Foraging ecology of bats in forests

Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 83-128

  Lacki, Michael J ^a   Amelon, Sybill K ^b   Baker, Michael D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895710976     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (301)

1. Acharya, L. 1995. Sex-biased predation on moths by insectivorous bats. Animal Behaviour 49:1461-1468.
2. Acharya, L., and M. B. Fenton. 1992. Echolocation behaviour of vespertilionid bats (Lasiurus cinereus and Lasiurus borealis) attacking airborne targets including arctiid moths. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1292-1298.
3. Adam, M. D., M. J. Lacki, and T. G. Barnes. 1994. Foraging areas and habitat use of the Virginia big-eared bat in Kentucky. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:462-469.
4. Adams, R. A. 1992. Stages of development and sequence of bone formation in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. Journal of Mammalogy 73:160-167.
5. -. 1996. Size-specific resource use in juvenile little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): is there an ontogenetic shift? Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1204-1210.
6. -. 1997. Onset of volancy and foraging patterns of juvenile little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus. Journal of Mammalogy 78:239-246.
7. Aebischer, N. J., P. A. Robertson, and R. E. Kenward. 1993. Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data. Ecology 74:1313-1325.
8. Ahlén, I., and H. J. Baagøe. 1999. Use of ultrasound detectors for bat studies in Europe: experiences from field identification, surveys and monitoring. Acta Chiropterologica 1:137-150.
9. Aldridge, H. D. J. N. 1986. Maneuverability and ecological segregation in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and yuma (M. yumanensis) bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:1878-1882.
10. -. 1987. Turning flight of bats. Journal of Experimental Biology 128:419-425.
11. Aldridge, H. D. J. N., and R. M. Brigham. 1988. Load carrying and maneuverability in an insectivorous bat: a test of the 5% "rule" of radio-telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 69:379-382.
12. Aldridge, H. D. J. N., and I. L. Rautenbach. 1987. Morphology, echolocation, and resource partitioning in insectivorous bats. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:763-778.
13. Alldredge, J. R., and J. T. Ratti. 1986. Comparison of some statistical techniques for analysis of resource selection. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:157-165.
14. -. 1992. Further comparison of some statistical techniques for analysis of resource selection. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:1-9.
15. Andelman, S. J., and M. R. Willig. 2002. Alternative configurations of conservation reserves for Paraguayan bats: considerations of spatial scale. Conservation Biology 16:1352-1363.
16. Anderson, D. J. 1982. The home range: a new nonparametric estimation technique. Ecology 63:103-112.
17. Anderson, D. R. 2001. The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:1294-1297.
18. Anthony, E. L. P., and T. H. Kunz. 1977. Feeding strategies of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, in southern New Hampshire. Ecology 58:775-786.
19. Anthony, E. L. P., H. M. Stack, and T. H. Kunz. 1981. Night roosting and the nocturnal time budget of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus: effects of reproductive status, prey density, and environmental conditions. Oecologia 51:151-156.
20. Arita, H. T., and M. B. Fenton. 1997. Flight and echolocation in the ecology and evolution of bats. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:53-58.
21. Arlettaz, R. 1996. Feeding behaviour and foraging strategy of free-living mouseeared bats, Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii. Animal Behaviour 51:1-11.
22. Arlettaz, R., G. Dändliker, E. Kasybekov, J. Pillet, S. Rybin, and J. Zima. 1995. Feeding habits of the long-eared desert bat, Otonycteris hemprichi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Mammalogy 76:873-876.
23. Audet, D. 1990. Foraging behavior and habitat use by a gleaning bat, Myotis myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Mammalogy 71:420-427.
24. Barclay, R. M. R. 1985. Long-versus short-range foraging strategies of hoary (Lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) bats and the consequences for prey selection. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:2507-2515.
25. -. 1989. The effect of reproductive condition on the foraging behavior of female hoary bats, Lasiurus cinereus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 24:31-37.
26. -. 1991. Population structure of temperate zone insectivorous bats in relation to foraging behavior and energy demand. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:165-178.
27. -. 1999. Bats are not birds: a cautionary note on using echolocation calls to identify bats: a comment. Journal of Mammalogy 80:290-296.
28. Barclay, R. M. R., and R. M. Brigham. 1991. Prey detection, dietary niche breadth, and body size in bats: why are aerial insectivores so small? American Naturalist 137:693-703.
29. -. 1994. Constraints on optimal foraging: a field test of prey discrimination by echolocating insectivorous bats. Animal Behaviour 48:1013-1021.
30. -, eds. 1996. Bats and forests symposium. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
31. Barclay, R. M. R., M. A. Dolan, and A. Dyck. 1991. The digestive efficiency of insectivorous bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1853-1856.
32. Barclay, R. M. R., J. Ulmer, C. J. A. MacKenzie, M. S. Thompson, L. Olsen, J. McCool, E. Cropley, and G. Poll. 2004. Variation in the reproductive rate of bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82:688-693.
33. Bates, D. L., and M. B. Fenton. 1990. Aposematism or startle? Predators learn their responses to the defences of prey. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:49-52.
34. Bauerova, Z. 1978. Contribution to the trophic ecology of Myotis myotis. Folia Zoologica 27:305-316.
35. Bell, G. P. 1980. Habitat use and response to patches of prey by desert insectivorous bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:1876-1883.
36. -. 1982. Behavioral and ecological aspects of gleaning by a desert insectivorous bat. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10:217-223.
37. -. 1985. The sensory basis of prey location by the California leaf-nosed bat Macrotus californicus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 16:343-347.
38. Belwood, J. J., and M. B. Fenton. 1976. Variation in the diet of Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 54:1674-1678.
39. Belwood, J. J., and J. H. Fullard. 1984. Echolocation and foraging behaviour in the Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:2113-2120.
40. Bernard, E. 2001. Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17:115-126.
41. Betts, B. J. 1998. Effect of inter-individual variation in echolocation calls on identification of big brown and silver-haired bats. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1003-1010.
42. Biscardi, S., J. Orprecio, M. B. Fenton, A. Tsoar, and J. M. Ratclliffe. 2004. Data, sample sizes and statistics affect the recognition of species of bats by their echolocation calls. Acta Chiropterologica 6:347-363.
43. Black. H. L. 1974. A north temperate bat community: structure and prey populations. Journal of Mammalogy 55:138-157.
44. Block, W. M., and L. A. Brennan. 1993. The habitat concept in ornithology: theory and applications, pp. 35-91, in Current ornithology (D. M. Power, ed.), vol. 11. Plenum Press, New York.
45. Bock, W. J. 1990. From Biologische Anatomie to Ecomorphology: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Vertebrate Morphology. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 40:254-277.
46. -. 1994. Concepts and methods in ecomorphology. Journal of Biosciences 19:403-413.
47. Bogdanowicz W., M. B. Fenton, and K. Daleszcyk. 1999. The relationships between echolocation calls, morphology and diet in insectivorous bats. Journal of Zoology (London) 247:381-393.
48. Bonaccorso, F. J., and B. K. McNab. 2003. Standard energetics of leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideridae): its relationship to intermittent and protracted foraging tactics in bats and birds. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173:43-53.
49. Brack, V., Jr., and R. K. LaVal. 1985. Food habits of the Indiana bat in Missouri. Journal of Mammalogy 66:308-315.
50. Brack, V., Jr., C. W. Stihler, R. J. Reynolds, and C. Butchkoski. 2002. Effect of climate and elevation on distribution and abundance in the mideastern United States, pp. 221-225, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
51. Brigham, R. M. 1990. Prey selection by big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and common nighthawks (Chordeiles minor). American Midland Naturalist 124:73-80.
52. Brigham, R. M., H. D. J. N. Aldridge, and R. L. Mackey. 1992. Variation in habitat use and prey selection by Yuma bats, Myotis yumanensis. Journal of Mammalogy 73:640-645.
53. Brigham, R. M., and M. B. Saunders. 1990. The diet of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in relation to insect availability in southern Alberta, Canada. Northwest Science 64:7-10.
54. Britzke, E. R., and K. L. Murray. 2000. A quantitative method for the selection of identifiable search-phase calls using the Anabat II detector system. Bat Research News 41:33-36.
55. Broders, H. G. 2003. Another quantitative measure of bat species activity and sampling intensity considerations for the design of ultrasonic monitoring studies. Acta Chiropterologica 5:235-241.
56. Burford, L. S., and M. J. Lacki. 1995. Habitat use by Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus in the Daniel Boone National Forest. American Midland Naturalist 134:340-345.
57. -. 1998. Moths consumed by Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus in eastern Kentucky. American Midland Naturalist 139:141-146.
58. Burford, L. S., M. J. Lacki, and C. V. Covell Jr. 1999. Occurrence of moths among habitats in a mixed mesophytic forest: implications for management of forest bats. Forest Science 45:323-332.
59. Burnett, S. C., M. B. Fenton, K. A. Kazial, W. M. Masters, and G. F. McCracken. 2004. Variation in echolocation: notes from a workshop. Bat Research News 45:187-197.
60. Burt, W. H. 1943. Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 24:346-352.
61. Butchkoski, C. M., and J. D. Hassinger. 2002. Ecology of a maternity colony roosting in a building, pp. 130-142, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
62. Caccamise, D. F., and R. S. Heddin. 1985. An aerodynamic basis for selecting transmitter loads in birds. Wilson Bulletin 97:306-318.
63. Caire, W., J. F. Smith, S. McGuire, and M. A. Royce. 1984. Early foraging behavior of insectivorous bats in western Oklahoma. Journal of Mammalogy 65:319-324.
64. Carter, T. C., S. K. Carroll, J. E. Hofmann, J. E. Gardner, and G. A. Feldhamer. 2002. Landscape analysis of roosting habitat in Illinois, pp. 160-164, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
65. Charnov, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129-136.
66. Chruszcz, B. J., and R. M. R. Barclay. 2003. Prolonged foraging bouts of a solitary/gleaning bat, Myotis evotis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:823-826.
67. Clark, B. S., D. M. Leslie Jr., and T. S. Carter. 1993. Foraging activity of adult female Ozark big-eared bats (Plecotus townsendii ingens) in summer. Journal of Mammalogy 74:422-427.
68. Conner, L. M., M. D. Smith, and L. W. Burger. 2003. A comparison of distance-based and classification-based analyses of habitat use. Ecology 84:526-531.
69. Constantine, D. G. 1998. An overlooked external character to differentiate Myotis californicus and Myotis ciliolabrum (Vespertilionidae). Journal of Mammalogy 79:624-630.
70. Cooper A. B., and J. J. Millspaugh. 1999. The application of discrete choice models to wildlife resource selection studies. Ecology 80:566-575.
71. Crampton, L. H., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1996. Habitat selection by bats in fragmented and unfragmented aspen mixedwood stands of different ages, pp. 238-259, in Bats and forests symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
72. -. 1998. Selection of roosting and foraging habitat by bats in different-aged aspen mixedwood stands. Conservation Biology 12:1347-1358.
73. Crome, F. H. J., and G. C. Richards. 1988. Bats and gaps: microchiropteran community structure in a Queensland rain forest. Ecology 69:1960-1969.
74. Cryan, P. M., M. A. Bogan, and J. S. Altenbach. 2000. Effect of elevation on distribution of female bats in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Mammalogy 81:719-725.
75. Dalton, V. M., V. Brack Jr., and P. M. McTeer. 1986. Food habits of the big-eared bat, Plecotus townsendii virginianus, in Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 37:248-254.
76. de Jong, J. 1995. Habitat use and species richness of bats in a patchy landscape. Acta Theriologica 40:237-248.
77. Dixon, K. R., and J. A. Chapman. 1980. Harmonic mean measure of animal activity areas. Ecology 61:1040-1044.
78. Dobkin, D. S., R. D. Gettinger, and M. G. Gerdes. 1995. Springtime movements, roost use, and foraging activity of Townsend's big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii) in central Oregon. Great Basin Naturalist 55:315-321.
79. Dunning, D. C. 1968. Warning sounds of moths. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 25:129-138.
80. Easterla, D. A., and J. O. Whitaker Jr. 1972. Food habits of some bats from Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 53:887-890.
81. Ehrlich, P. R., and R. W. Holm. 1963. The process of evolution. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
82. Entwistle, A. C., P. A. Racey, and J. R. Speakman. 1996. Habitat exploitation by a gleaning bat, Plecotus auritus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 351:921-931.
83. Erickson, J. L., and S. D. West. 1996. Managed forests in the Western Cascades: the effects of seral stage on bat habitat use patterns, pp. 215-227, in Bats and forests symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
84. -. 2003. Associations of bats with local structure and landscape features of forested stands in western Oregon and Washington. Biological Conservation 109:95-102.
85. Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada, and D. Meritt. 1993. Bat species richness and abundance in tropical rain forest fragments and in agricultural habitats at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Ecography 16:309-318.
86. Farney, J., and E. D. Fleharty. 1969. Aspect ratio, loading, wing span, and membrane areas of bats. Journal of Mammalogy 50:362-367.
87. Faure, P. A., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1992. The sensory basis of prey detection by the long-eared bat, Myotis evotis, and the consequences for prey selection. Animal Behaviour 44:31-39.
88. Faure, P. A., J. H. Fullard, and J. W. Dawson. 1993. The gleaning attacks of the northern long-eared bat, Myotis septentrionalis, are relatively inaudible to moths. Journal of Experimental Biology 178:173-189.
89. Fellers, G. M., and E. D. Pierson. 2002. Habitat use and foraging behavior of Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) in coastal California. Journal of Mammalogy 83:167-177.
90. Fenton, M. B. 1970. A technique for monitoring bat activity with results obtained from different environments in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 48:847-851.
91. -. 1989. Head size and the foraging behaviour of animal-eating bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:2029-2035.
92. -. 1990. The foraging behaviour and ecology of animal-eating bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:411-422.
93. -. 2003. Science and the conservation of bats: where to next? Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:6-15.
94. Fenton, M. B., D. Audet, M. K. Obrist, and J. Rydell. 1995. Signal strength, timing, and self-deafening: the evolution of echolocation in bats. Paleobiology 21:229-242.
95. Fenton, M. B., and G. P. Bell. 1979. Echolocation and behavior in four species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:1271-1277.
96. -. 1981. Recognition of species of insectivorous bats by their echolocation calls. Journal of Mammalogy 62:233-243.
97. Fenton, M. B., and W. Bogdanowicz. 2002. Relationships between external morphology and foraging behaviour: bats in the genus Myotis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1004-1013.
98. Fenton, M. B., S. Bouchard, M. J. Vonhof, and J. Zogouris. 2001. Time-expansion and zero-crossing period meter systems present significantly different views of echolocating bats. Journal of Mammalogy 82:721-727.
99. Fenton, M. B., N. G. H. Boyle, T. M. Harrison, and D. J. Oxley. 1977. Activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by some African insectivorous bats. Biotropica 9:73-85.
100. Findley, J. S., and H. Black. 1983. Morphological and dietary structuring of a Zambian insectivorous bat community. Ecology 64:625-630.
101. Findley, J. S., E. H. Studier, and D. E. Wilson. 1972. Morphologic properties of bat wings. Journal of Mammalogy 53:429-444.
102. Ford, W. M., M. A. Menzel, J. M. Menzel, and D. J. Welch. 2002. Influence of summer temperature on sex ratios in eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis). American Midland Naturalist 147:179-184.
103. Freeman, P. W. 1979. Specialized insectivory: beetle-eating and moth-eating molossid bats. Journal of Mammalogy 60:467-479.
104. -. 1981. Correspondence of food habits and morphology in insectivorous bats. Journal of Mammalogy 62:166-173.
105. Friedman, M. 1937. The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association 32:675-701.
106. Fullard, J. H. 1987. Sensory ecology and neuroethology of moths and bats: interactions in a global perspective, pp. 244-272, in Recent advances in the study of bats (M. B. Fenton, P. A. Racey, and J. M. V. Rayner, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
107. Fullard, J. H., and J. W. Dawson. 1997. The echolocation calls of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) are relatively inaudible to moths. Journal of Experimental Biology 200:129-137.
108. Fullard, J. H., M. B. Fenton, and J. A. Simmons. 1979. Jamming bat echolocation: the clicks of arctiid moths. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:647-649.
109. Fullard, J. H., C. Koehler, A. Surlykke, and N. L. McKenzie. 1991. Echolocation ecology and flight morphology of insectivorous bats (Chiroptera) in southwestern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39:427-438.
110. Furlonger, C. L., H. J. Dewar, and M. B. Fenton. 1987. Habitat use by foraging insectivorous bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:284-288.
111. Gannon, W. L., R. E. Sherwin, T. N. de Carvalho, and M. J. O'Farrell. 2001. Pinnae and echolocation call differences between Myotis californicus and M. ciliolabrum (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Acta Chiropterologica 3:77-91.
112. Gaudet, C. L., and M. B. Fenton. 1984. Observational learning in three species of insectivorous bats (Chiroptera). Animal Behaviour 32:385-388.
113. Gould, E. 1955. The feeding efficiency of insectivorous bats. Journal of Mammalogy 36:399-407.
114. Griffith, L. A., and J. E. Gates. 1985. Food habits of cave-dwelling bats in the central Appalachians. Journal of Mammalogy 66:451-460.
115. Grindal, S. D. 1996. Habitat use by bats in fragmented forests, pp. 260-272, in Bats and forests symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
116. -. 1999. Habitat use by bats, Myotis spp., in western Newfoundland. Canadian Field-Naturalist 113:258-263.
117. Grindal, S. D., and R. M. Brigham. 1998. Short-term effects of small-scale habitat disturbance on activity by insectivorous bats. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:996-1003.
118. Grindal, S. D., J. L. Morissette, and R. M. Brigham. 1999. Concentration of bat activity in riparian habitats over an elevational gradient. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:972-977.
119. Gumbert, M. W., J. M. O'Keefe, and J. R. MacGregor. 2002. Roost fidelity in Kentucky, pp. 143-152, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
120. Hamilton, I. M., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1998. Diets of juvenile, yearling, and adult big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in southeastern Alberta. Journal of Mammalogy 79:764-771.
121. Hansteen, T. L., H. P. Andreassen, and R. A. Ims. 1997. Effects of spatiotemporal scale on autocorrelation and home range estimators. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:280-290.
122. Hart, J. A., G. L. Kirkland Jr., and S. C. Grossman. 1993. Relative abundance and habitat use by tree bats, Lasiurus spp., in southcentral Pennsylvania. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107:208-212.
123. Hayes, J. P. 1997. Temporal variation in activity of bats and the design of echolocation-monitoring studies. Journal of Mammalogy 78:514-524.
124. -. 2000. Assumptions and practical considerations in the design and interpretation of echolocation-monitoring studies. Acta Chiropterologica 2:225-236.
125. Hayes, J. P., and M. D. Adam. 1996. The influence of logging riparian areas on habitat utilization by bats in western Oregon, pp. 228-237, in Bats and forests symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
126. Hayne, D. W. 1949. Calculation of size of home range. Journal of Mammalogy 30:1-18.
127. Hayward, B. J., and R. P. Davis. 1964. Flight speed in western bats. Journal of Mammalogy 45:236-242.
128. Heller, K., and O. von Helversen. 1989. Resource partitioning of sonar frequency bands in rhinolophoid bats. Oecologia 80:178-186.
129. Henry, M., D. W. Thomas, R. Vaudry, and M. Carrier. 2002. Foraging distances and home range of pregnant and lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Journal of Mammalogy 83:767-774.
130. Hickey, M. B. C., L. Acharya, and S. Pennington. 1996. Resource partitioning by two species of vespertilionid bats (Lasiurus cinereus and Lasiurus borealis) feeding around street lights. Journal of Mammalogy 77:325-334.
131. Hobson, C. S., and J. N. Holland. 1995. Post-hibernation movement and foraging habitat of a male Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Western Virginia. Brimleyana 23:95-101.
132. Hodgkison, R., S. T. Balding, Z. Akbar, and T. H. Kunz. 2003. Roosting ecology and social organization of the spotted-winged fruit bat, Balionycteris maculata (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in a Malaysian lowland dipterocarp forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19:667-676.
133. Hodgkison, R., S. T. Balding, A. Zubaid, and T. H. Kunz. 2001. Vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats. Bat Research News 42:101.
134. Hogberg, L. K., K. J. Patriquin, and R. M. R. Barclay. 2002. Use by bats of patches of residual trees in logged areas of the boreal forest. American Midland Naturalist 148:282-288.
135. Hughes, P. M., and J. M. V. Rayner. 1991. Addition of artificial loads to long-eared bats Plecotus auritus: handicapping flight performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 161:285-298.
136. Humes, M. L., J. P. Hayes, and M. W. Collopy. 1999. Bat activity in thinned, unthinned, and old-growth forests in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:553-561.
137. Hurst, T. E., and M. J. Lacki. 1997. Food habits of Rafinesque's big-eared bat in southeastern Kentucky. Journal of Mammalogy 78:525-528.
138. -. 1999. Roost selection, population size and habitat use by a colony of Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii). American Midland Naturalist 142:363-371.
139. Hutchinson, J. T., and M. J. Lacki. 1999. Foraging behavior and habitat use of red bats in mixed mesophytic forests of the Cumberland Plateau, Kentucky, pp. 171-177, in Proceedings, 12th central hardwood forest conference (J. W. Stringer and D. L. Loftis, eds.). USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-24. Asheville, NC.
140. Jaberg, C., and A. Guisan. 2001. Modelling the distribution of bats in relation to landscape structure in a temperate mountain environment. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:1169-1181.
141. Jennrich, R. I., and F. B. Turner. 1969. Measurement of non-circular home range. Journal of Theoretical Biology 22:227-237.
142. Johnson, D. H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61:65-71.
143. Johnston, D. S., and M. B. Fenton. 2001. Individual and population-level variability in diets of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus). Journal of Mammalogy 82:362-373.
144. Jones, G., and J. Rydell. 2003. Attack and defense: interactions between echolocating bats and their insect prey, pp. 301-345, in Bat ecology (T. H. Kunz and M. B. Fenton, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
145. Jung, T. S., I. D. Thompson, R. D. Titman, and A. P. Applejohn. 1999. Habitat selection by forest bats in relation to mixed-wood stand types and structure in central Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1306-1319.
146. Kalcounis, M. C., K. A. Hobson, R. M. Brigham, and K. R. Hecker. 1999. Bat activity in the boreal forest: importance of stand type and vertical strata. Journal of Mammalogy 80:673-682.
147. Kalko, E. K. V., and C. O. Handley Jr. 2001. Neotropical bats in the canopy: diversity, community structure, and implications for conservation. Plant Ecology 153:319-333.
148. Kalko, E. K. V., and H. U. Schnitzler. 1993. Plasticity in echolocation signals of European pipistrelle bats in search flight: implications for habitat use and prey detection. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33:415-428.
149. Karr, J. R., and F. C. James. 1975. Eco-morphological configurations and convergent evolution of species and communities, pp. 258-291, in Ecology and evolution of communities (M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
150. Keating, K. A., W. G. Brewster, and C. H. Key. 1991. Satellite telemetry: performance of animal-tracking systems. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:160-171.
151. Kie, J. G., J. A. Baldwin, and C. J. Evans. 1996. CALHOME: a program for estimating animal home ranges. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:342-344.
152. Kingston, T., G. Jones, A. Zubaid, and T. H. Kunz. 2000. Resource partitioning in rhinolophoid bats revisited. Oecologia 124:332-342.
153. Kiser, J. D., and C. L. Elliott. 1996. Foraging habitat, food habits, and roost tree characteristics of the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) during autumn in Jackson County, Kentucky. Unpublished Report. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, KY.
154. Koeppl, J. W., N. A. Slade, and R. S. Hoffman. 1975. A bivariate home range model with possible application to ethological data analysis. Journal of Mammalogy 56:81-90.
155. Krull, D., A. Schumm, W. Metzner, and G. Neuweiler. 1991. Foraging areas and foraging behavior in the notch-eared bat, Myotis emarginatus (Vespertilionidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28:247-253.
156. Krusic, R. A., M. Yamasaki, C. D. Neefus, and P. J. Pekins. 1996. Bat habitat use in White Mountain National Forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:625-631.
157. Kufeld, R. C., D. C. Bowden, and J. M. Siperek Jr. 1987. Evaluation of a telemetry system for measuring habitat usage in mountainous terrain. Northwest Science 61:249-256.
158. Kunz, T. H. 1974. Feeding ecology of a temperate insectivorous bat (Myotis velifer). Ecology 55:693-711.
159. -. 1982. Roosting ecology of bats, pp. 1-55, in Ecology of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Plenum Press, New York.
160. -. 1987. Post-natal growth and energetics of suckling bats, pp. 396-420, in Recent advances in the study of bats (M. B. Fenton, P. A. Racey, and J. M. V. Rayner, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
161. -. 1988a. Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
162. -. 1988b. Methods of assessing the availability of prey to insectivorous bats, pp. 191-210, in Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.
163. -. 2002. Roosting ecology and population genetic structure of an old-world tent making bat, Cynopterus sphinx. Bat Research News 43:53.
164. -. 2003. Censusing bats: challenges, solutions, and sampling biases, pp. 9-19, in Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: problems and prospects (T. J. O'Shea and M. A. Bogan, eds.). U. S. Geological Survey Information and Technology Report ITR-2003-0003.
165. Kunz, T. H., and E. L. P. Anthony. 1996. Variation in nightly emergence behavior in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), pp. 225-236, in Contributions in mammalogy: a memorial volume honoring J. Knox Jones, Jr. (H. H. Genoways and R. J. Baker, eds.). Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TX.
166. Kunz, T. H., and M. B. Fenton, eds. 2003. Bat ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
167. Kunz, T. H., and A. Kurta. 1988. Capture methods and holding devices, pp. 1-29, in Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
168. Kunz, T. H., and P. A. Racey, eds. 1998. Bat biology and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
169. Kunz, T. H., D. W. Thomas, G. C. Richards, C. D. Tidemann, E. D. Pierson, and P. A. Racey. 1996. Observational techniques for bats, pp. 105-114, in Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals (D. E. Wilson, F. R. Cole, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudran, and M. S. Foster, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
170. Kunz, T. H., J. O. Whitaker Jr., and M. D. Wadonoli. 1995. Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) during pregnancy and lactation. Oecologia 101:407-415.
171. Kunz, T. H., J. A. Wrazen, and C. D. Burnett. 1998. Changes in body mass and fat reserves in pre-hibernating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Ecoscience 5:8-17.
172. Kurta, A. 1982. Flight patterns of Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis lucifugus over a stream. Journal of Mammalogy 63:335-337.
173. Kurta, A., G. P. Bell, K. A. Nagy, and T. H. Kunz. 1989. Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:2468-2472.
174. Kurta, A., K. A. Johnson, and T. H. Kunz. 1987. Oxygen consumption and body temperature of female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) under simulated roost conditions. Physiological Zoology 60:386-397.
175. Kurta, A., and T. H. Kunz. 1987. Size of bats at birth and maternal investment during pregnancy. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 57:79-107.
176. Kurta, A., T. H. Kunz, and K. A. Nagy. 1990. Energetics and water flux of free-ranging big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Mammalogy 71:59-65.
177. Kurta, A., and S. W. Murray. 2002. Philopatry and migration of banded Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) and effects of radio transmitters. Journal of Mammalogy 83:585-589.
178. Kurta, A., S. W. Murray, and D. H. Miller. 2002. Roost selection and movements across the summer landscape, pp. 118-129, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
179. Kurta, A., and J. O. Whitaker Jr. 1998. Diet of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) on the northern edge of its range. American Midland Naturalist 140:280-286.
180. Lacki, M. J. 1996. The role of research in conserving bats on managed forests, pp. 39-48, in Bats and forests symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
181. Lacki, M. J., and T. A. Bookhout. 1983. A survey of bats in Wayne National Forest, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 83:45-50.
182. Lacki, M. J., L. S. Burford, and J. O. Whitaker Jr. 1995. Food habits of gray bats in Kentucky. Journal of Mammalogy 76:1256-1259.
183. Lacki, M. J., and K. M. LaDeur. 2001. Seasonal use of lepidopteran prey by Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii). American Midland Naturalist 145:213-217.
184. LaVal, R. K., R. L. Clawson, M. L. LaVal, and W. Caire. 1977. Foraging behavior and nocturnal activity patterns of Missouri bats, with emphasis on the endangered species Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodalis. Journal of Mammalogy 58:592-599.
185. LaVal, R. K., and M. L. LaVal. 1980a. Prey selection by a neotropical foliage-gleaning bat, Micronycteris megalotis. Journal of Mammalogy 61:324-327.
186. -. 1980b. Prey selection by the slit-faced bat Nycteris thebaica (Chiroptera: Nycteridae) in Natal, South Africa. Biotropica 12:241-246.
187. Law, B. S., J. Anderson, and M. Chidel. 1999. Bat communities in a fragmented landscape on the south-west slopes of New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 88:333-345.
188. Law, B. S., and C. R. Dickman. 1998. The use of habitat mosaics by terrestrial vertebrate fauna: implications for conservation and management. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:323-333.
189. Lawson, E. J. G., and A. R. Rodgers. 1997. Differences in home-range size computed in commonly used software programs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:721-729.
190. Lee, Y.-F., and G. F. McCracken. 2001. Timing and variation in the emergence and return of Mexican free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. Zoological Studies 40:309-316.
191. -. 2004. Flight activity and food habits of three species of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in sympatry. Zoological Studies 43:589-597.
192. Leslie, D. M., Jr., and B. S. Clark. 2002. Feeding habits of the endangered Ozark bigeared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) relative to prey abundance. Acta Chiropterologica 4:173-182.
193. Limpens, H. J. G. A., and C. Kapteyn. 1991. Bats, their behavior and linear landscape elements. Myotis 29:63-71.
194. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Monographs in population biology, no. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
195. Margules, C. R., and R. L. Pressey. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405:243-253.
196. McCracken, G. F., V. A. Brown, M. Eldridge, Y. Lee, and S. Vege. 2004. Fecal DNA analysis to identify species of insects in the diets of bats. Bat Research News 45:240-241.
197. Menzel, J. M., W. M. Ford, M. A. Menzel, T. C. Carter, J. E. Gardner, J. D. Garner, and J. E. Hofmann. 2005. Summer habitat use and home-range analysis of the endangered Indiana bat. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:430-436.
198. Menzel, M. A., T. C. Carter, J. M. Menzel, W. M. Ford, and B. R. Chapman. 2002. Effects of group selection silviculture in bottomland hardwoods on the spatial activity patterns of bats. Forest Ecology and Management 162:209-218.
199. Menzel, M. A., J. M. Menzel, W. M. Ford, J. W. Edwards, T. C. Carter, J. B. Churchill, and J. C. Kilgo. 2001. Home range and habitat use of male Rafinesque's bigeared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii). American Midland Naturalist 145:402-408.
200. Miller, D. A., E. B. Arnett, and M. J. Lacki. 2003. Habitat management for forestroosting bats of North America: a critical review of habitat studies. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:30-44.
201. Mills, L. S., and F. F. Knowlton. 1989. Observer performance in known and blind radio-telemetry accuracy tests. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:340-342.
202. Millspaugh, J. J., and J. M. Marzluff, eds. 2001. Radiotelemetry and animal populations. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
203. Mohr, C. O. 1947. Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. American Midland Naturalist 37:223-249.
204. Murray, S. W., and A. Kurta. 2002. Spatial and temporal variation in diet, pp. 182-192, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
205. -. 2004. Nocturnal activity of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Journal of Zoology (London) 262:197-206.
206. Nagorsen, D. W., and R. M. Brigham. 1995. Bats of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC.
207. Neu, C. W., C. R. Byers, and J. M. Peek. 1974. A technique for analysis of utilizationavailability data. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:541-545.
208. Neubaum, D. J., M. A. Neubaum, L. E. Ellison, and T. J. O'Shea. 2005. Survival and condition of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) after radiotagging. Journal of Mammalogy 86:95-98.
209. Neuweiler, G. 1983. Echolocation and adaptivity to ecological constraints, pp. 280-302, in Neuroethology and behavioural physiology (F. Huber and H. Markl, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
210. -. 1989. Foraging ecology of and audition in echolocating bats. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:160-166.
211. Norberg, U. M. 1981. Flight morphology and the ecological niche. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 48:173-197.
212. -. 1994. Wing design, flight performance, and habitat use in bats, pp. 205-239, in Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology (P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
213. Norberg, U. M., and J. M. V. Rayner. 1987. Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 316:335-427.
214. North, M. P., and J. H. Reynolds. 1996. Microhabitat analysis using radiotelemetry locations and polytomous logistic regression. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:639-653.
215. O'Donnell, C. F. J. 2001. Home range and use of space by Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a temperate rainforest bat from New Zealand. Journal of Zoology (London) 253:253-264.
216. -. 2002. Influence of sex and reproductive status on nocturnal activity of long-tailed bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus). Journal of Mammalogy 83:794-803.
217. O'Farrell, M. J., C. Corben, W. L. Gannon, and B. W. Miller. 1999a. Confronting the dogma: a reply. Journal of Mammalogy 80:297-302.
218. O'Farrell, M. J., and W. L. Gannon. 1999. A comparison of acoustic versus capture techniques for the inventory of bats. Journal of Mammalogy 80:24-30.
219. O'Farrell, M. J., B. W. Miller, and W. L. Gannon. 1999b. Qualitative identification of free-flying bats using the Anabat detector. Journal of Mammalogy 80:11-23.
220. O'Shea, T. J., and M. A. Bogan, eds. 2003. Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: problems and prospects. U. S. Geological Survey Information and Technology Report ITR-2003-0003.
221. Otis, D. L., and G. C. White. 1999. Autocorrelation of location estimates and the analysis of radiotracking data. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1039-1044.
222. Owen, S. F., M. A. Menzel, J. W. Edwards, W. M. Ford, J. M. Menzel, B. R. Chapman, P. B. Wood, and K. V. Miller. 2004. Bat activity in harvested and intact forest stands in the Allegheny Mountains. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21:154-159.
223. Palmeirim, J., and K. Etheridge. 1985. The influence of man-made trails on foraging by tropical frugivorous bats. Biotropica 17:82-83.
224. Parsons, S., A. M. Boonman, and M. K. Obrist. 2000. Advantages and disadvantages of techniques for transforming and analyzing Chiropteran echolocation calls. Journal of Mammalogy 81:927-938.
225. Patriquin, K. J., and R. M. R. Barclay. 2003. Foraging by bats in cleared, thinned and unharvested boreal forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:646-657.
226. Pennycuick, C. J. 1975. Mechanics of flight, pp. 1-75, in Avian biology (D. Farner and J. R. King, eds.). Academic Press, London, U. K.
227. Perdue, M., and J. D. Steventon. 1996. Partial cutting and bats: a pilot study, pp. 273-276, in Bats and forests symposium (R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
228. Perkins, J. M., and S. P. Cross. 1988. Differential use of some coniferous forest habitats by hoary and silver-haired bats in Oregon. The Murrelet 69:21-24.
229. Polis, G. A. 1984. Age structure component of niche width and intraspecific resource partitioning: can age groups function as ecological species. The American Naturalist 123:541-564.
230. Powers, L. V., S. C. Kandarian, and T. H. Kunz. 1991. Ontogeny of flight in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus: behavior, morphology, and muscle histochemistry. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 168:675-685.
231. Pressey, R. L., C. J. Humphries, C. R. Margules, R. I. Vane-Wright, and P. H. Williams. 1993. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:124-128.
232. Quade, D. 1979. Using weighted rankings in the analysis of complete blocks with additive block effects. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74:680-683.
233. Robinson, M. F., and R. E. Stebbings. 1997. Home range and habitat use by the serotine bat, Eptesicus serotinus, in England. Journal of Zoology (London) 243:117-136.
234. Rodriguez, R. M., and L. K. Ammerman. 2004. Mitochondral DNA divergence does not reflect morphological differences between Myotis californicus and Myotis ciliolabrum. Journal of Mammalogy 85:842-851
235. Roeder, K. D. 1964. Aspects of the noctuid tympanic nerve response having significance in the avoidance of bats. Journal of Insect Physiology 10:529-546.
236. -. 1967. Turning tendency of moths exposed to ultrasound while in stationary flight. Journal of Insect Physiology 13:873-888.
237. -. 1969. Nerve cells and insect behaviour. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
238. Rolseth, S. L., C. E. Koehler, and R. M. R. Barclay. 1994. Differences in the diets of juvenile and adult hoary bats, Lasiurus cinereus. Journal of Mammalogy 75:394-398.
239. Rommé, R. C., A. B. Henry, R. A. King, T. Glueck, and K. Tyrell. 2002. Home range near hibernacula in spring and autumn, pp. 153-158, in The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species (A. Kurta and J. Kennedy, eds.). Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX.
240. Rosenberg, D. K., and K. S. McKelvey. 1999. Estimation of habitat selection for central-place foraging animals. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1028-1038.
241. Rydell, J., and R. Arlettaz. 1994. Low-frequency echolocation enables the bat Tadarida teniotis to feed on tympanate insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 257:175-178.
242. Salcedo, H. D., M. B. Fenton, M. B. Hickey, and R. W. Blake. 1995. Energetic consequences of flight speeds of foraging red and hoary bats (Lasiurus borealis and Lasiurus cinereus; Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 198:2245-2251.
243. Sample, B. E., and R. C. Whitmore. 1993. Food habits of the endangered Virginia big-eared bat in West Virginia. Journal of Mammalogy 74:428-435.
244. Samuel, M. D., and E. O. Garton. 1985. Home range: a weighted normal estimate and tests of underlying assumptions. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:513-519.
245. Saunders, M. B., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1992. Ecomorphology of insectivorous bats: a test of predictions using two morphologically similar species. Ecology 73:1335-1345.
246. Schmutz, J. A., and G. C. White. 1990. Error in telemetry studies: effects of animal movement on triangulation. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:506-510.
247. Schnitzler, H. U., and E. K. V. Kalko. 1998. How echolocating bats search and find food, pp. 183-196, in Bat biology and conservation (T. H. Kunz and P. A. Racey, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
248. Schoener, T. W. 1981. An empirically based estimate of home range. Journal of Theoretical Biology 20:281-325.
249. Schulze, M. D., N. E. Seavy, and D. F. Whitacre. 2000. A comparison of phyllostomid bat assemblages in undisturbed Neotropical forest and in forest fragments of a slash-and-burn farming mosaic in Petin, Guatemala. Biotropica 32:174-184.
250. Seaman, D. E., B. Griffith, and R. A. Powell. 1998. KERNELHR: a program for estimating animal home ranges. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:95-100.
251. Seaman, D. E., J. J. Millspaugh, B. J. Kernohan, G. C. Brundige, K. J. Raedeke, and R. A. Gitzen. 1999. Effects of sample size on kernel home range estimates. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:739-747.
252. Simmons, J. A., and R. A. Stein. 1980. Acoustic imaging in bat sonar: echolocation signals and the evolution of echolocation. Journal of Comparative Physiology 135:61-84.
253. Smith, W. P. 1983. A bivariate normal test for elliptical home-range models: biological implications and recommendations. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:613-619.
254. Sparks, D. W., C. M. Ritzi, J. E. Duchamp, and J. O. Whitaker Jr. 2005. Foraging habitat of Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) at an urban-rural interface. Journal of Mammalogy 86:713-718.
255. Stebbings, R. 1988. The conservation of European bats. Christopher Helm, London, U. K.
256. Stephens, D. W., and J. R. Krebs. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
257. Stockwell, E. F. 2001. Morphology and flight manoeuvrability in New World leafnosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Journal of Zoology (London) 254:505-514.
258. Surlykke A. 1988. Interaction between echolocating bats and their prey, pp. 551-566, in Animal sonar: processes and performance. (P. E. Nachtigall and P. W. B. Moore, eds.). NATO ASI Series A, Life Sciences, vol. 156. Plenum Press, New York.
259. Surlykke, A., M. Filskov, J. H. Fullard, and E. Forrest. 1999. Auditory relationships to size in noctuid moths: bigger is better. Naturwissenschaften 86:238-241.
260. Swartz, S. M., P. W. Freeman, and E. F. Stockwell. 2003. Ecomorphology of bats: comparative and experimental approaches relating structural design to ecology, pp. 257-300, in Bat ecology (T. H. Kunz and M. B. Fenton, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
261. Swartz, S. M., and U. M. Norberg. 1998. Part two, functional morphology, pp. 91-92, in Bat biology and conservation (T. H. Kunz and P. A. Racey, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.
262. Swift, S. M., P. A. Racey, and M. I. Avery. 1985. Feeding ecology of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) during pregnancy and lactation. II. Diet. Journal of Animal Ecology 54:217-225.
263. Swihart, R. K., and N. A. Slade. 1985. Testing for independence of observations in animal movements. Ecology 66:1176-1184.
264. Thomas, D. L., and E. J. Taylor. 1990. Study designs and tests for comparing resource use and availability. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:322-330.
265. Thomas, D. W. 1988. The distribution of bats in different ages of Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:619-626.
266. Thomasma, L. E., T. D. Drummer, and R. O. Peterson. 1991. Testing the habitat suitability index model for the fisher. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:291-297.
267. Tibbels, A. E., and A. Kurta. 2003. Bat activity is low in thinned and unthinned stands of red pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:2436-2442.
268. Treat, A. E. 1955. The response to sound in certain Lepidoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 48:272-284.
269. Turner, M. G., G. J. Arthaud, R. T. Engstrom, S. J. Hejl, J. Liu, S. Loeb, and K. McKelvey. 1995. Usefulness of spatially explicit population models in land management. Ecological Applications 5:12-16.
270. Vaughan, N., G. Jones, and S. Harris. 1997. Habitat use by bats (Chiroptera) assessed by means of a broad-band acoustic method. Journal of Applied Ecology 34:716-730.
271. Verboom, B., A. M. Boonman, and H. J. G. A. Limpens. 1999. Acoustic perception of landscape elements by the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme). Journal of Zoology (London) 248:59-66.
272. Verboom, B., and K. Spoelstra. 1999. Effects of food abundance and wind on the use of tree lines by an insectivorous bat, Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1393-1401.
273. Waldien, D. L., and J. P. Hayes. 2001. Activity areas of female long-eared myotis in coniferous forests in western Oregon. Northwest Science 75:307-314.
274. Walsh, A. L., and S. Harris. 1996. Factors determining the abundance of vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:519-529.
275. Warren, R. D., D. A. Waters, J. D. Alringham, and D. J. Bullock. 2000. The distribution of Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) and pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) (Vespertilionidae) in relation to small-scale variation in riverine habitat. Biological Conservation 92:85-91.
276. Waters, D. A. 2003. Bats and moths: what is there left to learn? Physiological Entomology 28:237-250.
277. Webb, P. I., J. R. Speakman, and P. A. Racey. 1992. Inter- and intra-individual variation in wing loading and body mass in female pipistrelle bats: theoretical implications for flight performance. Journal of Zoology (London) 228:669-673.
278. Weller, T. J., and C. J. Zabel. 2002. Variation in bat detections due to detector orientation in a forest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:922-930.
279. Werner, E. E., and J. F. Gilliam. 1984. The ontogenetic niche and species interactions in size-structured populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15:393-425.
280. Wethington, T. A., D. M. Leslie Jr., M. S. Gregory, and M. K. Wethington. 1996. Prehibernation habitat use and foraging activity by endangered Ozark bigeared bats (Plecotus townsendii ingens). American Midland Naturalist 135:218-230.
281. Whitaker, J. O., Jr. 1972. Food habits of bats from Indiana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50:877-883.
282. -. 1988. Food habits analysis of insectivorous bats, pp. 171-189, in Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
283. -. 1994. Food availability and opportunistic versus selective feeding in insectivorous bats. Bat Research News 35:75-77.
284. -. 1995. Food of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus from maternity colonies in Indiana and Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 134:346-360.
285. -. 2004. Prey selection in a temperate zone insectivorous bat community. Journal of Mammalogy 85:460-469.
286. Whitaker, J. O., Jr., and P. Clem. 1992. Food of the evening bat Nycticeius humeralis from Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 127:211-214.
287. Whitaker, J. O., Jr., C. Maser, and S. P. Cross. 1981a. Food habits of eastern Oregon bats, based on stomach and scat analyses. Northwest Science 55:281-292.
288. -. 1981b. Foods of Oregon silver-haired bats, Lasionycteris noctivagans. Northwest Science 55:75-77.
289. Whitaker, J. O., Jr., C. Maser, and L. E. Keller. 1977. Food habits of bats of western Oregon. Northwest Science 51:46-55.
290. Whitaker, J. O., Jr., C. Neefus, and T. H. Kunz. 1996. Dietary variation in the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana). Journal of Mammalogy 77:716-724.
291. White, G. C., and R. A. Garrott. 1990. Analysis of wildlife radio-tracking data. Academic Press, New York.
292. Wilhide, J. D., M. J. Harvey, V. R. McDaniel, and V. E. Hoffman. 1998a. Highland pond utilization by bats in the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 52:110-112.
293. Wilhide, J. D., V. R. McDaniel, M. J. Harvey, and D. R. White. 1998b. Telemetric observations of foraging Ozark big-eared bats in Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 52:113-116.
294. Wilkinson, G. S. 1992. Information transfer at evening bat colonies. Animal Behaviour 44:501-518.
295. Winhold, L., E. Hough, and A. Kurta. 2005. Long-term fidelity of tree-roosting bats to a home area. Bat Research News 46:9-10.
296. Winkler, H. 1988. An examination of concepts and methods in ecomorphology, pp. 2246-2253, in Acta XIX Congress of International Ornithology (H. Ouellet, ed.). National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, ON.
297. Woodsworth, G. C. 1981. Spatial partitioning by two species of sympatric bats, Myotis californicus and Myotis leibii. M. S. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON.
298. Worton, B. J. 1989. Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecology 70:164-168.
299. Yack, J. E. 1988. Seasonal partitioning of atympanate moths in relation to bat activity. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:753-755.
300. Zielinski, W. J., and S. T. Gellman. 1999. Bat use of remnant old-growth redwood stands. Conservation Biology 13:160-167.
301. Zimmerman, G. S., and W. E. Glanz. 2000. Habitat use by bats in eastern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:1032-1040.