Sampling the composition of cirrus ice residuals

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 142, Issue , 2014, Pages 15-31

  Cziczo, Daniel J ^a   Froyd, Karl D ^b,c  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosol particles; Cirrus clouds; Climate; Ice nuclei

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; CLOUDS; TROPOSPHERE; VAPORS;

AEROSOL PARTICLES; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS; CIRRUS CLOUDS; CLIMATE; ICE NUCLEI; LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS; RADIATIVE INFLUENCES; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;

ICE;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL FORMATION; AIR SAMPLING; CIRRUS; CLIMATE FORCING; ICE CRYSTAL; PARTICLE SIZE; SOLAR RADIATION; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOPAUSE; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 84895928387     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.06.012     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Abbatt J.P.D., Benz S., Cziczo D.J., Kanji Z., Lohmann U., Möhler O. Solid ammonium sulfate aerosols as ice nuclei: a pathway for cirrus cloud formation. Science 2006, 313:1770-1773.
2. Archuleta C.M., DeMott P.J., Kreidenweis S.M. Ice nucleation by surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust and mineral dust/sulphate particles at cirrus temperatures. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5:2617-2634.
3. Baumgardner D., Subramanian R., Twohy C., Stith J., Kok G. Scavenging of black carbon by ice crystals over the northern Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L22815.
4. Baumgardner D., et al. Airborne instruments to measure atmospheric aerosol particles, clouds and radiation: a cook's tour of mature and emerging technology. Atmos. Res. 2011, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.021.
5. Baustian K.J., Cziczo D.J., Wise M.E., Pratt K.A., Kulkarni G., Hallar A.G., Tolbert M.A. Importance of aerosol composition, mixing state and morphology for depositional ice nucleation: a combined field and laboratory approach. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117:D06217.
6. Bond T.C., et al. Bounding the role of BC in the climate system: a scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res. 2013, (in press).
7. Boulter J.E., Cziczo D.J., Middlebrook A.M., Thomson D.S., Murphy D.M. Design and performance of a pumped counterflow virtual impactor. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:969-979.
8. Chen Y., Kreidenweis S.M., McInnes L.M., Rogers D.C., DeMott P.J. Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosol particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:1391-1394.
9. Chou C., Stetzer O., Weingartner E., Jurányi Z., Kanji Z.A., Lohmann U. Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan dust event at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11:4725-4738.
10. Cziczo D.J., Murphy D.M., Hudson P.K., Thomson D.S. Single particle measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during CRYSTAL-FACE. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D04201.
11. Cziczo D.J., et al. Observations of organic species and atmospheric ice formation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L12116.
12. Cziczo D.J., Froyd K.D., Hoose C., Jensen E.J., Diao M., Zondlo M.A., Smith J.B., Twohy C.H., Murphy D.M. Clarifying the dominant sources and mechanisms of cirrus cloud formation. Science 2013, 340:1320.
13. Davis S., Hlavka D., Jensen E., Rosenlof K., Yang Q.O., Schmidt S., Borrmann S., Frey W., Lawson P., Voemel H., Bui T.P. In situ and lidar observations of tropopause subvisible cirrus clouds during TC4. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2010, (115).
14. DeMott P.J., Sassen K., Poellot M.R., Baumgardner D., Rogers D.C., Brooks S.D., Prenni A.J., Kreidenweis S.M. African dust aerosol particles as atmospheric ice nuclei. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30:1732-1735.
15. DeMott P.J., Cziczo D.J., Prenni A.J., Murphy D.M., Kreidenweis S.M., Thomson D.S., Borys R. Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100:14655-14660.
16. DeMott P.J., Hudson J.G., Bundke U., Roberts G.C. Cloud condensation and ice nuclei. Chapter 4.6 in Airborne Measurements-Methods and Instruments 2013, Wiley.
17. Durant A.J., Shaw R.A. Evaporation freezing by contact nucleation inside-out. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L20814.
18. Dymarska M., Murray B.J., Sun L.M., Eastwood M.L., Knopf D.A., Bertram A.K. Deposition ice nucleation on soot at temperatures relevant for the lower troposphere. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2006, 111(D04204).
19. Ebert M., et al. Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:23865-23894.
20. Field P.R., Wood R., Brown P.R.A., Kaye P.H., Hirst E., Greenaway R., Smith J.A. Ice particle interarrival times measured with a fast FSSP. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2003, 20:249-261.
21. Field P.R., Heymsfield A.J., Bansemer A. Shattering and particle interarrival times measured by optical array probes in ice clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2006, 23:1357-1371.
22. Fridlind A.M., Ackerman A.S., Jensen E.J. Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosol particles as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei. Science 2004, 304:718-722.
23. Froyd K.D., Murphy D.M., Lawson P., Baumgardner D., Herman R. Aerosol particles that form subvisible cirrus at the tropical tropopause. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:209-218.
24. Haag W., Kärcher B., Ström J., Minikin A., Lohmann U., Ovarlez J., Stohl A. Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ measurements of relative humidity. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003, 3:1791-1806.
25. Hallett J., Mossop S.C. Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature 1974, 249:26-28.
26. Heintzenberg J., Okada K., Ström J. On the composition of non-volatile material in upper tropospheric aerosol particles and cirrus crystals. Atmos. Res. 1996, 41:81-88.
27. Heymsfield A.J. Ice particles observed in a cirriform cloud at -83°C and implications for polar stratospheric clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 1986, 43:851-855.
28. Heymsfield A.J., Miloshevich L.M. Homogeneous ice nucleation and supercooled liquid water in orographic wave clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 1993, 50:2335-2353.
29. Heymsfield A.J., Miloshevich L.M., Twohy C., Sachse G., Oltmans S. Upper-tropospheric relative humidity observations and implications for cirrus ice nucleation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:1343-1346.
30. Hoose C., Möhler O. Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experiments. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12:9817-9854.
31. Jensen E.J., et al. On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:5519-5537.
32. Jensen E.J., Leonhard P., Lawson P. Using Statistical Comparisons Between Simulations and Observations to Understand Physical Processes Controlling Midlatitude Cirrus Ice Size Distributions, Paper Presented at the 16th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation 2012, Germany, Leipzig.
33. Kanji Z.A., Florea O., Abbatt J.P.D. Ice formation via deposition nucleation on mineral dust and organics: dependence of onset relative humidity on total particulate surface areas. Environ. Res. Lett. 2008, 3:025004.
34. Kärcher B., Koop T. The role of organic aerosols in homogeneous ice formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5:703-714.
35. Kärcher B., Lohmann U. A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: heterogeneous freezing. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108:4402.
36. Kay J.E., Baker M., Hegg D. Microphysical and dynamical controls on cirrus cloud optical depth distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:D24205.
37. Knopf D.A., Koop T. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on surrogates of mineral dust. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:D12201.
38. Kojima T., Buseck P.R., Wilson J.C., Reeves J.M., Mahoney M.J. Aerosol particles from tropical convective systems: cloud tops and cirrus anvils. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D12201.
39. Koop T., Luo B., Tsias A., Peter T. Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions. Nature 2000, 406:611-614.
40. Koop T., Bookhold J., Shiraiwa M., Poschl U. Glass transition and phase state of organic compounds: dependency on molecular properties and implications for secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. PCCP 2011, 13(43):19238-19255.
41. Korolev A., Isaac G.A. Shattering during sampling by OAPs and HVPS. Part I: snow particles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2005, 22:528-542.
42. Korolev A., et al. Small ice particle observations in tropospheric clouds: fact or artifact?. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2011, 92:967-973.
43. Krämer M., et al. Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:3505-3522.
44. Lawson R.P. Effects of ice particles shattering on the 2D-S probe. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2011, 4:1361-1381.
45. Lawson R.P., Pilson B., Baker B., Mo Q., Jensen E., Pfister L., Bui P. Aircraft measurements of microphysical properties of subvisible cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8:1609-1620.
46. Luebke A.E., Avallone L.M., Schiller C., Rolf C., Krämer M. Ice water content of arctic, midlatitude, and tropical cirrus - Part 2: extension of the database and new statistical analysis. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2012, 12:29443-29474.
47. Cirrus 2002, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY. D.K. Lynch, K. Sassen, D.C. Starr, G. Stephens (Eds.).
48. McFarquhar G.M., Um J., Freer M., Baumgardner D., Kok G.L., Mace G. The importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: observations from the Tropical Warm Pool International cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 57:L13803.
49. Mertes S., et al. Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei: sampler description and first case study. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:848-864.
50. Möhler O., et al. Effect of sulfuric acid coating on heterogeneous ice nucleation by soot aerosol particles. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:D11210.
51. Möhler O., et al. Efficiency of the deposition mode ice nucleation on mineral dust particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6:3007-3017.
52. Murphy D.M. The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2007, 26:150-165.
53. Murphy D.M., Thomson D.S., Mahoney M.J. In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosol particles at 5 to 19 kilometers. Science 1998, 282:1664-1669.
54. Murphy D.M., et al. Particle generation and resuspension in aircraft inlets when flying in clouds. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:401-409.
55. Murray B.J., Wilson T.W., Dobbie S., Cui Z., Möhler O., Schnaiter M., Wagner R., Benz S., Niemand M., Saathoff H., Ebert V., Wagner S., Karcher B. Glassy aerosols modify tropical tropopause cirrus and humidity. Nat. Geosci. 2009, 3:233-236.
56. Murray B.J., Wilson T.W., Dobbie S., Cui Z., Al-Jumur S.M.R.K., Mohler O., Schnaiter M., Wagner R., Benz S., Niemand M., Saathoff H., Ebert V., Wagner S., Karcher B. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice particles on glassy aerosols under cirrus conditions. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3:233-237.
57. Noone K.B., Noone K.J., Heintzenberg J., Strom J., Ogren J.A. In situ observations of cirrus cloud microphysical properties using the counterflow vitrual impactor. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 1993, 10:294-303.
58. Ogren J.A., Heintzenberg J., Charlson R.J. In situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol particles converter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1985, 12:121-124.
59. Pekour M., Cziczo D.J. Wake capture, particle breakup and other artifacts associated with counterflow virtual impaction. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:748-758.
60. Perring A.E., Schwarz J.P., Gao R.S., Heymsfeld A.J., Schmitt C.G., Schnaiter M., Fahey D.W. Evaluation of a perpendicular inlet for airborne sampling of interstitial submicron aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2013, (submitted for publication).
61. Peter T., Marcolli C., Spichtinger P., Corti T., Baker M.B., Koop T. When dry air is too humid. Science 2006, (1399-1402).
62. Petzold A., Ström J., Ohlsson S., Schroder F.P. Elemental composition and morphology of ice-crystal residual particles in cirrus clouds and contrails. Atmos. Res. 1998, 49:21-34.
63. Pratt K.A., DeMott P.J., French J.R., Wang Z., Westphal D.L., Heymsfield A.J., Twohy C.H., Prenni A.J., Prather K.A. In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals. Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2:398-401.
64. Pruppacher H.R., Klett J.D. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation 1997, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass. 2nd ed.
65. Randel W.J., Jensen E.J. Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nat. Geosci. 2013, 6:169-172.
66. Sassen K. Contrail-cirrus and their potential for regional climate change. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1997, 78:1885-1904.
67. Seifert M., Ström J., Krejci R., Minikin A., Petzold A., Gayet J.-F., Schumann U., Olvarlez J. In situ observations of aerosol particles remaining from evaporated cirrus crystals: comparing clean and polluted air masses. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003, 3:1037-1049.
68. Seifert M., Ström J., Krejci R., Minikin A., Petzold A., Gayet J.-F., Schlager H., Ziereis H., Schumann U., Olvarlez J. Thermal stability analysis of particles incorporated in cirrus crystals and of nonactivated particles in between the cirrus crystals: comparing clean and polluted air masses. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2004, 3:3659-3679.
69. Seinfeld J.H., Pandis S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2nd ed.
70. Solomon S. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC 2007, Cambridge Univ. Press.
71. Spichtinger P., Cziczo D.J. Impact of heterogeneous ice nuclei on homogeneous freezing events. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 15:D14208.
72. Spichtinger P., Krämer M. Tropical tropopause ice clouds: a dynamic approach to the mystery of low crystal numbers. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2012, 12:28109-28153.
73. Starr O'C.D., Cox S.K. Cirrus clouds. Part II: Numerical experiments on the formation and maintenance of cirrus. J. Atmos. Sci. 1985, 42:2682-2694.
74. Stith J.L., Twohy C.H., DeMott P.J., Baumgardner D., Campos T., Gao R., Anderson J. Observations of ice nuclei and heterogeneous freezing in a Western Pacific extratropical storm. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11:6229-6243.
75. Ström J., Heintzenberg J. Water vapor, condensed water and crystal concentration in orographically influenced cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 1994, 51:2368-2383.
76. Ström J., Ohlsson S. In situ measurements of enhanced crystal number densities in cirrus clouds caused by aircraft exhaust. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(11):11355-11361.
77. Ström J., Heintzenberg J., Noone K.J., Noone K.B., Ogren J.A., Albers F., Quante M. Small crystals in cirriform clouds: a case study of residue size distribution, cloud water content and related cloud properties. J. Atmos. Sci. 1994, 32:125-141.
78. Ström J., Strauss B., Anderson T., Schröder J., Heintzenberg J., Wendling P. In situ observations of the microphysical properties of young cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 1997, 54:2542-2553.
79. Targino A.C., Krejci R., Noone K.J., Glantz P. Single particle analysis of ice crystal residuals observed in orographic wave clouds over Scandinavia during INTACC experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6:1977-1990.
80. Twohy C.H., Gandrud B.W. Electron microscope analysis of residual particles from aircraft contrails. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:1359-1362.
81. Twohy C.H., Poellot M.R. Chemical characteristics of ice residual nuclei in anvil cirrus clouds: implications for ice formation processes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5:2289-2297.
82. Welti A., et al. Influence of particle size on the ice nucleating ability of mineral dusts. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:6705-6715.
83. World Meteorological Organization International Cloud Atlas 1975, vol. I, 407. (Geneva, Switzerland).