Rising rates of vaccine exemptions: Problems with current policy and more promising remedies

Vaccine

Volumn 32, Issue 16, 2014, Pages 1793-1797

  Constable, Catherine ^a   Blank, Nina R ^a   Caplan, Arthur L ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioethics; Exemptions; Health policy; Immunization; Nonmedical exemptions; Public health; Vaccination; Vaccine preventable diseases

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

FUNDING; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; LAW; LEGAL LIABILITY; MANDATORY PROGRAM; MEDICAL ETHICS; PHILOSOPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFUSAL TO PARTICIPATE; RELIGION; REVIEW; SCHOOL HEALTH EDUCATION; TAX; TREATMENT REFUSAL; VACCINATION;

BIOETHICS; EXEMPTIONS; HEALTH POLICY; IMMUNIZATION; NONMEDICAL EXEMPTIONS; PUBLIC HEALTH; VACCINATION; VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES;

DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HEALTH COMMUNICATION; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; MANDATORY PROGRAMS; MOTIVATION; REFUSAL TO PARTICIPATE; SCHOOLS; STATE GOVERNMENT; TREATMENT REFUSAL; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION;

EID: 84895879057     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: 18732518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.085     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Omer S.B., Richards J.L., Ward M., Bednarczyk R.A. Vaccination policies and rates of exemption from immunization, 2005-2011. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:1170-1171.
2. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, Vaccination coverage among children in kindergarten-United States, 2011-2012 school year. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:647-652.
3. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months-United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:689-696.
4. Omer S.B., Enger K.S., Moulton L.H., Halsey N.A., Stokley S., Salmon D.A. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol 2008, 168:1389-1396.
5. Parker Fiebelkorn A., Redd S.B., Gallagher K., Rota P.A., Rota J., Bellini W., et al. Measles in the United States during the postelimination era. J Infect Dis 2010, 202:1520-1528.
6. Atwell J.E., Van Otterloo J., Zipprich J., Winter K., Harriman K., Salmon D.A., et al. Nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis in California, 2010. Pediatrics 2013, 132:624-630.
7. Katz S.L., Hinman A.R. Summary and conclusions: measles elimination meeting, 16-17 March 2000. J Infect Dis 2004, 189(Suppl 1):S43-S47.
8. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, Measles-United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:253-257.
9. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, Pertussis epidemic-Washington, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:517-522.
10. Rota J.S., Salmon D.A., Rodewald L.E., Chen R.T., Hibbs B.F., Gangarosa E.J. Processes for obtaining nonmedical exemptions to state immunization laws. Am J Public Health 2001, 91:645-648.
11. Omer S.B., Pan W.K., Halsey N.A., Stokley S., Moulton L.H., Navar A.M., et al. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. JAMA 2006, 296:1757-1763.
12. Blank N.R., Caplan A.L., Constable C. Exempting schoolchildren from immunizations: states with few barriers had highest rates of nonmedical exemptions. Health Aff 2013, 32:1282-1290.
13. Prince v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 321 US 158; 1944.
14. Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 27; 1905.
15. Wright v. DeWitt School District, 385 S.W.2d 644, Ark.; 1965.
16. The American Medical Association Health and ethics policies of the AMA House of Delegates. CSA report B, A-87; reaffirmed: sunset report, I-97; reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07 2012, The American Medical Association.
17. The Infectious Diseases Society of America [Internet] The society, c2012 2013, The Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, TX, Available from: 〈http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Policy_and_Advocacy/Current_Topics_and_Issues/Immunizations_and_Vaccines/US_Programs_and_Research_and_Development/Statements/IDSA Policy Statement on State Immunization Mandates.Final.pdf〉 [cited 2013 Oct 12].
18. Everson V. Board of Educ. of Ewing Township, 330 US 1; 1947.
19. Salmon D.A., Siegel A.W. Religious and philosophical exemptions from vaccination requirements and lessons learned from conscientious objectors from conscription. Public Health Rep 2001, 116:289-295.
20. McCarthy V Boozman, 212 F. Supp. 2d 945 WD Ark; 2002. (Boone v. Boozman, 217 F. Supp. 2d 938 [E.D. Ark. 2002]).
21. May T., Silverman R.D. Free-riding, fairness and the rights of minority groups in exemption from mandatory childhood vaccination. Hum Vaccin 2005, 1:12-15.
22. Salmon D.A., Omer S.B., Moulton L.H., Stokley S., Dehart M.P., Lett S., et al. Exemptions to school immunization requirements: the role of school-level requirements, policies, and procedures. Am J Public Health 2005, 95:436-440.
23. Sherr V. Northport-East Northport Union Free School District, 672F. Supp. 81; 1987.
24. Bauch C.T., Bhattacharyya S. Evolutionary game theory and social learning can determine how vaccine scares unfold. PLoS Comput Biol 2012, 8:e1002452.
25. Sugerman D.E., Barskey A.E., Delea M.G., Ortega-Sanchez I.R., Bi D., Ralston K.J., et al. Measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population, San Diego, 2008: role of the intentionally undervaccinated. Pediatrics 2010, 125:747-755.
26. Alonso D., McKane A.J., Pascual M. Stochastic amplification in epidemics. J R Soc Interface 2007, 4:575-582. the Royal Society.
27. Clayton E.W., Hickson G.B., Miller C.S. Parents' responses to vaccine information pamphlets. Pediatrics 1994, 93:369-372.
28. Lieu T.A., Glauber J.H., Fuentes-Afflick E., Lo B. Effects of vaccine information pamphlets on parents' attitudes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994, 148:921-925.
29. Klein N.P., Kissner J., Aguirre A., Sparks R., Campbell S., Edwards K.M., et al. Differential maternal responses to a newly developed vaccine information pamphlet. Vaccine 2009, 28:323-328.
30. Gaudino J.A., Robison S. Risk factors associated with parents claiming personal-belief exemptions to school immunization requirements: community and other influences on more skeptical parents in Oregon, 2006. Vaccine 2012, 30:1132-1142.
31. Guttman N., Salmon C.T. Guilt, fear, stigma and knowledge gaps: ethical issues in public health communication interventions. Bioethics 2004, 18:531-552.
32. Valenti J., Wilkins L. An ethical risk communication protocol for science and mass communication. Public Understanding Sci 1995, 4:177-194.
33. Rossi J., Yudell M. The use of persuasion in public health communication: an ethical critique. Public Health Ethics 2012, 5:192-205.
34. Shaw D., Elger B. Evidence-based persuasion: an ethical imperative. JAMA 2013, 309:1689-1690.
35. Barilan Y.M., Weintraub M. The naturalness of the artificial and our concepts of health, disease and medicine. Med Health Care Philos 2001, 4:311-325.
36. Holland S. Public health ethics 2007, Polity Press, Malden, MA.
37. Swindell J.S., McGuire A.L., Halpern S.D. Beneficent persuasion: techniques and ethical guidelines to improve patients' decisions. Ann Fam Med 2010, 8:260-264.
38. Shui I., Kennedy A., Wooten K., Schwartz B., Gust D. Factors influencing African-American mothers' concerns about immunization safety: a summary of focus group findings. J Natl Med Assoc 2005, 97:657-666.
39. Davis T.C., Fredrickson D.D., Bocchini C., Arnold C.L., Green K.W., Humiston S.G., et al. Improving vaccine risk/benefit communication with an immunization education package: a pilot study. Ambul Pediatr 2002, 2:193-200.
40. 2011 State Immunization Legislation [Internet]. Arlington (VA): Association of State and Territorial Health Officials; Jun 2011 [cited 2013 Nov 30]. Available from: http://www.astho.org/uploadedFiles/Programs/Immunization/Immunization Legislation 2011.pdf.
41. Washington State Department of Health Washington State department of health office of immunization and child profile summary of immunization coverage for kindergarten school year 2002-2003 through school year 2011-2012. Report No.: DOH 348-242 2012, Washington State Department of Health.
42. Kane R.L., Johnson P.E., Town R.J., Butler M. A structured review of the effect of economic incentives on consumers' preventive behavior. Am J Prev Med 2004, 27:327-352.
43. Dworkin G. Paternalism. Morality and the Law 1971, Wadsworth Publishing Co, Belmont, CA. R. Wasserstrom (Ed.).
44. Bayles M.D. A concept of coercion. Coercion 1972, 16-29. Aldine Atherton, Inc, Chicago/New York. J.R. Pennock, J.W. Chapman (Eds.).
45. Feinberg J. Social philosophy 1973, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
46. Hershey J.C., Asch D.A., Thumasathit T., Meszaros J., Waters V.V. The roles of altruism, free riding, and bandwagoning in vaccination decisions. Organ Behav Human Decis Processes 1994, 59:177-187.
47. Wikler D.I. Persuasion and coercion for health: ethical issues in government efforts to change life-styles. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc 1978, 56:303-338.
48. Centers for Disease C Prevention, Consumption of cigarettes and combustible tobacco-United States, 2000-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012, 61:565-569.
49. Chen S.Y., Anderson S., Kutty P.K., Lugo F., McDonald M., Rota P.A., et al. Health care-associated measles outbreak in the United States after an importation: challenges and economic impact. J Infect Dis 2011, 203:1517-1525.
50. Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 1979, 47:263-289.
51. Johnson E.J., Goldstein D.G. Defaults and donation decisions. Transplantation 2004, 78:1713-1716.
52. Richards J.L., Wagenaar B.H., Van Otterloo J., Gondalia R., Atwell J.E., Kleinbaum D.G., et al. Nonmedical exemptions to immunization requirements in California: a 16-year longitudinal analysis of trends and associated community factors. Vaccine 2013, 31:3009-3013.