Social capital, networks and ethnic minority entrepreneurs: Transnational entrepreneurship and bootstrap capitalism

Globalization and Entrepreneurship: Policy and Strategy Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 125-151

  Menzies, Teresa V ^a   Brenner, Gabrielle A ^b   Filion, Louis Jacques ^b  

^a BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896199756     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4337/9781843767084.00016     Document Type: Chapter

References (89)

1. Aldrich, H.E. and R. Waldinger (1990), 'Ethnicity and entrepreneurship', Annual Review of Sociology, 16: 111-35.
2. Aldrich, H.E., R. Waldinger and R. Ward (1990), Ethnic Entrepreneurs, London:Sage.
3. Aldrich, H.E. and C. Zimmer (1986), 'Entrepreneurship through social networks', in D.L. Sexton and R.W. Smilor (eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Chicago: Upstart, pp. 3-20.
4. Aldrich, H.E., C. Zimmer and D. McEvoy (1989), 'Continuities in the study of ecological succession: Asian business in three English cities', Social Forces, 67(4):920-44.
5. Basu, A. (1998), 'An exploration of entrepreneurial activity among Asian small businesses in Britain', Small Business Economics, 10(4): 313-26.
6. Bates, T. (1994a), 'Social resources generated by group support networks may not be beneficial to Asian immigrant-owned small businesses', Social Forces, 72(3):671-89.
7. Bates, T. (1994b), 'An analysis of Korean-immigrant-owned small-business startups with comparisons to African-American and non minority-owned firms', Urban Affairs Quarterly, 30(2): 227-48.
8. Bates, T. (1997), 'Financing small business creation: the case of Chinese and Korean immigrant entrepreneurs', Journal of Business Venturing, 12(2): 109-24.
9. Bates, T. and C. Dunham (1993). 'Asian-American success in self-employment', Economic Development Quarterly, 7(2): 199-215.
10. Bherer, H. and D. Robichaud (1997), Immigration et entreprenariat dans la région de Québec - Étude sur l'attraction et la rétention d'entrepreneurs immigrants en région, Québec: Université Laval, mai, 125pp.
11. Birley, S. and S. Ghaie (1992), 'Networking by the Indian community in Northern Ireland', London, UK: Imperial College, Working Paper.
12. Bonacich, E., I. Light and C.Wong (1977), 'Koreans in business', Society, 14: 54-9.
13. Boubakri, H. (1999), Les entrepreneurs migrants d'Europe, Paris: Culture & Conflits, Sociologie Politique de l'International, Printemps-Été.
14. Boyd, R.L. (1990), 'Black and Asian self-employment in large metropolitan areas:a comparative analysis', Social Problems, 37(2): 258-74.
15. Brenner, G., G. Célas and J. Toulouse (1992), New Immigrants and New Businesses: the Chinese and the Haitians in Montreal, Montréal: Chaire d'Entrepreneurship Maclean Hunter, École des HEC de Montréal, Cahier de recherche #92-03-01.
16. Butler, J.S. and P.G. Greene (1997), 'Ethnic entrepreneurship: the continuous rebirth of American enterprise', in D.L. Sexton and R.W. Smilor (eds), Entrepreneurship 2000, Chicago: Upstart, pp. 267-89.
17. Camarota, S.A. (2000), Reconsidering Immigrant Entrepreneurship: an Examination of Self-employment among Natives and the Foreign-born, Washington, DC:Center for Immigration Studies.
18. Centre de la PME de l'UQAH (1993), Profil des gens d'affaires néo-québécois en Outaouais, Hull: Ministère des communautés culturelles et de l'immigration, Conseil régional de développement de l'Outaouais.
19. Chamard, R. (1995), L'entrepreneurship ethnique et les gens d'affaires immigrants, Montréal: Conseil des communautés culturelles et de l'immigration, février.
20. Chu, P. (1996), 'Social network models of overseas Chinese entrepreneurship: the experience in Hong Kong and Canada', Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 13(4): 358-65.
21. Cobas, J.A. and I. DeOllos (1989), 'Family ties, co-ethnic bonds and ethnic entrepreneurship', Sociological Perspectives, 32(3): 403-11.
22. Dadzie, K.Q. and Y. Cho (1989), 'Determinants of minority business formation and survival: an empirical assessment', Journal of Small Business Management, 27(3):56-61.
23. Dallalfar, A. (1994), 'Iranian women as immigrant entrepreneurs', Gender & Society, 8(4): 541-61.
24. Dana, L. (1993), 'An inquiry into culture and entrepreneurship: case studies of business creation among immigrants in Montreal', Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 10(4): 16-31.
25. De Lourdes Villar, M. (1994), 'Hindrances to the development of an ethnic economy among Mexican migrants', Human Organization, 53(3): 263-68.
26. Deakins, D. (1999), 'Ethnic minority entrepreneurship', in A. Lindsay (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Small Firms (2nd ed), Toronto: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, pp. 80-100.
27. Deakins, D., D. Hussain and M. Ram (1995). 'Ethnic entrepreneurs and commercial banks: untapped potential', Regional Studies, 29(1): 95-100.
28. Deakins, D., M. Majmudar and A. Paddison (1997), 'Developing success strategies for ethnic minorities in business: evidence from Scotland', New Community, 23(3): 325-42.
29. Dhaliwal, S. (1998), 'Silent contributors: Asian female entrepreneurs and women in business', Women's Studies International Forum, 21(5): 463-74.
30. Dyer, L.M. and C.A. Ross (2000), 'Ethnic enterprises and their clientele', Journal of Small Business Management, 39 (2): 48-66.
31. Evans,D.S. and B. Jovanovic (1989), 'An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints', Journal of Political Economy, 97(4): 808-27.
32. Evans, M.D.R. (1989), 'Immigrant entrepreneurship: effects of ethnic market size and isolated labor pool', American Sociological Review, 54(6): 950-62.
33. Feldman, H.D., C.S.Koberg and T.J. Dean (1991), 'Minority small business owners and their paths to ownership', Journal of Small Business Management, 29(4):12-27.
34. Gold, S.J. (1988), 'Refugees and small business: the case of Soviet Jews and Vietnamese', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 11(4): 411-38.
35. Gold, S.J. (1992), 'The employment potential of refugee entrepreneurship: Soviet Jews and Vietnamese in California', Policy Studies Review, 11(2): 176-85.
36. Greene, P.G. (1997), 'A resource-based approach to ethnic business sponsorship: a consideration of Ismaili-Pakistani immigrants', Journal of Small Business Management, 34(4): 58-71.
37. Greene, P.G. and J.S. Butler (1996), 'The minority community as a natural business incubator', Journal of Business Research, 36(1): 51-8.
38. Huck, P., S.L. Rhine, P. Bond and R.Townsend (1999), 'Small business finance in two Chicago minority neighborhoods', Economic Perspectives, 23(2): 46-63.
39. Iyer,G.R. and J.M. Shapiro (1999), 'Ethnic entrepreneurial and marketing systems:implications for the global economy', Journal of International Marketing, 7(4):83-110.
40. Juteau, D. and S. Paré (1996), 'L'entrepreneurship ethnique', Interfaces, 17(1):18-28.
41. Juteau, D. and S. Paré (1997), Usages linguistiques des entrepreneurs ethniques: portrait des groupes immigrants et natifs de la deuxième ou troisième génération, Montréal: Immigration et Métropoles, Université de Montréal, juin 1999.
42. Kloosterman, R., J. Van der Leun and J. Rath (1999), 'Mixed embeddedness: (in)formal economic activities and immigrant businesses in the Netherlands', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2): 253-67.
43. Kotkin, J. (1988). The Third Century, New York: Crown.
44. Laguerre, M.S. (1998), 'Rotating credit associations and the diasporic economy', Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 3(1): 23-34.
45. Lee, J. (1999), 'Retail niche domination among African-American, Jewish and Korean entrepreneurs', American Behavioral Scientist, 42(9): 1398-417.
46. Lerner, M. and Y. Hendeles (1996), 'New entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial aspirations among immigrants from the former USSR in Israel', Journal of Business Research, 36: 59-65.
47. Light, I. (1984), 'Immigrants and ethnic enterprise in North America', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 7: 195-216.
48. Light, I, G. Sabagh, M. Bozorgmehr and C. Der-Martirosian (1994), 'Beyond the ethnic enclave economy', Social Problems, 41(1): 65-80.
49. Marger, M.N. (1989), 'Business strategies among East Indian entrepreneurs', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 12(4): 539-63.
50. Marger, M.N. (1990), 'East Indians in small business: middleman minority or ethnic enclave', New Community, 16(4): 551-9.
51. Marger, M.N. and C.A. Hoffman (1992), 'Ethnic enterprise in Ontario: immigrant participation in the small business sector', International Migration Review, 26(3):968-81.
52. Min, P.G. (1990), 'Problems of Korean immigrant entrepreneurs', International Migration Review, 24(3): 436-55.
53. Muller, T. (1993), Immigrants and the American City, New York: New York University Press.
54. Nee, V. and B. Nee (1986), Longtime Californ': A Study of American China Town, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
55. Pessar, P.R. (1995), 'The elusive enclave: ethnicity, class and nationality among Latino entrepreneurs in Greater Washington, D.C.', Human Organization, 54(4):383-92.
56. Peterson, M.F. (1995), 'Leading Cuban-American entrepreneurs: the process of developing motives, abilities and resources', Human Relations, 48(10): 1193-215.
57. Peterson, M.F. and J. Roquebert (1993), 'Success patterns of Cuban-American enterprises: implications for entrepreneurial communities', Human Relations, 46(8): 921-37.
58. Phizacklea, A. and M.Ram(1996), 'Being your own boss: ethnic minority entrepreneurs in comparative perspective', Work, Employment & Society, 10(2): 319-39.
59. Portes, A. and L. Jensen (1989), 'The enclave and the entrants', American Sociological Review, 54(6): 929-49.
60. Portes, A. and M. Zhou (1992), 'Gaining the upper hand', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15(4): 491-522.
61. Rafiq, M. (1992), 'Ethnicity and enterprise: a comparison of Muslim and non-Muslim owned Asian businesses in Britain', New Community, 19(1): 43-60.
62. Ram. M. (1994), 'Unraveling social networks in ethnic minority firms', International Small Business Journal, 12(3): 42-53.
63. Ram, M., T. Abbas, B. Sanghera and G. Hillin (2000), '"Currying favour with the locals": Balti owners and business enclaves', International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6(1): 41-55.
64. Rath, J. and R. Kloosterman (2000), 'Outsider's business: a critical review of research on immigrant entrepreneurship', International Migration Review, 34(30): 657-81.
65. Razin, E. and A. Langlois (1996), 'Metropolitan characteristics and entrepreneurship among immigrants and ethnic groups in Canada', International Migration Review, 30(3): 703-27.
66. Razin, E. and I. Light (1998), 'Ethnic entrepreneurs in America's largest metropolitan areas', Urban Affairs Review, 33(3): 332-60.
67. Reynolds, P.D. and S.B. White (1997), The Entrepreneurial Process, London:Quorum.
68. Robichaud, D. (1999), L'entrepreneuriat immigrant: revue de la littérature, Montréal: Chaire d'Entrepreneurship Maclean Hunter, École des HEC, Cahier de recherche #99-05, avril.
69. Saxenian, A. (1999), Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, San Francisco:Public Policy Institute of California.
70. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. New York: McGraw-Hill.
71. Shin, E. and S. Han (1990), 'Korean immigrant small businesses in Chicago:an analysis of the resource mobilization process', Amerasia Journal, 16(1):39-60.
72. Simard, M. (1994), Les entrepreneurs agricoles immigrants européens: insertion dans la société rurale québécoise. Montréal: Ministère des Affaires internationales, de l'immigration et des Communautés culturelles, Décembre.
73. Teixeira, C. (1998), 'Cultural resources and ethnic entrepreneurship: a case study of the Portuguese real estate industry in Toronto', The Canadian Geographer, 42(3):267-81.
74. Torres, D.L. (1988), 'Success and the Mexican-American businessperson', Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 6: 313-34.
75. Triulzi,U.,R. Peterson and R. Blatt (1999), Italian Canadian Business in the Toronto area: their characteristics and their links to Italy, Paper presented at the ICSB Annual Meeting, Naples, Italy.
76. Tseng, Y. (1995), 'Beyond Little Taipei: the development of Taiwanese immigrant businesses in Los Angeles', International Migration Review, 29(1): 33-58.
77. Waldinger, R. (1988), 'The ethnic division of labour transformed: native minorities and new immigrants in post-industrial New York', New Community, 14 (4):318-32.
78. Waldinger, R. (1995), 'The other side of embeddedness', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18(3): 554-80.
79. Waldinger, R., H. Aldrich, R. Ward and Associates (eds) (1990), Ethnic Entrepreneurs, London: Sage.
80. Walton-Roberts,M. and D. Hiebert (1997), 'Immigration, entrepreneurship and the family: Indo-Canadian enterprise in the construction industry of greater Vancouver', Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 20(1-2): 119-40.
81. Wang, S. (1999), 'Chinese commercial activity in the Toronto CMA: new development patterns and impacts', Canadian Geographer, 43(1): 19-35.
82. Weber, M. (1930), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, New York:Charles Scribner and Sons.
83. Weinfeld, M. (1998), A Preliminary Stock-taking on Immigration Research in Canada, prepared for the Metropolis Project and Strategic Policy, Planning & Research Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
84. Werbner, P. (1999), 'What colour "success"? Distorting value in studies of ethnic entrepreneurship', The Sociological Review, 47(3): 548-79.
85. Wolf, K. (1950), The Sociology of Georg Simmel, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
86. Wong, L.L. (1997), 'Globalization and transnational migration: a study of recent Chinese capitalist migration from the Asian Pacific to Canada', International Sociology, 12(3): 329-51.
87. Wong, L.L and M. Ng (1998), 'Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in Vancouver: a case study of ethnic business development', Canadian Ethnic Studies, 30(1):64-85.
88. Yoon, I. (1995), 'The growth of Korean immigrant entrepreneurship in Chicago', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18(2): 315-35.
89. Zenner, W. (1991), Minorities in the Middle: A Cross Cultural Analysis, Albany:State University of New York Press.