Arts of living: Reinventing the humanities for the twenty-first century

Arts of Living: Reinventing the Humanities for the Twenty-first Century

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-312

  Spellmeyer, Kurt ^a  

^a NONE

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References (560)

1. Gerald Graff, Professing Literature: An Institutional History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
2. see Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977);
3. John Higham, History: Professional Scholarship in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965)
4. and Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the Historical Profession (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
5. see Bruce Kuklick, The Rise of American Philosophy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1860-1930 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
6. see Craig Hugh Smyth and Peter M. Lukehart, eds., The Early Years of Art History in the United States: Notes and Essays on Departments, Teaching, and Scholars (Princeton: Dept. of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, 1993).
7. Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636 (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977), 180-88.
8. For the history of rhetoric and its displacement by composition see Albert T. Kitzhaber, Rhetoric in American Colleges, 1850-1900 (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1990);
9. Gregory Clark and S. Michael Halloran, eds., Oratorical Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Transformations in the Theory and Practice of Rhetoric (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993);
10. John C. Brereton, ed., The Origins of Composition Studies in the American College, 1875-1925: A Documentary History (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995).
11. Two articulate and thoughtful attempts to inspire a revival of the classics are Victor Davis Hanson and John Heath, Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom (New York: Free Press, 1998)
12. and Page du Bois, Trojan Horses: Saving Classics from the Conservatives (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
13. The Digest of Educational Statistics, 2000 offers some surprising insights.
14. See National Center for Educational Statistics, "Postsecondary Education", Digest of Educational Statistics, 2000, http://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2001/digest/ch3.htm
15. In constant 1999-2000 dollars, total expenditures for public education have risen from less than $20 billion in 1960 to more than $160 billion in 2000. Expenditures for private colleges have risen from about $5 billion to nearly $80 billion (Digest of Educational Statistics, 2000).
16. According to the National Science Foundation's Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges (1998), R&D expenditures at U. S. colleges and universities have increased by twenty-nine percent in the period between 1993 and 1998
17. with a six percent jump in 1997-1998 alone. "Academic R&D Spending Continues Steady Growth in FY 1998", Data Brief, Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation, 14 August 2000:1.
18. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that about thirty-three percent of all university faculty worked part time. Occupational Outlook Handbook 2000-01, 29 December 2000, http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos066.htm
19. "Background Facts: Part-Time Faculty", http://www.aaup.org/ Ptfacts.htm
20. "Part-Time Faculty Surveys Highlight Disturbing Trends", October 2000, http://theaha.org.ptcom/pt survey.htm
21. The watershed event in the so-called "culture wars" was the publication of Allan Bloom's culturally conservative polemic The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987).
22. Other landmarks in the conservative canon are Harold Bloom's The Western Canon: the Books and School of the Ages (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994)
23. and Jacques Barzun's The Culture We Deserve (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989)
24. as well as his more recent From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life: 1500 to the Present (New York: Harper-Collins, 2000).
25. Roger Kimball's Tenured Radicals: How Politics has Corrupted Higher Education (New York: HarperCollins, 1990) is often crude and intemperate. While the right has dominated mass-market publishing, a few articulate leftprogressive thinkers have attempted to answer them. These thinkers include Gerald Graff
26. author of Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revitalize American Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992)
27. and Lawrence W. Levine, in The Opening of the American Mind: Canons, Culture, and History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
28. Robert N. Bellah, "The True Scholar", Academe: Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors (January-February 2000): 18-23.
29. Garrett Hardin quotes Carl Linneas on a Swedish famine in 1769, during the lifetime of Dr. Johnson. Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 220.
30. Humphrey Taylor, "The Mood of American Workers", Harris Poll 4, Wednesday, 19 January 2000, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris poll/index.asp?PID=5
31. Also see Lydia Saad, "American Workers Generally Satisfied, but Indicate Their Jobs Leave Much to be Desired", The Gallup Organization, 3 September 1999, http://www.gallup. com/poll/releases/pr990903.asp Although workers polled by the Gallup Organization expressed a lower level of job satisfaction than workers polled by Harris, only fourteen percent described themselves as "dissatisfied." The Harris Poll noted especially high rates of job satisfaction among workers over fifty.
32. Sara E. Rix, Economics Team, "Social Security Reform: Rethinking Retirement-Age Policy-A Look at Raising Social Security's Retirement Age" (Washington, D. C.: AARP Public Policy Institute, November 1999).
33. Department of Defense statistics show the following percentages for minorities in uniform: Army 40.8 percent; Navy 35.4 percent; Marine Corps 32.4 percent; Air Force 25.4 percent; Department of Defense 34.4 percent. The percentages of officers are as follows: Army 20.6 percent; Navy 16.9 percent; Marine Corps 32.4 percent; Air Force 25.4 percent; DOD 16.9 percent "Minorities in Uniform", 5 September 2000, http://www.defenselink.mil/ pubs/almanac/almanac/people/minorities.html
34. "Number of Full-Time Faculty Members by Sex, Rank, and Racial and Ethnic Group, Fall 1997", http://chronicle.com/weekly/almanac/2000/facts/ 3803folks.htm
35. "Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1995 Profile", 1997, http://books.nap. edu/books/0309058449/html/5.html
36. Joseph Blotner, Faulkner: A Biography, vol. 2, (New York: Random House, 1947), 950-56.
37. "Classical Music: An Endangered Art?" Minnesota Public Radio transcript, http:/news.mpr.org/features/199706... risib-\ classical/docs/ lebrecht. shtml
38. Diane Krieger, "Reaching for a High Note", USC Trojan Magazine (Winter 1999), http://www.usc. edu/dept/pubre/troj... winter99/Thornton/Thornton pg1.html
39. John Roselli, The Life of Mozart (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), esp. 71-72.
40. see Mozart: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 285-305.
41. The Life of Beethoven (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 172.
42. Tia DeNora, Beethoven and the Construction of Genius: Musical Politics in Vienna, 1792-1803 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
43. "The box office", Verdi declared, "is the proper thermometer of success", quoted in John Rosselli, The Life of Verdi (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 2.
44. Bruce Weber, "A Boston Museum Director Is Criticized for Doing What He Was Hired to Do", The New York Times, 23 December 1999.
45. Rogers's subordinates were particularly incensed at his habit of displaying art without consulting them. One curator was quoted as deploring the "way the paintings are exhibited... All the important jewels of the collection have been massed together in the tapestry gallery, so that these important things that are the center of the collection become a corridor. You can't possibly concentrate on them when you get them massed in close quarters, and it teaches the public a disrespect for art." Another cause for offense was Rogers's decision to cancel the museum's expensive scholarly journal, http:/www.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/news/arts/boston-museum.html
46. See Svetlana Alpers, Rembrandt's Enterprise: The Studio and the Market (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
47. see Michael C. Fitzgerald, Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1995).
48. See Gary Witherspoon, Language and Art in the Navajo Universe (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977);
49. Urs Ramseyer, The Art and Culture of Bali (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977);
50. and Soetsu Yanagi et al., The Unknown Craftsman: A Japanese Insight into Beauty, rev. ed. (New York: Kodansha International, 1990).
51. My primary source here is Michael Schudson, "Beyond the Informed Citizen", http://prairie.org/detours/ResPublica/features/Feature4.html
52. See also Schudson's The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998).
53. see Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). For an analysis of the current situation
54. see Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Still Don't Vote: and Why Politicians Want It That Way rev. and updated ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000).
55. Alexander Koyré, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1958).
56. See Untimely Meditations, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), esp. 62, 77-95.
57. Rorty has made this argument most forcefully in Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
58. Fish writes so copiously- and so repetitively-so that one could pick up almost any book at random, but two most important recent ones are There's No Such Thing as Free Speech and It's a Good Thing, Too (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)
59. and Professional Correctness: Literary Studies and Political Change (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
60. One of the most revealing documents in this regard is "Stanley Fish Replies to Richard John Neuhaus", First Things 60(February 1996):35-40.
61. The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Alfred R. Ferguson, vol. 1, Nature, Addesses, and Lectures (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1971), 57.
62. Alfred R. Ferguson and Jean Ferguson Carr, vol. 2, Essays: First Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1979), 172-73.
63. The Works of Walt Whitman, The Collected Prose, vol. 2 (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1968), 329.
64. James also criticizes Emerson for his abstractness, as in The Varieties of Religious Experience, but Emerson remained an important and acknowledged inspiration throughout his career.
65. See The Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 37-40.
66. (The Works of Walt Whitman, vol. 2, 217).
67. The radical equality that James argues for has a rather different and less Emersonian basis: "neither the whole of truth, nor the whole of good, is revealed to any single observer, although each observer gains a partial superiority of insight from the peculiar position in which he stands" The Works of William James, Talks to Teachers on Psychology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 149.
68. Ferguson, The Collected Works, vol. 2, 159.
69. William James, The Works of William James, A Pluralistic Universe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977), 130.
70. See Allan Megill and Donald N. McCloskey, "The Rhetoric of History", in The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affars, ed. John S. Nelson et al. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), 221-38.
71. The article, by physicist Alan Sokal, was "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity", Social Text 46/47(Spring/Summer 1996):217-52.
72. Sokal announced the hoax in "A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies", Lingua Franca (May/June 1996): 62-64.
73. Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), 84.
74. The Portable Matthew Arnold (New York: Viking, 1969), 243, 250.
75. William James, Some Problems of Philosophy: A Beginning of an Introduction to Philosophy (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co, 1911), 7.
76. Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt, Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
77. Clement Greenberg: A Life (New York: Scribner's, 1998).
78. see Claude Cernuschi, Jackson Pollock: Meaning and Significance (New York: Icon/HarperCollins, 1992), 263-310.
79. See Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, vol. 1, trans. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 266-71.
80. M. I. Finley, Democracy Ancient and Modern, rev. ed. (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988).
81. Ibid., Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), 64.
82. Elias Bickerman, "The Hellenistic World", in John A. Garraty and Peter Gay, The Columbia History of the World (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 181-89.
83. See also Simon Price, "The History of the Hellenistic Period", 315-37
84. and Jonathan Barnes, "Hellenistic Philosophy and Science", 365-85
85. in The Oxford History of the Classical World, ed. John Boardman et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
86. nevertheless, the facts of political and social life speak powerfully for themselves. See also Naphtali Lewis, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the Hellenistic World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).
87. Margaret O. Wason, Class Struggles in Ancient Greece (New York: Howard Fertig, 1973), 164-214.
88. Finley, Democracy Ancient and Modern, 20-21.
89. Eduardo Galeano, Memory of Fire: 1, Genesis, trans. Cedric Belfrage (New York: Pantheon, 1985), xv.
90. Cynthia Farrar, "Ancient Greek Political Theory as a Response to Democracy", in Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508b.c. to a.d.1993, ed. John Dunn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992): 17-39.
91. Jean-Pierre Vernant, Myth and Society in Ancient Greece, trans. Janet Lloyd (New York: Zone Books, 1990), 92.
92. Finley, Democracy Ancient and Modern, 170.
93. Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 2. For the further development of Wiebe's thinking
94. see also his brilliant Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
95. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Denver: Alan Swallow, 1954), 111.
96. The term "island community" is Wiebe's. See "Crisis in the Communities" in The Search for Order, 44-75.
97. See Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985)
98. as well as The Good Society (New York: Vintage, 1992);
99. and Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda (New York: Crown, 1993)
100. and The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
101. Wiebe, The Search, 44.
102. See Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
103. Goodwyn's The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978);
104. Robert W. Larson, Populism in the Mountain West (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986);
105. Worth Robert Miller, Oklahoma Populism: A History of the People's Party in the Oklahoma Territory (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987);
106. Theodore R. Mitchell, Political Education in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, 1887-1900 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987);
107. Robert C. McMath Jr., American Populism: A Social History, 1877-1898 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993);
108. Jeffrey Ostler, Prairie Populism: The Fate of Agrarian Radicalism in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa 1880-1892 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993);
109. Gene Clanton, Congressional Populism and the Crisis of the 1890s (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998);
110. Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
111. One important theoretical source for me has been Norman Pollack, The Humane Economy: Populism, Capitalism, and Democracy (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
112. Kazin's The Populist Persuasion: An American History rev. ed. (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), which explores American populist sentiments before and after the Populist movement. Kazin is particularly concerned with the conservative appropriation of populist language since the 1980s. For a recent restatement of the pre-Reagan-era populist tradition
113. see Jeff Gates, Democracy at Risk: Rescuing Main Street from Wall Street: A Populist Vision for the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2000).
114. Willard F. Enteman, Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology (Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
115. Wiebe, The Search, 164-95
116. See for instance, John Stafford Lugton, Pragmatism and the Progressive Movement in the United States: The Origin of the New Social Sciences (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1987);
117. Andrew Feffer, The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993);
118. Kenneth Finegold, Experts and Politicians: Reform Challenges to Machine Politics in New York, Cleveland and Chicago (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995);
119. Leon Fink, Progressive Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Democratic Commitment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997);
120. and Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (New York: Free Press, 1998).
121. One work of particular importance for my understanding of the shift from Populism to the Progressives was Oscar and Lilian Handlin, Liberty in Peril, 1850-1920;
122. Liberty in America, 1600 to the Present vol. 3 (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), esp. 253-98.
123. Another important source is Arthur Lipow, Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), esp. 136-59.
124. Charles Eastman, From the Deep Woods to Civilization: Chapters in the Autobiography of an Indian (Boston: Little, Brown, 1916), 3.
125. Dewey, The Public and its Problems, 98.
126. Eastman, Deep Woods, 127.
127. Hamlin Garland, A Son of the Middle Border (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1923), 35.
128. The phrase "local knowledge" is from Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
129. Garland, Son, 68.
130. Mary Austin, Earth Horizon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932), 100.
131. The transformation that Austin and Garland describe would become in the century that followed a worldwide phenomenon. See Mark Hobart, "Introduction: The Growth of Ignorance?" in An Anthropological Critique of Development: the Growth of Ignorance (New York: Routledge, 1993), 1-30.
132. Austin, Earth, 100.
133. The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974).
134. Austin, Earth, 102-04.
135. Garland, Son, 258.
136. See Hippolyte A. Taine, History of English Literature, vol 1, trans. H. Van Laun (1883; New York: Frederick Ungar, 1965). A detailed discussion of Taine's impact on English studies follows in Chapter 4.
137. See in this regard John Whiteclay Chambers II, The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), esp. 132-71.
138. Robert Ezra Park, Human Communities: The City and Human Ecology (New York: Free Press, 1952), 31. For some indication of Park's enormous influence not only on urban sociology but on urban planning
139. see John D. Fairfield, The Mysteries of the Great City: The Politics of Urban Design, 1877-1937 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1993).
140. Park, Human Communities, 33-34.
141. Robert E. Park, "The Urban Community as a Spatial Pattern and a Moral Order", in On Social Control and Collective Behavior: Selected Papers, ed. Ralph H. Turner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 55-84.
142. Park, On Social Control, 223.
143. Nels Anderson and Eduard C. Lindeman, Urban Sociology: An Introduction to the Study of Urban Communities (New York: Knopf, 1928), 271.
144. Austin, Earth, 140-41.
145. T. S. Eliot, Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot, ed. Frank Kermode (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 273.
146. Austin, Earth, 266.
147. Samuel Haber, The Quest for Authority and Honor in the American Professions, 1750-1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), x-xiv.
148. Lester S. King, M. D., Transformations in American Medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991);
149. John Harley Warner, Against the Spirit of System: the French Impulse in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998);
150. Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest, updated ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998);
151. and Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
152. For the history of law, see Wayne K. Hobson, The American Legal Profession and the Organizational Society, 1890-1930 (Ph. D. diss., Stanford University, 1977);
153. Gerard W. Gawalt, ed., The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984);
154. James C. Foster, The Ideology of Apolitical Politics: Elite Lawyers' Response to the Legitimation Crisis in American Capitalism, 1870-1920 (New York: Garland, 1990).
155. Haber, Quest, 58.
156. Sir James Paget, "The Cultivation of Medical Science", Popular Science Monthly 19(1881):774-784.
157. C. C. Langdell, "Teaching Law as a Science", American Law Review 21(1887):123.
158. See also Haber, Quest, 217-18, 426, n. 10.
159. Alexander Bain, "The University Ideal", Popular Science Monthly 22(February 1883):459.
160. Compare Bain's claims about specialization in Greece to the observations of Pierre Vernant, "Social History and the Evolution of Ideas in China and Greece from the Sixth to the Second Centuries B. C.", Myth and Society in Ancient Greece (New York: Zone Books, 1990), 79-100.
161. Nicholas Murray Butler, The Meaning of Education: Contributions to a Philosophy of Education, rev. ed. (New York: Scribner's, 1915), 264.
162. Herbert Spencer, "Social Forces in American Life", Popular Science Monthly 22(February 1883):492.
163. Edward Alsworth Ross, Social Control and the Foundations of Sociology, ed. Edgar F Borgatta and Henry J. Meyer (Boston: Beacon Press, 1959), 5.
164. Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper-Perennial, 1990), 248.
165. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography of My First Life (1906-1926) (New York: International, 1973), 36.
166. Zinn, People's History, 263-64.
167. Ross, Social Control, 22.
168. Eugene Wera, Human Engineering: A Study of the Management of Human Forces in Industry (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1921), vii.
169. Ross, Social Control, 62.
170. Wera, Human Engineering, 308.
171. Butler, Meaning, 6.
172. Walter Robinson Smith, Principles of Educational Sociology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928).
173. See Biennial Survey of Education, 1930-32 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935), esp. 6-7
174. and Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1944-46 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1950), esp. 14.
175. See also Gerald W. Bracey, "What Happened to America's Public Schools", American Heritage 48, no. 7(November 1997):38-52.
176. See for example the sections "Child Labor Legislation" and "Hour Laws for Men", in John R. Commons et al., History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932, vol. 3 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1935, 1966).
177. See also Richard Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864-97 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).
178. Donald K. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 46. For a broader overview of the left's involvement in eugenics
179. see Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (New York: Perennial, 2000), 286-300.
180. Pickens, Eugenics, 53.
181. Smith, Principles, 325.
182. Nicole Hahn Rafter, ed., White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies, 1877-1919 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1988), 1-30.
183. Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American Radical (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 41.
184. Flynn, Rebel Girl, 36-37.
185. Philip S. Foner and Sally M. Miller, Kate Richards O'Hare: Selected Writings and Speeches (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 35-36.
186. Flynn, Rebel Girl, 41.
187. Jean Y. Tussey, ed., Eugene V. Debs Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970), 258.
188. See for instance Marx's Critique of the Gotha Program, where he tends to dismiss as halfway measures certain democratic legislative reforms of the day.
189. As Debs wrote in 1916, "The mission of the Socialist Party is to destroy industrial despotism and establish industrial democracy; to abolish class rule and inaugurate true freedom and self-government" (Tussey, Debs Speaks, 236).
190. See also Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 270-72, 308-45.
191. Chaplin, Wobbly, 344.
192. See "Introduction", in Foner and Miller, Kate Richards O'Hare, 1-31.
193. Alix Kates Shulman, ed. Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader, 3rd ed. (Amherst, N. Y.: Humanity Books, 1998), 111.
194. Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (New York: Dover, 1969), 36.
195. Goldman, Anarchism, 35.
196. Tussey, Debs Speaks, 196.
197. See Goldman's "Afterword to My Disillusionment in Russia", in Shulman, Red Emma, 383-420.
198. Susan Buck-Morss, "The City as Dreamworld and Catastrophe", October 73(Summer 1995):3-26.
199. John Dewey, The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vol. 11, 1918-1919, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale: Southern lllinois University Press), 52.
200. Goldman, Anarchism, 213-14.
201. Edward Alsworth Ross, Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936), 26.
202. Ibid., Social Control, 46.
203. Ibid., Seventy Years of It, 95.
204. Quoted in C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), 27-28.
205. Edward Alsworth Ross, Seventy Years of It (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936), 27-28.
206. M. D. Learned, "The President's Address", Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (Baltimore: PMLA, 1910), xlvi-xlvii.
207. Henry Seidel Canby, College Sons and College Fathers (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), 175.
208. Charles Hall Grandgent, "The President's Address", Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (Baltimore: PMLA, 1913), xlv.
209. See, for example, Pierre Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne, trans. Jo Ann McNamera (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978), especially Chapter 10
210. "The Lay Aristocracy: A Life of Sport and War", 74-83.
211. Grandgent, "President's Address", xlviii-xlix.
212. For an account of the literary societies, see Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University: A History (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990), 136-55.
213. See also Roger L. Geiger and Julie Ann Bubolz, "College as It Was in the Mid-Nineteenth Century", in The American College in the Nineteenth Century ed. Roger L. Geiger (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 2000): 80-90.
214. Ann Gere, Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U. S. Women's Clubs, 1880-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
215. See, for instance, Algernon Tassin, The Oral Study of Literature, 5th ed. (New York: F. S. Crofts, 1939).
216. See And Gladly Teach: Reminiscences (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935), 243.
217. T. S. Eliot. In Seeing and Knowing, for example, Berenson writes
218. "A tradition, a convention, needs constant manipulation to vivify it, to enlarge it, to keep it fresh and supple, and capable of generating problems and producing their solutions. To keep a convention alive and growing fruitfully requires a creative genius." Seeing and Knowing (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1953), 35.
219. see Mary Ann Calo, Bernard Berenson and the Twentieth Century (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.
220. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: Huebsch, 1918), especially
221. "The Higher Learning as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture", 363-400.
222. Grandgent, "President's Address", lxiii.
223. Hippolyte Taine, History of English Literature, vol 1, trans. H. Van Laun (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1965), 12, 17.
224. Of course, Turner was not what we would now call a multiculturalist. See John Mack Faragher's balanced and sensitive overview of Turner's work in Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" and other Essays (New York: Henry Holt, 1994).
225. Taine, History, 17.
226. Irving Babbitt, Literature and the American College: Essays in Defense of the Humanities (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1908), 108.
227. See Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 5-32.
228. For many conservatives, Dewey has become a straw man. See Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987).
229. J. E. Spingarn, "The New Criticism", Criticism in America: Its Function and Status (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1924), 13.
230. Ibid., Creative Criticism and Other Essays (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1979), 128, 145-46.
231. They loom large in the Introduction to William A. Drake's American Criticism, 1926 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1926), x-xiv.
232. Irving Babbitt, "Genius and Taste", in Criticism in America, 156.
233. In the late twenties, the left-leaning cultural historian Vernon Louis Parrington wrote approvingly of Brooks as one of a group of "young critics of established ways", and especially of middle-class morality and the nascent consumer culture. The Beginnings of Critical Realism in America, 1860-1920 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930), 376.
234. Only three years later, the Marxist critic Granville Hicks had already grown disenchanted with Brooks's failure to formulate "some sort of social program, on the theory that a new social order would bring into existence a new set of values." The Great Tradition: An Interpretation of American Literature Since the Civil War (New York: Macmillan, 1933), 252.
235. By the spring of 1945, writing in The Virginia Quarterly Review, the conservative critic Allen Tate dismissed Brooks as a "literary nationalist" whose "influence is no longer very much felt by anybody who seriously writes."
236. Essays of Four Decades (Chicago: The Swallow Press, 1968), 535-36.
237. Perhaps the most balanced and thoughtful treatments of Brooks's life and work are James Hoopes' Van Wyck Brooks: In Search of American Culture (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977)
238. and Raymond Nelson's Van Wyck Brooks, A Writer's Life (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1981).
239. In an influential essay originally published in 1915 in The Forum, Brooks described that the tension fundamental to American culture, and he traces it back to the dichotomy between Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, whom he represents as what we now call, after Weber, "ideal types." See "Highbrow and Lowbrow", in Contemporary American Criticism, ed. James Cloyd Bowman (New York: Henry Holt, 1926): 161-74.
240. See also Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988). Levine does not mention Brooks, but he quotes from Brooks's close friend, ally, and fellow New Jerseyan, Randolph Bourne (145).
241. Van Wyck Brooks, "The Critics and Young America", in Criticism in America: Its Function and Status (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Co., 1924): 116-51.
242. See John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, 2nd. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
243. Brooks, "The Critic", 119.
244. See for instance Van Wyck Brooks, An Autobiography (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1965), 479-80, 484-85.
245. On the other hand, in The Writer in America (New York: Avon Books, 1964), Brooks had some rather harsh things to say about many prominent literary figures such as Scott Fitzgerald and William Faulkner. Throughout that book Brooks took exception to the pessimism and hopelessness of much modernist fiction, and he issued a call to "rehumanize literature." The first step toward this end, he wrote, "is to think better of man" (178).
246. René Wellek notes that Brooks's five-volume history of American literature, Makers and Finders, won a Pulitzer and nearly achieved best-seller status, and he reminds his readers also that Carl Van Doren called that work "not only the best history of American literature, but... one of he best literary histories in any language." Nevertheless, Wellek judges Brooks's achievement "a dismal failure." There is, he writes, "scarcely any analysis of actual books, nothing about a continuity of literary themes or forms." A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950, vol. 6, American Criticism, 1900-1950 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), 14.
247. See José Ortegay Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, trans. Anthony Kerrigan (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).
248. T. S. Eliot, Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot, ed. Frank Kermode (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 39.
249. See the selections from "The Idea of a Christian Society" in ibid., 285-91.
250. See Adrienne M. Golub, "Towards a Newer Critique: The Missing Link: The Influence of T. S. Eliot's Ultra-Conservative Criticism on Clement Greenberg's Early Rhetoric and Themes", Art Criticism 12:1(1997):5-37.
251. Quoted approvingly in G. J. Warnock, J. L. Austin (London: Routledge, 1989), 5.
252. Laurence Bergreen, James Agee: A Life (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1984), 158-82.
253. James Agee, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1941, 1986), 322-33.
254. Ultimately, they would be liberated, not by political revolution or social change, but by technological innovations that made the hand-picking of cotton unprofitable. For a discussion of this transformation and its effect on the families that Agee described, see Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson, And Their Children Came After Them: The Legacy of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (New York: Pantheon, 1989), xvi-xvii, 3-32.
255. Agee, Let Us Now, 324.
256. Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 83.
257. Agee, Let Us Now, 14.
258. Lionel Trilling, "Greatness with One Fault in It", Kenyon Review 4(Winter 1942):102.
259. Although a close second to Trilling's review would have to be Paul Ashdown's amazingly unperceptive "Introduction" to James Agee: Selected Journalism (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985) where he writes, "Like George Orwell", Agee "tried to make himself over as a proletarian. But this was also a form of intrusive deception" (xxx). Once Agee "got the tenant farmers out of his system, his writing became more controlled and more forceful" (xxxv).
260. Agee, Let Us Now, 42.
261. In an review of Vittorio de Sica's film Shoeshine, Agee deplores the disappearance among intellectuals of what he calls the "humanistic attitude." "Even among those who preserve a living devotion to it, moreover, few seem to have come by it naturally, as a physical and sensuous fact, as well as a philosophical one; many fewer give any evidence of applying it with any of the enormous primordial energy which, one would suppose, the living fact would inevitably liberate in a living being." Agee on Film, vol. 1 (New York: Perigree Press, 1983), 278.
262. Although Trilling began his career writing for the Menorah Journal, he wanted, in the words of Mark Krupnick, to be both a Jew and "an English-style gentleman. " Lionel Trilling and the Fate of Cultural Criticism (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1986), 28.
263. Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society (New York: Viking Press, 1950), ix.
264. Agee, Let Us Now, 80-81.
265. See Maharidge and Williamson, And Their Children Came, 30.
266. Agee, Let Us Now, 301.
267. For a recent analysis that confirms much of Agee's understanding of modernity and consumerism, see Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1991), esp.
268. "The Insidious Cycle of Work-and-Spend", 107-138.
269. Agee, Let Us Now, 11.
270. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, ed. G. H. Von Wright and Heikki Nyman, trans. Peter Winch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Eng.: 1980), 4e.
271. Agee, Let Us Now, 12.
272. Trilling, Liberal Imagination, 131-32.
273. Robert Penn Warren, Democracy and Poetry: The 1974 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1975), 72-73.
274. but see Agee, Let Us Now, 237-39.
275. Warren, Democracy, 73.
276. Jonathan Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), 5.
277. Bergreen, James Agee, 367-74.
278. See John Evangelist Walsh, The Shadows Rise: Abraham Lincoln and the Ann Rutledge Legend (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993).
279. Joseph Wood Krutch, Experience and Art: Some Aspects of the Esthetics of Literature (New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1932), 50.
280. See Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987)
281. and Roger Kimball, The Long March: How the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s Changed America (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000).
282. William H. Whyte, The Organization Man (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956);
283. William Sloan, The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955).
284. See "Dual America", in Manuel Castells, End of Millennium, 6rev. ed., vol. 3 of The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture (Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 1999), esp. 130-37.
285. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955, 1966). (xxi). What are the chances?
286. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Touchstone, 1993), 35-36, 350.
287. See Robert Penn Warren, Who Speaks for the Negro? (New York: Random House, 1965).
288. Reeves, President Knowledge, 497, 479, 474.
289. Marvin E. Gittleman et al., Vietnam and America: A Documented History, rev. ed. (New York: Grove Press, 1995), 348.
290. Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974 (Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1999), 544.
291. Les Editions de Minuit released De la grammatologie in 1967. Johns Hopkins University Press followed in 1974 with the famous English translation by Gayatri Spivak.
292. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987);
293. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1, Reason and the Rationalization of Society trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984).
294. See Homi K. Bhabha, "Postcolonial Criticism", in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: MLA, 1992): 437-65;
295. also, Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).
296. Carl Bereiter et al., "An Academically Oriented Pre-school for Culturally Deprived Children", in Pre-School Education Today, ed. Fred. M. Hechinger (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1966): 107.
297. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd ed., trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Crossroad, 1990), 378, 549.
298. Max Horkheimer, "Tradition and Critical Theory", in Critical Theory: Selected Essays, trans. Matthew J. O'Connell et al. (New York: Continuum, 1982), 188-243.
299. Robert Scholes, Textual Power: Literary Theory and the Teaching of English (New Haven: Yale University Press), 19.
300. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, "A Literary Representation of the Subaltern: A Woman's Text from the Third World", in In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (New York: Routledge, 1988), 244.
301. For a discussion of the social isolation of academic intellectuals, see Charles Derber et al., Power in the Highest Degree: Professionals and the Rise of a New Mandarin Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), esp. 79-108.
302. Gary T. Marx, "Reflections on Academic Success and Failure: Making It, Forsaking it, Reshaping It", in Authors of their Own Lives: Intellectual Autobiographies by Twenty American Sociologists, ed. Bennett M. Berger (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 261.
303. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), 22-28.
304. Samuel Haber, The Quest for Authority and Honor in the American Professions, 1750-1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), xi-xiii.
305. Bernice Martin, "Symbolic Knowledge and Market Forces at the Frontiers of Postmodernism: Qualitative Market Researchers", in Hidden Technocrats: The New Class and the New Capitalism, ed. Hansfried Kellner and Frank W. Heuberger (New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction, 1992), 126.
306. Sykes, Charles J., Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education (New York: St. Martin's, 1988), 37. I am certain that the problems he describes have gotten worse since then. In my own department, fully a quarter of tenured faculty are released from their teaching duties every term, sometimes to compensate for administration and sometimes to assist in research.
307. Jonathan Culler, "Criticism and Institutions: the American University", in Poststructuralism and the Question of History, ed. Derek Attridge et al. (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 94.
308. Marshall Gregory, "From Ph. D. Program to B. A. College; or, The Sometimes Hard Journey from Life in the Carrel to Life in the World", ADE Bulletin 107(Spring 1994):20.
309. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage, 1994), 319-21, 333-36.
310. John Dewey, "Political Science as a Recluse", The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vol. 11:1918-1919, ed. Jo Ann Boydston. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 93-97.
311. As Anthony Giddens observes in The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 184-204.
312. See Bernie S. Siegel, M. D., Love, Medicine, and Miracles: Lessons Learned about Self-healing from a Surgeon's Experience with Exceptional Patients (New York: Harper and Row, 1990).
313. T. S. Eliot "Burnt Norton", Four Quartets, in The Complete Poems and Plays, 1909-1950 (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1980), 119.
314. See Bernard Campbell, "Ecological Factors and Social Organization in Human Evolution", in Primate Ecology and Human Origins: Ecological Influences on Social Organization, ed. Irwin S. Bernstein and Euclid O. Smith (New York: Garland STPM, 1979): 291-312;
315. Maxine Sheets-Johnstone, "On the Origin of Language", The Roots of Thinking (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 134-66;
316. and Rick Potts, Humanity's Descent: The Consequences of Ecological Instability (New York: Avon Books, 1996).
317. For my understanding of attunement I am indebted to Shigenori Nagatomo, Attunement Through the Body (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992).
318. Primo Levi, "Beyond Judgment", New York Reviw of Books 17(December 1987):10, 12-14.
319. D. W. Winnecott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1987), 167-72.
320. The term "life-world" derives from Edmund Husserl. See The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy, trans. David Carr (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970), esp. 103-35. There Husserl notes that the life-world "functions as [the] subsoil" of our conscious, purposive awareness (124). "The life-world is the realm of original self-evidences" (127). To put it simply, the process of thinking about the world or acting on the world already presupposes the existence of a coherent "world."
321. The Theory of Communicative Action, vol 2, Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), esp. 303-31.
322. Robert F. Murphy, The Body Silent (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 193-94.
323. For a general overview of human cognitive development that challenges the primacy of language, see Paul Bloom, How Children Learn the Meanings of Words (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), esp. 55-87.
324. For a discussion of music and the brain see Mark Jude Tramo, "Music of the Hemispheres", Science 291(January 5, 2001):54-56;
325. William J. Crombie, "Music on the Brain: Researchers Explore the Biology of Music", Harvard University Gazette March 22, 2001 http://www.news. harvard.edu/gazette/2001/03.22/04-music.html;
326. and Kristin Leutwyler, "Exploring the Musical Brain", Scientific American: Explore! January 22, 2001 http://www.sciam.com/ explorations/2001/012201music/For a related analysis of visual experience
327. see Donald D. Hoffman, Visual Intelligence: How We Create What We See (New York: Norton, 1998).
328. Robert Goldwater and Marco Treves, eds., Artists on Art: from the XIV to the XX Century (New York: Pantheon, 1945), 421.
329. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 45-69.
330. Keith H. Basso, "'Stalking with Stories': Names, Places, and Moral Narratives among the Western Apache", in On Nature, Landscape, and Natural History, ed. Daniel Halpern (San Francisco: North Point, 1986), 102.
331. Murphy, Body, 106.
332. See for example Peter F. Drucker, "The Age of Social Transformation", in Atlantic Monthly, November 1994, 93-97;
333. and Etienne Balibar, "Politics and Truth: The Vacillation of Ideology, II", Masses, Classes, Ideas: Studies on Politics and Philosophy Before and After Marx, trans. James Swenson (New York: Routledge, 1994), 151-74.
334. See James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985).
335. Quoted in Ernst Fischer, The Necessity of Art: A Marxist Approach, trans. Anna Bostock (London: Penguin, 1978), 74. Picasso says much the same thing: "Mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry, psychoanalysis, music, and what not have all been related to cubism to give it an easier interpretation. All this has been pure literature, not to say nonsense, which brought bad results, blinding people with theories. Cubism has kept itself within the limits and limitations of painting, never pretending to go beyond it." Goldwater and Treves, Artists on Art, 418-19.
336. See Emily Martin, "The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles", Signs: Journal of Women in Society and Culture 16(1991):485-501.
337. Metaphysics, trans. W. D. Ross, The Basic Works of Aristotle, Book 1, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), 691.
338. See also Nicomachean Ethics, 1104.
339. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).
340. See especially "The End of the Book and the Beginning of Writing", 6-26, in many ways the founding statement-yes, founding-of Derrida's entire project. As he writes there, "The movements of deconstruction do not destroy structures from the outside. They are not possible and effective, nor can they take accurate aim, except by inhabiting those structures. Inhabiting them in a certain way, because one always inhabits, and all the more when one does not suspect it. Operating necessarily from the inside, borrowing all the strategic and economic resources of subversion from the old structure... the enterprise of deconstruction always in a certain way falls prey to its own work" (24).
341. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, expanded and updated ed. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995).
342. As Adorno writes, in language no less powerful and no less opaque than Derrida's, negative dialectics is "the self-consciousness of the objective context of [socially produced] delusion; it does not mean to have escaped from that context. Its objective goal is to break out of that context from within. " Negative Dialectics, trans. E. B. Ashton (New York: Continuum, 1987), 406. Notice how closely Derrida's notion of subversive thinking from inside resembles Adorno's in this passage.
343. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, ed. Donald F. Bouchard, trans. Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), esp. 29-52.
344. However, perhaps the paradigmatic Foucault is the taunting persona he adopts in The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon, 1982), "What, do you imagine that I would take so much trouble and so much pleasure in writing... if I were not preparing... a labyrinth into which... I can lose myself.... I am no doubt not the only one who writes in order to have no face. Do not ask who I am and do not ask me to remain the same;
345. See The Use of Pleasure, Vol. 2, of The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1986), esp. 249-54.
346. Given Time: I, Counterfeit Money (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)
347. On the Name (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995)
348. and The Gift of Death (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
349. Walter Kaufmann, ed., The Portable Nietzsche (New York: Penguin, 1976), 54-55.
350. Ernest Hemingway, "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927), 32.
351. James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Text, Criticism, and Notes, ed. Chester C. Anderson (New York: Penguin Books, 1977), 253.
352. Irving Howe, Decline of the New (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970), 3-4.
353. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, trans. Myra Bergman Ramos (New York: Continuum, 189), 72.
354. Frank Lentriccia, Criticism and Social Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 11.
355. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, "Translator's Preface", Of Grammatology, lxxv.
356. Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism, 2nd., rev. ed., (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983)
357. "reproduces", 76-77;
358. "nothingness", 18.
359. See Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982).
360. See also "Criticism in History", in The Ideologies of Theory: Essays 1971-1986, vol 1, Situations of Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988): 119-36.
361. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1973), xi.
362. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 38.
363. See Thomas Henry Huxley, "Science and Culture", The Major Prose of Thomas Henry Huxley (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997): 224-38;
364. and Laurence W. Mazzeno, Matthew Arnold: The Critical Legacy (Rochester, N. Y.: Camden House, 1999), 1-20.
365. See Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society (New York: Viking Press, 1950), 181-97. "The world", he wrote, "seems to become less and less responsive to literature;
366. John Crowe Ransom, "Criticism, Inc.", The World's Body (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938): 327-50.
367. Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1956, 1984), 7-20.
368. As Frye writes in The Stubborn Structure: Essays on Criticism and Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970), "I recently saw a documentary movie of the rock-and-roll singer Paul Anka. The reporter pried one of the squealing little sexballs out of the audience and asked her what she found so ecstatic about listening to Anka. She said, still in a daze, 'He's so sincere.' The will to unite rhetorical and direct address is very clear here" (88).
369. Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: From Togo to Turkmenistan, from Iran to Cambodia: A Journey to the Frontiers of Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1997), esp. 328-32.
370. See Jean François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
371. See Outreach Communications, "Why HIPC Still Fails to Deliver to LDCs", (12/5/01), http://home.no. net/outreach/19may3.htm
372. See also Manuel Castells, "Rise of the Fourth World: Informational Capitalism, Poverty, and Exclusion" End of Millennium, rev. ed., Vol. 3 of The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1999), 70-165.
373. "Income Poverty: The Latest Global Numbers", (7/10/01), http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/data/trends/income.htm
374. Serge Latouche, The Westernization of the World: the Significance, Scope, and Limits of the Drive Towards Global Uniformity, trans. Rosemary Morris (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), 61.
375. Vandana Shiva, Monocultures of the Mind: Perspectives on Biodiversity and Biotechnology (Atlantic Highlands, N. J.: Zed Books, 1993), 12.
376. Alain Touraine, "The Idea of Revolution", in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 122.
377. See Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1950).
378. John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
379. See Consumer Federation of America, "Credit Card Debts Escalate in 1997, Burdening Many Xmas Shoppers" (Washington, D. C.: Consumer Federation of America, 1997).
380. I have borrowed the concept of "disembedding" from Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990), 21-29.
381. Here I should acknowledge my debt to Michael Herzfeld, The Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy (New York: Berg, 1992).
382. See Robert H. Frank and Philip J. Cook, The Winner-Take-All Society: Why the Few at the Top Get So Much More than the Rest of Us (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), esp. 153-56.
383. "The Study of Philosophy", Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Quinton Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1987): 323-77.
384. "The Intellectuals", esp. 14-15 on peasants.
385. In some ways, Adorno's negative dialectic is analogous to Gramsci's notion of a "war of position" waged against hegemony. See Gramsci, "State and Civil Society", in Prison Notebooks: 206-26.
386. Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), 257-58.
387. See Peter Bürger, Theory of the Avant-Garde, trans. Michael Shaw (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
388. Paul Mann, The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).
389. See Cross-National Collaborative Group, "The Changing Rate of Major Depression: Cross-National Comparisons", JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association 268. 21(2 December 1992):3098-106.
390. Arthur Kleinman and Alex Cohen, "Psychiatry's Global Challenge", Scientific American (March 1997): 86-89.
391. See also Arline Kaplan, "China's Suicide Patterns Challenge Depression Theory", Psychiatric Times 16. 1 (January 1999) http://mhsource.com/pt/p990101b.html
392. "China's Chic Waistline: Convex to Concave", New York Times 9 December 1999. http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/120999china-weightloss. html
393. Elizabeth Wurtzel, Prozac Nation: Young and Depressed in America (New York: Riverhead Books, 1995).
394. See Gerald Graff, Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revitalize American Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992).
395. Nelson Goodman, Ways of Worldmaking (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 57-70.
396. See Dai Qing, ed., The River Dragon Has Come! The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People (Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
397. This term is a coinage of Jane Bennett in Unthinking Faith and Enlightenment: Nature and the State in a Post-Hegelian Era (New York: New York University Press, 1987), 149-50, 158-61.
398. Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt, Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
399. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, trans. Paul M. Sweezy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1964), 7.
400. Ellen Dissanayake, What Is Art For? (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 135.
401. Lin Yutang, The Chinese Theory of Art: Translations from the Masters of Chinese Art (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1967), 154.
402. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
403. See Weber's famous observation in Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, trans. Ephraim Fischoff et al. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, 630: "Only Protestantism completely eliminated magic and the supernatural quest for salvation.... For the various popular religions of Asia, in contrast to ascetic Protestantism, the world remained an enchanted garden.... No path led the magical religiosity of... Asia to a rational, methodical control of life."
404. Arnold, Culture, 126-37.
405. Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans. Ephraim Fischoff (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), 236.
406. In The Sociology of Religion, Weber has this to say about the religious interests of the intellectuals of his day, and his remarks apply to much more than religion: Despite "the need of literary, academic, or café-society intellectuals to include religious feelings in the inventory of their sources of impressions and sensations, and among their topics for discussion... no new religion has ever resulted from... their chatter. The whirligig of fashion will presently remove this subject of conversation and journalism, which fashion has made popular" (137).
407. William James, The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (New York: Longmans, Green, 1937), 12.
408. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 552.
409. Qtd. in Michael Kazin, "The Politics of Devotion", The Nation, 6 April 1998:16.
410. Mark Edmundson, Nightmare on Main Street: Angels, Sadomasochism, and the Culture of the Gothic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
411. See Andrew Ross, "New Age Technoculture", in Lawrence Grossberg, et al., Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1992): 531-48;
412. also Marianna Torgovnick, Primitive Passions: Men, Women, and the Quest for Ecstacy (New York: Knopf, 1997), 172-88. I should add that Ross seems curious rather than interested;
413. Marianne Williamson, Illuminata: A Return to Prayer (New York: Riverhead Books, 1994), xvi.
414. Thomas Moore, Care of the Soul: A Guide for Cultivating Depth and Sacredness in Everyday Life ((New York: HarperPerennial, 1994), 47;
415. Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self, vol. 3 of The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1988), 43-45.
416. See Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 245.
417. Moore, Care of the Soul, 296.
418. Sam Keen, Hymns to an Unknown God: Awakening the Spirit in Everyday Life (New York: Bantam, 1994), 1-2, 98-90.
419. Keen, Hymns, 141.
420. See also André Droogers, "The Normalization of Religious Experience: Healing, Prophecy, Dreams, and Visions", in Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture, ed. Karla Poewe (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 33.
421. Douglas Robinson, The Translator's Turn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 3-15;
422. see also Keen, Hymns, 76.
423. See Deepak Chopra, Creating Health: How to Wake Up the Body's Intelligence, rev. ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), 167-205;
424. and Return of the Rishi: A Doctor's Story of Spiritual Transformation and Ayurvedic Healing (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), 86-102.
425. See Brian Stock, Augustine the Reader: Meditation, Self-Knowledge, and the Ethics of Interpretation (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996), 248-78.
426. Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 103-26;
427. see also Chopra, Creating Health, 181-84.
428. Kabat-Zinn, Wherever, 18-21.
429. See Thomas Moore, The Reenchantment of Everyday Life (HarperPerennial, 1996), 248-57.
430. For a discussion of medieval attitudes toward reading, see Ivan Illich, In the Vineyard of the Text: A Commentary to Hugh's Didascalicon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), esp. 50, 58.
431. For a discussion of "root metaphors", see Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), 166-230.
432. Betty J. Eadie, with Curtis Taylor, Embraced by the Light (New York: Bantam, 1994), 40.
433. Moore, Care of the Soul, 235-36.
434. Williamson, Illuminata, 187.
435. Keen, Hymns, 239-42.
436. John Beverley Butcher, The Tao of Jesus: A Book of Days for the Natural Year (San Francisco: Harper, 1994).
437. See Paul Ricoeur, "Universal Civilization and National Cultures", History and Truth, trans. Charles A. Kelbley (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1965), esp. 274-78.
438. See Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Warner Books, 1979)
439. and Crawford Brough Macpherson, The Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press, 1969).
440. J. K. Bailey, Already on Holy Ground: Experiencing the Presence in Ordinary Life (Center City, Minn.: Hazelden, 1996), 168-69.
441. Edmundson, Nightmare, 77-78.
442. Williamson, Illuminata, 12.
443. Keen, Hymns, 5.
444. Turner, Dramas, 123-64.
445. Karen Armstrong, A History of God: The 4000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (New York: Knopf, 1993), 195-96, 377-99.
446. See Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 89-118;
447. and Anne Ruggles Gere, Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U. S. Women's Clubs, 1880-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 208-47.
448. Eric Livingston, An Anthropology of Reading (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1995), 135-46.
449. Natalie Goldberg, Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within (Boston: Shambhala, 1986), 9.
450. Julia Cameron, The Artist's Way: A Spiritual Path to Higher Creativity (New York: Putnam, 1992), 155.
451. See Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hanson, Chicken Soup for the Soul: 101 Stories to Open the Heart and Rekindle the Spirit (Deerfield Beach, Fla.: Heath Communications, 1993).
452. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), 10.
453. See Turner, Dramas, 231-71.
454. See Torgovnick, Primitive Passions, 209-19.
455. Allan Megill, Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 227-32.
456. Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 350-51.
457. As he does in "... That Dangerous Supplement..." Of Grammaology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 141-64.
458. Frank Lentriccia, Criticism and Social Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
459. Ibid., "Last Will and Testament of an Ex-Literary Critic: 'Dirty Harry' Comes Clean", Lingua Franca: The Review of Academic Life 6. 6(September/October 1996):59-67.
460. Ellen Dissanayake, What Is Art For? (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988)
461. and Homo Aestheticus: Where Art Comes from and Why (New York: Free Press, 1992).
462. Lentriccia, "Last Will and Testament", 60.
463. The World's Body (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938), 342.
464. Certainly such an approach has had at least some advocates in the last half century. One important forerunner is Louise M. Rosenblatt, Literature as Exploration (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1938)
465. as well as her later book The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of the Literary Work (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978).
466. See also Norman Holland, 5 Readers Reading (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1975);
467. David Bleich, Subjective Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).
468. The successor to "subjective criticism" was the reader-response school, one important early advocate of which was Stanley Fish, especially in Surprised by Sin: The Reader in Paradise Lost. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
469. See for example Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). By "interpretive communities" Fish really means "academic disciplines."
470. Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) 109. In other words, "writing in general" is a preconscious constraint to which we are subject all the time, whether we choose to be or not.
471. I am indebted here to Marshall Sahlins, Islands of History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), esp. vii-xvii and 136-56.
472. De Poetica, trans. Ingram Bywater, The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), 1463.
473. John Willats, Art and Representation: New Principles in the Analysis of Pictures (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). Willets argues that all of the world's artistic traditions can be shown to employ three different "drawing systems", that is, projection systems for representing relations between objects. Clearly, cultural differences matter; clearly, too, we are the products of a common evolutionary process.
474. see Sidney J. Blatt, "Concurrent Conceptual Revolutions in Art and Science", in Development and the Arts: Critical Perspectives, ed. Margery B. Franklin and Bernard Kaplan (Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 195-226.
475. Robert Morris, "Some Notes on the Phenomenology of Making: the Search for the Motivated", Continuous Project Altered Daily: the Writings of Robert Morris (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press; New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1993), 71-91.
476. See Brian Stock, Augustine the Reader: Meditation, Self-knowledge, and the Ethics of Interpretation (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996).
477. Ivan Illich, In the Vineyard of the Text: A Commentary to Hugh's Didascalicon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 20-21.
478. Upton Sinclair, American Outpost: A Book of Reminiscences (Pasadena: Published by the Author, 1932), 74-76.
479. See Thomas Pavel, Fictional Worlds (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986).
480. Deeply into the Bone: Re-inventing Rites of Passage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 7.
481. For my remarks on the performative character of ritual I am much indebted to Richard K. Payne, "Realizing Inherent Enlightenment: Ritual and Self-Transformation in Shingon Buddhism", in Religious and Social Ritual: Interdisciplinary Explorations, ed. Michael B. Aune and Valerie DeMarinis (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996): 71-104.
482. See also Stanley J. Tambiah, Culture, Thought and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985);
483. Frits Staal, Rules Without Meaning: Ritual, Mantras and the Human Sciences, Toronto Studies in Religion, vol. 4 (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1989);
484. and Richard Schechner and Willa Appel, eds., By Means of Performance: Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
485. Roy A. Rappaport, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
486. See especially the chapter "Intervals, Eternity, and Communitas", 216-35.
487. I am drawing here on Arnold Van Gennep's pioneering work, The Rites of Passage, trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).
488. See Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure (Chicago: Aldine, 1969)
489. also Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), 23-59.
490. Richard Katz, Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari Kung (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 40-41.
491. Maya Deren, Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti (New Paltz: McPherson and Co., 1970), 256-61.
492. John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), esp. 1-17, in particular 3-5
493. "Religion as a family-resemblance concept", and 278-296.
494. Even closer to my argument in its assumptions is Andrew Newberg, M. D., et al., Why God Won't Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief (New York: Ballantine Books, 2001).
495. Eudora Welty, One Writer's Beginnings: The William E. Massey Sr. Lectures in the History of American Civilization, 1983 (New York: Warner Books, 1985), 11.
496. Piers Vitebsky, The Shaman (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995), 51.
497. The anthropologist Renato Rosaldo helps to clarify the links between ritual and affective experience in Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989).
498. see Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays, ed. Robert Bernasconi, trans. Nicholas Walker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
499. See also Gemma Corradi Fiumara, The Metaphoric Process: Connections Between Language and Life (London: Routledge, 1995);
500. John Stewart, Language as Articulate Contact: Toward a Post-Semiotic Philosophy of Communication (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995).
501. I am indebted here to Crispin Sartwell, The Art of Living: Aesthetics of the Ordinary in World Spiritual Traditions (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), esp. 3-29.
502. Robert Scholes, Textual Power: Literary Theory and the Teaching of English (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 22-23.
503. Jed Perl, Eyewitness: Reports from an Art World in Crisis (New York: Basic Books, 2000), especially "The Art of Seeing", (309-30). I find myself strongly in agreement with Perl, art critic for the New Republic, when he takes issue with the notion that an intelligent response to art requires (1) the application of a theoretical paradigm and (2) that such a response requires us to treat the work as though it had a single, unifying "message." "If there is so much to be said for particularity and paradox", Perl asks, "why has the unity idea triumphed so totally?"
504. see Thomas Crow, The Intelligence of Art (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
505. See Stephen Batchelor, Alone with Others: An Existential Approach to Buddhism (New York: Grove Press, 1983).
506. All references are to The Oedipus Plays of Sophocles, trans. Paul Roche (New York: Mentor Books), 1958.
507. See Christopher Rocco, Tragedy and Enlightenment: Athenian Political Thought and the Dilemmas of Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), esp. 2-67;
508. also Joel D. Schwartz, "Human Action and Political Action in Oedipus Tyrannos", in Greek Tragedy and Political Theory, ed. J. Peter Euben (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986): 183-209.
509. See The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1961).
510. Roche, Oedipus Plays, 153-54.
511. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America vol. 1, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), 254-70.
512. Aristotle, Politics, trans. Benjamin Jowett, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), 1205-06.
513. See, for example, Freedom and Culture (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1939).
514. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Fate", Ralph Waldo Emerson: Representative Selections, ed. Frederic I. Carpenter (New York: American Book Company, 1934), 316-42.
515. Hilary Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 141, 197.
516. Richard Parker, "Can Economists Save Economics?" The American Prospect (Spring 1993), 159.
517. Alan Megill and Donald N. McCloskey, "The Rhetoric of History", in The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences, ed. John S. Nelson, et al. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987): 221-38.
518. Earl Parker Hanson, Journey to Manaos (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1938).
519. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, trans. John and Doreen Weightman (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 17.
520. Ibid., The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), 269.
521. Ibid., Tristes Tropiques, 410-412.
522. Heinrich Wölfflin, Principles of Art History: The Problem of the Development of Style in Later Art, trans. M. D. Hottinger (New York: Dover, 1932), 11.
523. Northrop Frye, Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1984), 7.
524. Northrop Frye, The Stubborn Structure: Essays on Criticism and Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970), 105.
525. Ibid., Fables of Identity, 21-38.
526. Ibid., The Stubborn Structure, 105.
527. Ibid., Fables of Identity, 13.
528. Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 327-28.
529. Clifford Geertz, "The Cerebral Savage: On the Work of Claude Lévi-Strauss", The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 355.
530. Qtd. in Geertz, 346.
531. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, ed. G. H. Von Wright, trans. Peter Winch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 7e.
532. Richard Handler, "The Dainty Man and the Hungry Man: Literature and Anthropology in the Work of Edward Sapir", in Observers Observed: Essays on Ethnographic Fieldwork, ed. George Stocking Jr. (Madison: University of
533. For a frank recognition of this predicament, see Thomas Bender, Intellect and Public Life: Essays on the Social History of Academic Intellectuals in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1993), esp. 127-45.
534. M. I. Finley, "'Progress' in Historiography", Daedalus 106(Summer 1977):127.
535. Svetlana Alpers, "Is Art History?" Daedalus 106(Summer 1977):6.
536. See Timothy J. Clark, Image of the People: Gustav Courbet and the 1848 Revolution, 2nd ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982).
537. Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, 23.
538. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, ed. C. P. Dutt (New York: International Publishers, nd), 13.
539. Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, "sociological", 251;
540. "pronunciation", 279.
541. Ibid., "learned societies", 274;
542. Johannes Wilbert and Karin Simoneau, eds, Folk Literature of the Caduveo Indians (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1989), 23-24.
543. Mary Louie Pratt, "Interpretive Strategies/Strategic Interpretations: On Anglo-American Reader-Response Criticism", Boundary 211(Fall/Winter 1982-1983):201-31;
544. and Patrocinio P. Schweickart, "Reading Ourselves: Toward a Feminist Theory of Reading", in Gender and Reading, ed. Elizabeth A. Flynn and Patrocinio P. Schweickart (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986): 31-62.
545. John Dewey, "Philosophy and Democracy", The Middle Works, 1899-1924, Vol. 11:1918-1919, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 50-51.
546. Hanson, Journey, 90.
547. Ibid., "swarming", 24;
548. "back to the Indians", 12.
549. Ibid., "convert the locals", 255;
550. "yagé", 222.
551. Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: the U. S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944-May 7, 1945 (New York: Touchstone Books/Simon and Schuster, 1998);
552. Harvey Cox, Fire from Heaven: the Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-first Century (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1995);
553. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: the Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994);
554. Henry Louis Gates, Colored People: A Memoir (New York: Knopf, 1994);
555. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 2000).
556. Hanson, Journey, 224-25.
557. Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, 293.
558. Alvin W. Gouldner, The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 53.
559. Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, 245-69.
560. Hanson, Journey, 255.