Discretionary justice: Looking inside a juvenile drug court

Discretionary Justice: Looking Inside a Juvenile Drug Court

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-226

  Paik, Leslie ^a  

^a CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895702852     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (170)

1. Anspach, R. 1993. Deciding Who Lives: Fateful Choices in the Intensive-Care Nursery. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2. Aos, S., P. Phipps, R. Barnoski, and R. Lieb. 2001. The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Recidivism. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
3. Arrigo, B. 2002. Punishing the Mentally Ill: A Critical Analysis of Law and Psychiatry. Albany: State University of New York Press.
4. Atkins, D. L., A. J. Pumariega, K. Rogers, L. Montgomery, C. Nybro, G. Jeffers, and F. Sease. 1999. "Mental Health and Incarcerated Youth. I: Prevalence and Nature of Psychopathology." Journal of Child and Family Studies 8:193-204.
5. Atkinson, J. M., and P. Drew. 1979. Order in Court: The Organisation of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings. London: Macmillan Press.
6. Baar, C. 2002. "What the Data Shows." Fordham Urban Law Journal 29:1827-1857.
7. Barnum, D., and J. Gleason. 1994. "The Credibility of Drug Tests: A Multistage Bayesian Analysis." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47:610-621.
8. Becker, H. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.
9. Beckett, K., K. Nyrop, and L. Pfingst. 2006. "Race, Drugs and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests." Criminology 44:105-138.
10. Beckett, K., K. Nyrop, L. Pfingst, and M. Bowen. 2005. "Drug Use, Drug Possession Arrests, and the Question of Race: Lessons from Seattle." Social Problems 52:419-441.
11. Belenko, S. 2001. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review: 2001 Update. New York: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.
12. Berman, G., and J. Feinblatt. 2005. Good Courts. New York and London: New Press.
13. Bezan, G. 2009. "Problem Drug Use the Public Health Imperative: What Some of the Literature Says." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 4:21. http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/4/1/21.
14. Borg, M. J. 2000. "Drug Testing in Organizations: Applying Horwitz's Theory of the Effectiveness of Social Control." Deviant Behavior 21:123-154.
15. Bortner, M. A. 1982. Inside a Juvenile Court: The Tarnished Ideal of Individualized Justice. New York and London: New York University Press.
16. Bosk, C. 2003. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Bosman, J. 2010. "New York Will Stop Paying the Poor for Good Behavior." New York Times, March 30.
18. -. 2010. "Plan Would Require Homeless to Work to Qualify for Rent Subsidies." New York Times, April 13.
19. Boyes-Watson, C. 1997. "Corporations as Drug Warriors: The Symbolic Significance of Employee Drug Testing." Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 17:185-223.
20. Bridges, G., and S. Steen. 1998. "Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attributional Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms." American Sociological Review 63:554-570.
21. Britt, C. L., M. Gottfredson, and J. Goldkamp. 1992. "Drug Testing and Pretrial Misconduct: An Experiment on the Specific Deterrent Effects of Drug Monitoring Defendants on Pretrial Release." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29:62-78.
22. Burns, S., and M. Peyrot. 2003. "Tough Love: Nurturing and Coercing Responsibility and Recovery in California Drug Courts." Social Problems 50:416-438.
23. Butts, J., and J. Roman, eds. 2004. Juvenile Drug Courts and Teen Substance Abuse. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
24. Cain, C. 1991. "Transformation of Identity." Ethos 19:210-253.
25. Carey, S., and M. W. Finigan. 2004. "A Detailed Cost Analysis in a Mature Drug Court Setting: A Cost-Benefit Evaluation of the Multnomah County Drug Court." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 20:315-338.
26. Center for Families, Children, and the Courts. 2006. California Drug Court Cost Analysis Study. San Francisco: Administrative Office of the Court.
27. Charmaz, K. 1983. "The Grounded Theory Model: An Explication and Interpretation." In Contemporary Field Research: A Collection of Readings, ed. R. Emerson, 109-126. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
28. Cicourel, A. 1995. The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
29. Clear, T. 2007. Imprisoning Neighborhoods. New York: Oxford University Press.
30. Cohen, M., J. March, and J. Olsen. 1972. "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice." Administrative Science Quarterly 17:1-25.
31. Cohen, S. 1985. Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
32. Cole, S. 2001. Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Colyer, C. 2007. "Innovation and Discretion: The Drug Court as a People-Processing Institution." Criminal Justice Policy Review 18:313-329.
34. Comer, D. 1994. "A Case against Workplace Drug Testing." Organization Science 5:259-267.
35. Cook, K. 2006. Doing Difference and Accountability in Restorative Justice Conferences. Theoretical Criminology 10:107-124.
36. Corvette, B. B. 2000. "Therapeutic Jurisprudence." Sociological Practice: A Journal of Clinical and Applied Sociology 2:127-132.
37. Crowe, A. 1998. Drug Identification and Testing in the Juvenile Justice System. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
38. Cullen, F., J. Wright, and B. Applegate. 1996. "Control in the Community: Limits of Reform?" In Choosing Correctional Options That Work: Defining the Demand and Evaluating the Supply, ed. A. Harland, 69-116. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Dannerbeck, A., G. Harris, P. Sundet, and K. Lloyd. 2006. "Understanding and Responding to Racial Differences in Drug Court Outcomes." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 5:1-22.
40. De Leon, G. 2000. Therapeutic Community: Theory, Model and Method. New York: Springer.
41. Denham, B. E. 2004. "Hero or Hypocrite? United States and International Media Portrayals of Carl Lewis amid Revelations of a Positive Drug Test." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 39:167-185.
42. Dorf, M., and C. F. Sabel. 2000. "Drug Treatment Courts and Emergent Experimentalist Government." Vanderbilt Law Review 53:831.
43. Draper, E. 1998. "Drug Testing in the Workplace: The Allure of Management Technologies." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 18:64-106.
44. Drew, P. 1992. Contested Evidence in Courtroom Cross-Examination: The Case of a Trial for Rape. In Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings, ed. P. Drew and J. Heritage, 470-520. New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Drew, P., and J. Heritage. 1992. Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Duneier, M. 1999. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
47. DuPont, R. L. 1989. "Never Trust Anyone under 40." Policy Review 48:52-57.
48. Eisenstein, J., and H. Jacob. 1977. Felony Justice: An Organizational Analysis of Criminal Courts. Boston: Little Brown.
49. Emerson, R. M. 1969. Judging Delinquents: Context and Process in Juvenile Court. Chicago: Aldine.
50. -. 1981. "On Last Resorts." American Journal of Sociology 87:1-22.
51. - 1992. "Disputes in Public Bureaucracies." Studies in Law, Politics and Society 12:3-29.
52. Emerson, R.M., R. Fretz, and L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. Emerson, R. M., and B. Paley. 1992. "Organizational Horizons in Complaint-Filing." In The Uses of Discretion, Keith Hawkins, 232-247. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Feeley, M. 1979. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage.
55. Feeley, M., and J. Simon. 1992. "The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications." Criminology 30:449-474.
56. Finigan, M. 2009. "Understanding Racial Disparities in Drug Courts." Drug Court Review 5:135-142.
57. Foucault, M. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon.
58. -. 1991. "Governmentality." In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 87-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. Fox, K. 1999. "Changing Violent Minds: Discursive Correction and Resistance in the Cognitive Treatment of Violent Offenders in Prison." Social Problems 46:88-103.
60. -. 2001. "Self-Change and Resistance in Prison." In Institutional Selves: Troubled Identities in a Postmodern World, ed. J. Gubrium and J. Holstein, 176-192. New York: Oxford University Press.
61. Frohmann, L. 1991. "Discrediting Victims' Allegations of Sexual Assault: Prosecutorial Accounts of Case Rejections." Social Problems 38:213-226.
62. -. 1997. "Convictability and Discordant Locales: Reproducing Race, Class, and Gender Ideologies in Prosecutorial Decisionmaking." Law and Society Review 31:531-555.
63. Garland, D. 2001. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64. Garfinkel, H. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
65. Geertz, C. 1983. "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture." In Contemporary Field Research: A Collection of Readings, ed. R. Emerson, 37-59. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
66. Gilliom, J. 1994. Surveillance, Privacy, and the Law: Employee Drug Testing and the Politics of Social Control. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
67. Glaser, B., and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
68. Goffman, E. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
69. -. 1969. "The Insanity of Place." Psychiatry: Journal of Interpersonal Relations 32:357-387.
70. Goldkamp, J., M. White, and J. Robinson. 2001. "Do Drug Courts Work? Getting Inside the Drug Court Black Box." Journal of Drug Issues 31:27-72.
71. -. 2002. "From Whether to How Drug Courts Work: Retrospective Evaluation of Two Pioneering Drug Courts in Clark County (Las Vegas) and Multnomah County (Portland), Phase II Report from the National Evaluation of Drug Courts." National Institute of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.org/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/194124.pdf.
72. Goodwin, C. 1994. "Professional Vision." American Anthropologist 96:606-633.
73. Gray, P. 2009. "The Political Economy of Risk and the New Governance of Youth Crime." Punishment and Society 11:443-458.
74. Grisso, T., and L. A. Underwood. 2004. "Screening and Assessing Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System." U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. NCJ204956. Washington, DC: GPO.
75. Gubrium, J., and J. A. Holstein. 2000. The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World. New York: Oxford University Press.
76. -, eds. 2001. Institutional Selves: Troubled Identities in a Postmodern World. New York: Oxford University Press.
77. Haapanen, R., G. Boyken, S. Henderson, and L. Britton. 1998. Drug Testing for Youthful Offenders on Parole: An Experimental Study. Sacramento: State of California Department of the Youth Authority Research Division.
78. Habermas, J. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Trans. William Rheg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
79. Harrell, A., and M. Roman. 2001. "Reducing Drug Use and Crime among Offenders: The Impact of Graduated Sanctions" Journal of Drug Issues 31:207-232.
80. Harris, A. 2008. "The Social Construction of 'Sophisticated' Adolescents: How Judges Integrate Juvenile and Criminal Justice Decision-making Models." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 37:469-506.
81. -. 2009. "Attributions and Institutional Processing: How Focal Concerns Guide Decision-Making in the Juvenile Court." Race and Social Problems 1:243-256.
82. Harris, J., and P. Jesilow. 2000. "It's Not the Old Ball Game: Three Strikes and the Courtroom Workgroup." Justice Quarterly 17:185-203.
83. Hasenfeld, Y. 1972. "People Processing Organizations: An Exchange Approach." American Sociological Review 37:256-263.
84. -. 1983. Human Service Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
85. -. 1992. Human Services as Complex Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
86. Hasenfeld, Y., and P. Cheung. 1985. "The Juvenile Court as a People-Processing Organization: A Political Economy Perspective." American Journal of Sociology 90:801-824.
87. Health Officers Council of British Columbia. 2005. Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada. Victoria, BC: Health Officers Council of BC.
88. Hepburn, J., and A. N. Harvey. 2007. "The Effect of the Threat of Legal Sanction on Program Retention and Completion: Is That Why They Stay in Drug Court?" Crime and Delinquency 53:255-280.
89. Herz, D. 2001. "Understanding the Use of Mental Health Placements by the Juvenile Justice System." Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 9:172-181.
90. Hirschfield, P., T. Maschi, H. R. White, L. G. Traub, and R. Loeber. 2006. "Mental Health and Juvenile Arrests: Criminality, Criminalization, or Compassion?" Criminology 44:593-630.
91. Hoffman, M. 2002. "The Denver Drug Court and Its Unintended Consequences." In Drug Courts in Theory and in Practice, ed. J. Nolan, 67-88. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
92. Huddleston, C. West, D. Marlowe, and R. Casebolt. 2008. Painting the Current Picture: A National Report Card on Drug Courts and Other Problem Solving Courts in the United States. Vol. 2, no. 1. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance. http://www.ndci.org/sites/default/files/ndci/PCPII1-web%5B1%5D.pdf.
93. Jacobs, M. D. 1990. Screwing the System and Making It Work: Juvenile Justice in the No Fault Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
94. Johnston, R., E. Michaud, and J. Warner. 2009. "Research Note: The Security of Urine Drug Testing." Journal of Drug Issues 39:1015-1028.
95. King, R., and J. Pasquarella. 2009. "Drug Courts: A Review of the Evidence." The Sentencing Project. http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/dp- drugcourts.pdf.
96. Kleiman, M., T. Tran, P. Fishbein, M. Magula, W. Allen, and G. Lacy. 2002. Opportunities and Barriers in Probation Reform: A Case Study of Drug Testing and Sanction. CPCR Brief. Vol. 14, no. 4 Berkeley: California Policy Research Center.
97. Knepper, P., and S. Barton. 1997. "The Effect of Courtroom Dynamics on Child Maltreatment Proceedings." Social Service Review 71:288-308.
98. Knudsen, H., P. Roman, and J. Johnson. 2003. "Organizational Compatibility and Workplace Drug Testing: Modeling the Adoption of Innovative Social Control Practices." Sociological Forum 18:621-640.
99. Lareau, Annette. 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
100. Lemert, E. 1967. "Juvenile Court-Quest and Realities." Trans-Action 4:30-40.
101. Lewis, D. 1980. "Race Bias in the Diagnosis and Disposition of Violent Adolescents." American Journal of Psychiatry 137:211-216.
102. Lewis, D., D. Balla, and S. Shanok. 1979. "Some Evidence of Race Bias in the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Juvenile Offender." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 49:53-61.
103. Lewis, D., S. Shanok, and J. Pincus. 1982. "A Comparison of the Neuropsychiatric Status of Female and Male Incarcerated Delinquents: Some Evidence of Sex and Race Bias." Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 21:190-196.
104. Lynch, M. 1985. Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A Study of Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
105. Mackinem, M., and P. Higgins. 2008. Drug Court: Constructing the Moral Identity of Drug Offenders. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
106. Mann, Kenneth. 1985. Defending White-Collar Crime. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
107. Manza, J., and C. Uggen. 2006. Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
108. Manzo, J., and M. Travers, eds. 1998. Law in Action: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Approaches to Law. London: Dartmouth Press.
109. Marlowe, D., C. Heck, C. West Huddleston, and R. Casebolt. 2006. "A National Research Agenda for Drug Courts: Plotting the Course for Second-Generation Scientific Inquiry." National Drug Court Review 5:4-31.
110. Matza, D. 1969. Becoming Deviant. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
111. Maynard, D. 1982. "Defendant Attributes in Plea Bargaining." Social Problems 29:347-360.
112. -. 1984. Inside Plea Bargaining: The Language of Negotiation. New York: Plenum Press.
113. Mirchandani, R. 2005. "What's So Special about Specialized Courts? The State and Social Change in Salt Lake City's Domestic Violence Court." Law and Society 39:379-417.
114. -. 2008. "Beyond Therapy: Problem-Solving Courts and the Deliberative Democratic State." Law and Social Inquiry 33:853-893.
115. Mohr, L. 1976. "Organizations, Decisions, and Courts." Law and Society 10: 621-642.
116. Moore, D. 2007. Criminal Artefacts: Governing Drugs and Users. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
117. National Conference of State Legislatures. 2009. "Significant State Sentencing and Corrections Legislation 2007 and 2008 and the Budget Impact on Corrections in 2009." National Conference of State Legislatures. http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=12682.
118. National Institute of Justice. 2006. Drug Courts: The Second Decade. NCJ 211081. Washington, DC: GPO.
119. Nolan, J., Jr. 1998. The Therapeutic State: Justifying Government at Century's End. New York: New York University Press.
120. -. 2001. Reinventing Justice: The American Drug Court Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
121. -. 2002. ed. Drug Courts in Theory and in Practice. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
122. O'Hear, M. 2009. "Rethinking Drug Courts: Restorative Justice As a Response to Racial Injustice." Stanford Law and Policy Review 20:101-137.
123. Otto, R., J. Greenstein, M. K. Johnson, and J. Friedman. 1992. "Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System." In Responding to the Mental Health Needs of Youth in the Juvenile Justice System, ed. J. Cocozza, 7-48. Seattle: National Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System.
124. Pager, D. 2003. "Mark of a Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology 108:937-975.
125. -. 2007. Marked: Race, Crime and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
126. Paik, L. 2006. "Are You Truly a Recovering Dope Fiend? Local Interpretive Practices at a Therapeutic Community Drug Treatment Program." Symbolic Interaction 29:213-234.
127. -. 2009. "Maybe He's Depressed: Mental Illness as a Mitigating Factor for Drug Offender Accountability." Law and Social Inquiry 34:569-602.
128. Peyrot, M. 1985. "Coerced Voluntarism: The Micro-Politics of Drug Treatment." Urban Life 13:343-365.
129. Provine, D. M. 2007. Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
130. Quinn, M. 2000/2001. "'Whose Team Am I on Anyway?' Musings of a Public Defender about Drug Treatment Court Practice." New York University Review of Law and Social Change 26:37-75.
131. Robinson, J., and J. Jones. 2000. Drug Testing in a Drug Court Environment: Common Issues to Address. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
132. Rosenfield, S., J. Phillips, and H. White. 2006. "Gender, Race, and the Self in Mental Health and Crime." Social Problems 53:161-185.
133. Rudy, D. 1986. Becoming Alcoholic: Alcoholics Anonymous and the Reality of Alcoholism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
134. Sacks, H. 1992. Lectures on Conversation. Ed. G. Jefferson. Oxford: Blackwell.
135. Schegloff, E. 2007. "A Tutorial on Membership Categorization." Journal of Pragmatics 39:462-482.
136. Schur, E. 1973. Radical Non-Intervention: Rethinking the Delinquency Problem. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
137. Skoll, G. 1992. Walk the Walk and Talk the Talk: An Ethnography of a Drug Abuse Treatment Facility. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
138. Spector, M., and J. Kitsuse. 1977. Constructing Social Problems. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing.
139. Spohn, C., R. K. Piper, T. Martin, and E. Davis Frenzel. 2001. "Drug Courts and Recidivism: The Results of an Evaluation Using Two Comparison Groups and Multiple Indicators of Recidivism. Journal of Drug Issues 3:149-176.
140. Steffensmeier, D., J. Ulmer, and J. Kramer. 1998. "The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male." Criminology 36:763-798.
141. Sudnow, D. 1965. "Normal Crimes: Sociological Features of the Penal Code in a Public Defender's Office." Social Problems 12:255-276.
142. Sviridoff, M., D. Rottman, B. Ostrom, and R. Curtis. 2001. "Dispensing Justice Locally: The Implementation and Effects of the Midtown Community Court." http://www.courtinnovation.org/-uploads/documents/ DISPE~6Q.PDF.
143. Teplin, Linda. 1990. "The Prevalence of Severe Mental Disorder among Male Urban Jail Detainees: Comparison with the Epidemiological Catchment Area Program." American Journal of Public Health 80:663-669.
144. -. 1994. "Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders among Male Urban Jail Detainees." American Journal of Public Health 84:290-293.
145. Teplin, Linda, Karen M. Abram, Gary M. McClelland, Amy A. Mericle, Mina K. Dulcan, and Jason J. Washburn. 2006. Psychiatric Disorders of Youth in Detention. NCJ 210331. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
146. Thomas, J. W., D. E. Stubbe, and G. Pearson. 1999. "Race, Juvenile Justice and Mental Health: New Dimensions in Measuring Racial Bias." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 89:615-670.
147. Toborg, M., J. Bellassal, A. Yezer, and R. Trost. 1989 "Assessment of Pretrial Urine Testing in the District of Columbia." Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. NCJ 119968.
148. Tunnell, K. D. 2004. Pissing on Demand: Workplace Drug Testing and the Rise of the Detox Industry. New York: New York University Press.
149. Turner, S., and J. Petersilia. 1992. "Focusing on High Risk Parolees: An Experiment to Reduce Commitments to the Texas Department of Corrections." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29:34-61.
150. Ulmer, J. 1997. Social Worlds of Sentencing: Court Communities under Sentencing Guidelines. Albany: State University of New York Press.
151. Ulmer, J., and J. Kramer. 1998. "The Use and Transformation of Formal Decision-Making Criteria: Sentencing Guidelines, Organizational Contexts, and Case Processing Strategies." Social Problems 45:248-267.
152. Unze, D. 2007. "Drug Courts Offer Offenders Alternatives." USA Today, December 20.
153. U.S. Department of Justice. 2009. Summary of Drug Court Activity by State and County. Bureau of Justice Assistance Drug Court Clearinghouse Project. Washington, DC: GPO. http://www1.spa.american.edu/justice/documents/2150.pdf.
154. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. 2004. State Prison Expenditures, 2001. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. NCJ 202949. Washington, DC: GPO.
155. U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2009. National Drug Control Strategy. Washington, DC: GPO. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/ policy/ndcs09/2009ndcs.pdf.
156. Ward, G., and A. Kupchik. 2009. "Accountable to What? Professional Orientations towards Accountability-based Juvenile Justice." Punishment and Society 11:85-109.
157. Weinberg, D. 1996. "The Enactment and Appraisal of Authenticity in a Skid Row Therapeutic Community." Symbolic Interaction 19:137-162.
158. Westendorp, E., K. L. Brink, M. K. Roberson, and I. E. Ortiz. 1986. "Variables Which Differentiate Placement of Adolescents into Juvenile Justice or Mental Health Systems." Adolescence 21:23-37.
159. Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
160. Wexler, D., and B. Winick. 1991. Essays in Therapeutic Jurisprudence. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
161. -, eds. 2003. Judging in a Therapeutic Key: Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Courts. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
162. White, T. 2003. "Drug Testing at Work: Issues and Perspectives." Substance Use and Misuse 38:1891-1902.
163. Whiteacre, K. 2008. Drug Court Justice: Experiences in a Juvenile Drug Court. New York: Peter Lang Publisher.
164. Wiley, J. 1990. "The Dramatisation of Emotions in Practice and Theory: Emotion Work and Emotion Roles in a Therapeutic Community." Sociology of Health and Illness 12:127-150.
165. Wish, E., and B. Gropper. 1990. "Drug Testing in the Criminal Justice System: Methods, Research and Applications." In Crime and Justice, ed. J. Wilson and M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
166. Wolf, E., and C. Colyer. 2001. "Everyday Hassles: Barriers to Recovery in Drug Court." Journal of Drug Issues 31:233-258.
167. Wolff, N. 2002. "Courts as Therapeutic Agents: Thinking Past the Novelty of Mental Health Courts." Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 30:431-437.
168. In Re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
169. Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995).
170. Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County et al. v. Earls, Lindsay et al., 536 U.S. 822 (2002).