Diagnosis and classification of Addison's disease (autoimmune adrenalitis)

Autoimmunity Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 4-5, 2014, Pages 408-411

  Brandão Neto, Rodrigo Antonio ^a   Carvalho, Jozélio Freire de ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b Hospital Alianca   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; CORTICOSTEROID; HYDROCORTISONE;

ADDISON DISEASE; ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; AUTOIMMUNE ADRENALITIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE ADENOMATOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

ADDISON DISEASE; ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; AUTOANTIBODIES; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; POLYENDOCRINOPATHIES, AUTOIMMUNE;

EID: 84896319223     PISSN: 15689972     EISSN: 18730183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.025     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Hiatt J.R., Hiatt N. The conquest of Addison's disease. Am J Surg 1997, 174(3):280-283.
2. Addison T. On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the supra-renal capsules. Med Class 1937, 2:244-293.
3. Kendall E.C. Cortisone. Ann Intern Med Oct 1950, 33(4):787-796.
4. Anderson J.R., Goudie R.B., Gray K.G., Timbury G.C. Autoantibodiesoin Addison's disease. Lancet 1957, 1:1123-1124.
5. Silva R.C., Castro M., Kater C.E., Cunha A.A., Moraes A.M., et al. Insuficiência adrenal primária no adulto: 150 anos depois de Addison. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2004, 48(5):724-738.
6. Winqvist O., Anders Karlsson F., Kämpe O. 21-Hydroxylase, a major autoantigen in idiopathic Addison's disease. Lancet 1992, 339:1559-1562.
7. Kong M.F., Jeffcoate W. Eighty-six cases of Addison's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994, 41:757-761.
8. Willis A.C., Vince F.P. The prevalence of Addison's disease in Coventry, UK. Postgrad Med J 1997, 73:286-288.
9. Laureti S., Vecchi L., Santeusanio F., Falorni A. Is the prevalence of Addison's disease underestimated?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:1762.
10. Lovas K., Husebye E.S. High prevalence and increasing incidence of Addison's disease in western Norway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002, 56:787-791.
11. Arlt W., Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet 2003, 361:1881-1893.
12. Ten S., New M., Maclaren N. Addison disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:2909-2922.
13. Nerup J. Addison's disease - a review of some clinical, pathological and immunological features. Dan Med Bull 1974, 21:201-217.
14. Falorni A., Laureti S., de Bellis A., Zanchetta R., Tiberti C., Arnaldi G., et al. Italian Addison network study: update of diagnostic criteria for the etiological classification of primary adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:1598-1604.
15. Nerup J. Addison's disease - clinical studies. A report of 108 cases. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1974, 76:127-141.
16. Betterle C., Dal Pra C., Mantero F., Zanchetta R. Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes: autoantibodies, autoantigens, and their applicability in diagnosis and disease prediction. Endocr Rev 2002, 23:327-364.
17. Spinner M.W., Blizzard R.M., Childs B. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in idiopathic Addison's disease and hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968, 28:795.
18. Farid N.R., Bear J.C. The human major histocompatibility complex and adrenal disease. Endocr Rev 1981, 2:50.
19. Nerup J. Addison's disease - serological studies. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1974, 76:142.
20. Boscaro M., Betterle C., Sonino N., et al. Early adrenal hypofunction in patients with organ-specific autoantibodies and no clinical adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:452.
21. Song Y.H., Connor E.L., Muir A., et al. Autoantibody epitope mapping of the 21-hydroxylase antigen in autoimmune Addison's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 78:1108.
22. Boscaro M., Betterle C., Volpato M., Fallo F., Furmaniak J., Rees Smith B., et al. Hormonal responses during various phases of autoimmune adrenal failure: no evidence for 21-hydroxylase enzyme activity inhibition in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:2801-2804.
23. Chen S., Sawicka J., Prentice L., et al. Analysis of autoantibody epitopes on steroid 21-hydroxylase using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:2977.
24. Brozzetti A., Marzotti S., La Torre D., et al. Autoantibody responses in autoimmune ovarian insufficiency and in Addison's disease are IgG1 dominated and suggest a predominant, but not exclusive, Th1 type of response. Eur J Endocrinol 2010, 163:309.
25. Boe A.S., Bredholt G., Knappskog P.M., et al. Autoantibodies against 21-hydroxylase and side-chain cleavage enzyme in autoimmune Addison's disease are mainly immunoglobulin G1. Eur J Endocrinol 2004, 150:49.
26. Rabinowe S.L., Jackson R.A., Dluhy R.G., Williams G.H. Ia-positive T lymphocytes in recently diagnosed idiopathic Addison's disease. Am J Med 1984, 77:597.
27. Petri M., Nerup J. AS. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 1971, 79A:381-388.
28. Betterle C., Scalici C., Presotto F., et al. The natural history of adrenal function in autoimmune patients with antiadrenal autoantibodies. J Endocrinol 1998, 117:467.
29. Valenzuela G.A., Smalley W.E., Schain D.C., et al. Reversibility of gastric dysmotility in cortisol deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol 1987, 82:1066.
30. Stewart P.M. The adrenal cortex. William's Textbook of Endocrinology 2008, 445-503. Saunders, Philadelphia. 12th ed. H.M. Kronenberg, S. Melmed, K.S. Polonsky, P.R. Larsen (Eds.).
31. Oelkers W. Adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1206-1212.
32. Irvine W.J., Barnes E.W. Adrenocortical insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972, 1:549.
33. Kong M.F., Jeffcoate W. Eighty-six cases of Addison's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994, 41:757-761.
34. Neufeld M., Maclaren N.K., Blizzard R.M. Two types of autoimmune Addison's disease associated with different polyglandular autoimmune (PGA) syndromes. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981, 60:355-362.
35. Ahonen P., Myllarniemi S., Sipila I., Perheentupa J. Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1829-1836.
36. Nagamine K., Peterson P., Scott H.S., et al. Positional cloning of the APECED gene. Nat Genet 1997, 17:393-398.
37. An autoimmune disease, APECED, caused by mutations in a novel gene featuring two PHD-type zinc-finger domains. Nat Genet 1997, 17:399-403.
38. Vita J.A., Silverberg S.J., Goland R.S., et al. Clinical clues to the cause of Addison's disease. Am J Med 1985, 78:461.
39. Sun Z.H., Nomura K., Toraya S., et al. Clinical significance of adrenal computed tomography in Addison's disease. Endocrinol Jpn 1992, 39:563.
40. Hägg E., Asplund K., Lithner F. Value of basal plasma cortisol assays in the assessment of pituitary-adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987, 26:221.
41. Oelkers W., Diederich S., Bähr V. Diagnosis and therapy surveillance in Addison's disease: rapid adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) test and measurement of plasma ACTH, renin activity, and aldosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 75:259.
42. Falorni A., Nikoshkov A., Laureti S., et al. High diagnostic acurracy of idiopathic Addison's disease with a sensitive radiobinding assay for autoantibodies against recombinant human 21-hydroxylase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80:2752-2755.
43. Betterle C., Volpato M., Rees Smith B., et al. I. Adrenal cortex and steroid 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in adult patients with organ-specific autoimmune diseases: markers of low progression to clinical Addison's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Mar 1997, 82(3):932-938.
44. Betterle C., Volpato M., Rees Smith B., et al. II. Adrenal cortex and steroid 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in children with organ-specific autoimmune diseases: markers of high progression to clinical Addison's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Mar 1997, 82(3):939-942.
45. Taylor R.L., Grebe S.K., Singh R.J. Quantitative, highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detection of synthetic corticosteroids. Clin Chem 2004, 50:2345.
46. Groves R.W., Toms G.C., Houghton B.J., Monson J.P. Corticosteroid replacement therapy: twice or thrice daily?. J R Soc Med 1988, 81:514-516.
47. Esteban N.V., Loughlin T., Yergey A.L., et al. Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:39-45.
48. Lovas K., Gjesdal C.G., Christensen M., et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and pharmacogenetics in Addison's disease: effects on bone. Eur J Endocrinol 2009, 160:993-1002.
49. Neary N. Nieman N. Adrenal insufficiency: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. 1994, 219(4):416-425.
50. Salem M., Tainsh R.E., Bromberg J., et al. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage. A reassessment 42years after emergence of a problem. Ann Surg 1994, 219:416.
51. Coursin D.B., Wood K.E. Corticosteroid supplementation for adrenal insufficiency. JAMA 2002, 287:236.
52. Smans L.C., Zellisen P.M. Partial recovery of adrenal function in a patient with autoimmune Addison's disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2008, 31(7):672-674.
53. De Bellis A.A., Falorni A., Laureti S., et al. Time course of 21-hydroxylase antibodies and long-term remission of subclinical autoimmune adrenalitis after corticosteroid therapy: case report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86(2):675-678.
54. Smans L.C., Zellisen P.M. Does recovery of adrenal function occur in patients with autoimmune Addison's disease?. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) Apr 2011, 74(4):434-437.