메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 158-166

Monitoring dynamic interactions between breast cancer cells and human bone tissue in a co-culture model

Author keywords

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI); Breast cancer metastasis to bone; Ex vivo co culture; Human bone microenvironment; Metastatic niche

Indexed keywords

LUCIFERASE;

EID: 84896392543     PISSN: 15361632     EISSN: 18602002     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0685-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (41)
  • 1
    • 0023137823 scopus 로고
    • The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer
    • 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ivVOmug%3D%3D 2001575 3814476 10.1038/bjc.1987.13
    • Coleman RE, Rubens RD (1987) The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer 55:61-66
    • (1987) Br J Cancer , vol.55 , pp. 61-66
    • Coleman, R.E.1    Rubens, R.D.2
  • 2
    • 0036675220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metastasis to bone: Causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslGqsLo%3D 12154351 10.1038/nrc867
    • Mundy GR (2002) Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2:584-593
    • (2002) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 584-593
    • Mundy, G.R.1
  • 4
    • 77950518404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mouse models for breast cancer metastasis
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXks1Kjurg%3D 20230796 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.070
    • Kim IS, Baek SH (2010) Mouse models for breast cancer metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394:443-447
    • (2010) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.394 , pp. 443-447
    • Kim, I.S.1    Baek, S.H.2
  • 5
    • 22244455403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mouse model of human breast cancer metastasis to human bone
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmt1ehurk%3D 16024614 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1408
    • Kuperwasser C, Dessain S, Bierbaum BE et al (2005) A mouse model of human breast cancer metastasis to human bone. Cancer Res 65:6130-6138
    • (2005) Cancer Res , vol.65 , pp. 6130-6138
    • Kuperwasser, C.1    Dessain, S.2    Bierbaum, B.E.3
  • 6
    • 81555195468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How can grafted breast cancer models be optimized?
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xjs1ymtb8%3D 3280900 22057217 10.4161/cbt.12.10.18139
    • Mollard S, Mousseau Y, Baaj Y et al (2011) How can grafted breast cancer models be optimized? Cancer Biol Ther 12:855-864
    • (2011) Cancer Biol Ther , vol.12 , pp. 855-864
    • Mollard, S.1    Mousseau, Y.2    Baaj, Y.3
  • 7
    • 79952219931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap junction-mediated import of microRNA from bone marrow stromal cells can elicit cell cycle quiescence in breast cancer cells
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXisFCgu7k%3D 21343399 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2372
    • Lim PK, Bliss SA, Patel SA et al (2011) Gap junction-mediated import of microRNA from bone marrow stromal cells can elicit cell cycle quiescence in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 71:1550-1560
    • (2011) Cancer Res , vol.71 , pp. 1550-1560
    • Lim, P.K.1    Bliss, S.A.2    Patel, S.A.3
  • 8
    • 4344647262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone marrow stroma influences transforming growth factor-beta production in breast cancer cells to regulate c-myc activation of the preprotachykinin-I gene in breast cancer cells
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntFClt7g%3D 15342422 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3122
    • Oh HS, Moharita A, Potian JG et al (2004) Bone marrow stroma influences transforming growth factor-beta production in breast cancer cells to regulate c-myc activation of the preprotachykinin-I gene in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 64:6327-6336
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 6327-6336
    • Oh, H.S.1    Moharita, A.2    Potian, J.G.3
  • 9
    • 33751189144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SDF-1alpha regulation in breast cancer cells contacting bone marrow stroma is critical for normal hematopoiesis
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1ahs7fP 16857992 10.1182/blood-2006-01-017459
    • Moharita AL, Taborga M, Corcoran KE et al (2006) SDF-1alpha regulation in breast cancer cells contacting bone marrow stroma is critical for normal hematopoiesis. Blood 108:3245-3252
    • (2006) Blood , vol.108 , pp. 3245-3252
    • Moharita, A.L.1    Taborga, M.2    Corcoran, K.E.3
  • 10
    • 79151477726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between breast cancer cells and bone marrow derived cells in vitro define a role for osteopontin in affecting breast cancer cell migration
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvFWgsA%3D%3D 20401631 10.1007/s10549-010-0889-9
    • Koro K, Parkin S, Pohorelic B et al (2011) Interactions between breast cancer cells and bone marrow derived cells in vitro define a role for osteopontin in affecting breast cancer cell migration. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126:73-83
    • (2011) Breast Cancer Res Treat , vol.126 , pp. 73-83
    • Koro, K.1    Parkin, S.2    Pohorelic, B.3
  • 11
    • 84860349155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of Src in breast cancer cell migration and invasion in a breast cell/bone-derived cell microenvironment
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmtlOlu7g%3D 21894461 10.1007/s10549-011-1753-2
    • Pohorelic B, Singh R, Parkin S et al (2012) Role of Src in breast cancer cell migration and invasion in a breast cell/bone-derived cell microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res treat 133:201-214
    • (2012) Breast Cancer Res Treat , vol.133 , pp. 201-214
    • Pohorelic, B.1    Singh, R.2    Parkin, S.3
  • 12
    • 0042236567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer micrometastases: Different interactions of carcinoma cells with normal and cancer patients' bone marrow stromata
    • 14524537 10.1023/A:1025462417256
    • Nicola MH, Bizon R, Machado JJ et al (2003) Breast cancer micrometastases: different interactions of carcinoma cells with normal and cancer patients' bone marrow stromata. Clin Exp Metastasis 20:471-479
    • (2003) Clin Exp Metastasis , vol.20 , pp. 471-479
    • Nicola, M.H.1    Bizon, R.2    Machado, J.J.3
  • 13
    • 3042819503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrin alpha5beta1 promotes survival of growth-arrested breast cancer cells: An in vitro paradigm for breast cancer dormancy in bone marrow
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltlOrsLg%3D 15231661 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3853
    • Korah R, Boots M, Wieder R (2004) Integrin alpha5beta1 promotes survival of growth-arrested breast cancer cells: an in vitro paradigm for breast cancer dormancy in bone marrow. Cancer Res 64:4514-4522
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 4514-4522
    • Korah, R.1    Boots, M.2    Wieder, R.3
  • 14
    • 78649320264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the breast tumour microenvironment: Stimulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht12qur3J 20087650 10.1007/s10549-010-0734-1
    • Martin FT, Dwyer RM, Kelly J et al (2010) Potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the breast tumour microenvironment: stimulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Breast Cancer Res treat 124:317-326
    • (2010) Breast Cancer Res Treat , vol.124 , pp. 317-326
    • Martin, F.T.1    Dwyer, R.M.2    Kelly, J.3
  • 15
    • 84855329196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global gene expression analysis of the interaction between cancer cells and osteoblasts to predict bone metastasis in breast cancer
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XptFKqtQ%3D%3D 3250506 22235336 10.1371/journal.pone. 0029743
    • Rajski M, Vogel B, Baty F et al (2012) Global gene expression analysis of the interaction between cancer cells and osteoblasts to predict bone metastasis in breast cancer. PloS One 7:e29743
    • (2012) PloS One , vol.7 , pp. 29743
    • Rajski, M.1    Vogel, B.2    Baty, F.3
  • 16
    • 79955116966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic interaction between breast cancer cells and osteoblastic tissue: Comparison of two- and three-dimensional cultures
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltFKhtLo%3D 21520067 10.1002/jcp.22550
    • Krishnan V, Shuman LA, Sosnoski DM et al (2011) Dynamic interaction between breast cancer cells and osteoblastic tissue: comparison of two- and three-dimensional cultures. J Cell Physiol 226:2150-2158
    • (2011) J Cell Physiol , vol.226 , pp. 2150-2158
    • Krishnan, V.1    Shuman, L.A.2    Sosnoski, D.M.3
  • 17
    • 78649823910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoblasts are a major source of inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment of bone metastatic breast cancer
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVyhsr3E 3654838 20683902 10.1002/jcb.22799
    • Bussard KM, Venzon DJ, Mastro AM (2010) Osteoblasts are a major source of inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment of bone metastatic breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 111:1138-1148
    • (2010) J Cell Biochem , vol.111 , pp. 1138-1148
    • Bussard, K.M.1    Venzon, D.J.2    Mastro, A.M.3
  • 18
    • 58149387662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal bone anatomy and physiology
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVemtrbO 3152283 18988698 10.2215/CJN.04151206
    • Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(Suppl 3):S131-S139
    • (2008) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.3 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Clarke, B.1
  • 19
    • 84859836592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specialized connective tissue: Bone, the structural framework of the upper extremity
    • 10.1016/j.jht.2011.08.003 quiz 132
    • Weatherholt AM, Fuchs RK, Warden SJ (2012) Specialized connective tissue: bone, the structural framework of the upper extremity. J Hand Ther Off J Am Soc Hand Ther 25:123-131, quiz 132
    • (2012) J Hand Ther off J Am Soc Hand Ther , vol.25 , pp. 123-131
    • Weatherholt, A.M.1    Fuchs, R.K.2    Warden, S.J.3
  • 20
    • 60849131484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNOB/ChrR6, a new prodrug enzyme cancer chemotherapy
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvFamsLo%3D 2670992 19190118 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08- 0707
    • Thorne SH, Barak Y, Liang W et al (2009) CNOB/ChrR6, a new prodrug enzyme cancer chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 8:333-341
    • (2009) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.8 , pp. 333-341
    • Thorne, S.H.1    Barak, Y.2    Liang, W.3
  • 21
    • 0033996457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7jt1ejsw%3D%3D 10684910 10.1056/NEJM200002243420801
    • Braun S, Pantel K, Muller P et al (2000) Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer. N Engl J Med 342:525-533
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 525-533
    • Braun, S.1    Pantel, K.2    Muller, P.3
  • 22
    • 0023037418 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of micrometastases in bone marrow in patients with primary breast cancer
    • Coombes RC, Berger U, Mansi J, et al. (1986) Prognostic significance of micrometastases in bone marrow in patients with primary breast cancer. NCI Monogr (1):51-53
    • (1986) NCI Monogr , Issue.1 , pp. 51-53
    • Coombes, R.C.1    Berger, U.2    Mansi, J.3
  • 23
    • 0026003325 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastases
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FhsVWntQ%3D%3D
    • Cote RJ, Rosen PP, Lesser ML et al (1991) Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastases. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 9:1749-1756
    • (1991) J Clin Oncol off J Am Soc Clin Oncol , vol.9 , pp. 1749-1756
    • Cote, R.J.1    Rosen, P.P.2    Lesser, M.L.3
  • 24
    • 0029804573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micrometastatic breast cancer cells in bone marrow at primary surgery: Prognostic value in comparison with nodal status
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FosFCluw%3D%3D 8931609 10.1093/jnci/88.22.1652
    • Diel IJ, Kaufmann M, Costa SD et al (1996) Micrometastatic breast cancer cells in bone marrow at primary surgery: prognostic value in comparison with nodal status. J Nat Cancer Inst 88:1652-1658
    • (1996) J Nat Cancer Inst , vol.88 , pp. 1652-1658
    • Diel, I.J.1    Kaufmann, M.2    Costa, S.D.3
  • 25
    • 0035880943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epithelial cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients at time of primary surgery: Clinical outcome during long-term follow-up
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvlvV2rsg%3D%3D
    • Gebauer G, Fehm T, Merkle E et al (2001) Epithelial cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients at time of primary surgery: clinical outcome during long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 19:3669-3674
    • (2001) J Clin Oncol off J Am Soc Clin Oncol , vol.19 , pp. 3669-3674
    • Gebauer, G.1    Fehm, T.2    Merkle, E.3
  • 26
    • 77954904037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of minimal residual disease in blood and bone marrow in early stage breast cancer
    • 20564098 10.1002/cncr.25145
    • Krishnamurthy S, Cristofanilli M, Singh B et al (2010) Detection of minimal residual disease in blood and bone marrow in early stage breast cancer. Cancer 116:3330-3337
    • (2010) Cancer , vol.116 , pp. 3330-3337
    • Krishnamurthy, S.1    Cristofanilli, M.2    Singh, B.3
  • 27
    • 0033528092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dormancy of mammary carcinoma after mastectomy
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7gsFWrsg%3D%3D 9890174 10.1093/jnci/91.1.80
    • Karrison TG, Ferguson DJ, Meier P (1999) Dormancy of mammary carcinoma after mastectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:80-85
    • (1999) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.91 , pp. 80-85
    • Karrison, T.G.1    Ferguson, D.J.2    Meier, P.3
  • 28
    • 77953146292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer dormancy can be maintained by small numbers of micrometastases
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmslWgsbs%3D 20501854 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3144
    • Willis L, Alarcon T, Elia G et al (2010) Breast cancer dormancy can be maintained by small numbers of micrometastases. Cancer Res 70:4310-4317
    • (2010) Cancer Res , vol.70 , pp. 4310-4317
    • Willis, L.1    Alarcon, T.2    Elia, G.3
  • 29
    • 78649467513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does tumour dormancy offer a therapeutic target?
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlOht7nO 21048784 10.1038/nrc2933
    • Goss P, Chambers A (2010) Does tumour dormancy offer a therapeutic target? Nat Rev Cancer 10:871-877
    • (2010) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 871-877
    • Goss, P.1    Chambers, A.2
  • 30
    • 33750738067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastases
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFWhsbfO 17062703 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1007
    • Guise TA, Mohammad KS, Clines G et al (2006) Basic mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastases. Clin Cancer Res 12:6213s-6216s
    • (2006) Clin Cancer Res , vol.12
    • Guise, T.A.1    Mohammad, K.S.2    Clines, G.3
  • 31
    • 61349191019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretion of MCP-1 and other paracrine factors in a novel tumor-bone coculture model
    • 2644314 19192289 10.1186/1471-2407-9-45
    • Schiller KR, Zillhardt MR, Alley J, Borjesson DL, Beitz AJ, Mauro LJ (2009) Secretion of MCP-1 and other paracrine factors in a novel tumor-bone coculture model. BMC Cancer 9:45
    • (2009) BMC Cancer , vol.9 , pp. 45
    • Schiller, K.R.1    Zillhardt, M.R.2    Alley, J.3    Borjesson, D.L.4    Beitz, A.J.5    Mauro, L.J.6
  • 32
    • 81355147872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional cancer-bone metastasis model using ex-vivo co-cultures of live calvarial bones and cancer cells
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVylsr%2FN 3221840 22071100 10.1016/j.biomaterials. 2011.10.046
    • Curtin P, Youm H, Salih E (2012) Three-dimensional cancer-bone metastasis model using ex-vivo co-cultures of live calvarial bones and cancer cells. Biomaterials 33:1065-1078
    • (2012) Biomaterials , vol.33 , pp. 1065-1078
    • Curtin, P.1    Youm, H.2    Salih, E.3
  • 33
    • 84866705165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in cytokines of the bone microenvironment during breast cancer metastasis
    • 3270522 22315691 10.1155/2012/160265
    • Sosnoski DM, Krishnan V, Kraemer WJ et al (2012) Changes in cytokines of the bone microenvironment during breast cancer metastasis. Int J Breast Cancer 2012:160265
    • (2012) Int J Breast Cancer , vol.2012 , pp. 160265
    • Sosnoski, D.M.1    Krishnan, V.2    Kraemer, W.J.3
  • 34
    • 81255157465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlyis73N 22037646 10.1038/nm.2492
    • Nieman KM, Kenny HA, Penicka CV et al (2011) Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth. Nat Med 17:1498-1503
    • (2011) Nat Med , vol.17 , pp. 1498-1503
    • Nieman, K.M.1    Kenny, H.A.2    Penicka, C.V.3
  • 35
    • 84873039798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression profile of receptor activator of nuclear-kappaB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in breast cancer
    • Owen S, Ye L, Sanders AJ, Mason MD, Jiang WG (2013) Expression profile of receptor activator of nuclear-kappaB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in breast cancer. Anticancer Res 33:199-206
    • (2013) Anticancer Res , vol.33 , pp. 199-206
    • Owen, S.1    Ye, L.2    Sanders, A.J.3    Mason, M.D.4    Jiang, W.G.5
  • 36
    • 0036687778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor during pregnancy and lactation and the relationship with calcium-regulating hormones and bone turnover markers
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmslCqt7Y%3D 12176675 10.1677/joe.0.1740353
    • Uemura H, Yasui T, Kiyokawa M et al (2002) Serum osteoprotegerin/ osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor during pregnancy and lactation and the relationship with calcium-regulating hormones and bone turnover markers. J Endocrinol 174:353-359
    • (2002) J Endocrinol , vol.174 , pp. 353-359
    • Uemura, H.1    Yasui, T.2    Kiyokawa, M.3
  • 37
    • 0034730327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnt1yqtbw%3D 11051546 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00103-3
    • Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J et al (2000) The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development. Cell 103:41-50
    • (2000) Cell , vol.103 , pp. 41-50
    • Fata, J.E.1    Kong, Y.Y.2    Li, J.3
  • 38
    • 84862255138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and their receptors in epithelial metastatic breast cancer cell lines
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslKjtb%2FN 3478192 22709548 10.1186/1475-2867-12-29
    • Labovsky V, Vallone VB, Martinez LM et al (2012) Expression of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and their receptors in epithelial metastatic breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 12:29
    • (2012) Cancer Cell Int , vol.12 , pp. 29
    • Labovsky, V.1    Vallone, V.B.2    Martinez, L.M.3
  • 39
    • 69249087342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoprotegerin production by breast cancer cells is suppressed by dexamethasone and confers resistance against TRAIL-induced apoptosis
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVGju7zJ 19544400 10.1002/jcb.22232
    • Rachner TD, Benad P, Rauner M et al (2009) Osteoprotegerin production by breast cancer cells is suppressed by dexamethasone and confers resistance against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 108:106-116
    • (2009) J Cell Biochem , vol.108 , pp. 106-116
    • Rachner, T.D.1    Benad, P.2    Rauner, M.3
  • 40
    • 75149149879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instructive role of the vascular niche in promoting tumour growth and tissue repair by angiocrine factors
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXps1Cnug%3D%3D 2944775 20094048 10.1038/nrc2791
    • Butler JM, Kobayashi H, Rafii S (2010) Instructive role of the vascular niche in promoting tumour growth and tissue repair by angiocrine factors. Nat Rev Cancer 10:138-146
    • (2010) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 138-146
    • Butler, J.M.1    Kobayashi, H.2    Rafii, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.