  • 55
    • 78650969208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using repeated patterns in snow distribution modeling: An Arctic example
    • doi:10.1029/2010WR009434.
    • Sturm, M., and A. M. Wagner, 2010: Using repeated patterns in snow distribution modeling: An Arctic example. Water Resour. Res., 46, W12549, doi:10.1029/2010WR009434.
    • (2010) Water Resour. Res. , vol.46
    • Sturm, M.1    Wagner, A.M.2
  • 56
    • 33750942989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catch characteristics of precipitation gauges in high-latitude regions with high winds
    • Sugiura, K., T. Ohata, and D. Q. Yang, 2006: Catch characteristics of precipitation gauges in high-latitude regions with high winds. J. Hydrometeor., 7, 984-994.
    • (2006) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.7 , pp. 984-994
    • Sugiura, K.1    Ohata, T.2    Yang, D.Q.3
  • 57
    • 77953337780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the statistics of rainfall extremes in rain gauge observations, and satellite-based and reanalysis products using universal multifractals
    • Sun, X. M., and A. P. Barros, 2010: An evaluation of the statistics of rainfall extremes in rain gauge observations, and satellite-based and reanalysis products using universal multifractals. J. Hydrometeor., 11, 388-404.
    • (2010) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.11 , pp. 388-404
    • Sun, X.M.1    Barros, A.P.2
  • 58
    • 0004012387 scopus 로고
    • Design guidelines for the control of blowing and drifting snow
    • National Research Council Strategic Highway Research Program Rep. SHRP-H-381, [Available online at]
    • Tabler, R. D., 1994: Design guidelines for the control of blowing and drifting snow. National Research Council Strategic Highway Research Program Rep. SHRP-H-381, 364 pp. [Available online at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp/SHRP-H-381.pdf.]
    • (1994) , pp. 364
    • Tabler, R.D.1
  • 59
    • 4544336249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measured wind speed trends on the west coast of Canada
    • Tuller, S., 2004: Measured wind speed trends on the west coast of Canada. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1359-1374.
    • (2004) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.24 , pp. 1359-1374
    • Tuller, S.1
  • 60
    • 0003864591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications
    • Oxford University Press
    • Whiteman, C. D., 2000: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press, 355 pp.
    • (2000) , pp. 355
    • Whiteman, C.D.1
  • 61
    • 0036825917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial snow modeling of wind-redistributed snow using terrain-based parameters
    • Winstral, A., K. Elder, and R. E. Davis, 2002: Spatial snow modeling of wind-redistributed snow using terrain-based parameters. J. Hydrometeor., 3, 524-538.
    • (2002) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.3 , pp. 524-538
    • Winstral, A.1    Elder, K.2    Davis, R.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.