Oxidative burst and related responses in biotic interactions of algae

Algal Chemical Ecology

Volumn 9783540741817, Issue , 2008, Pages 245-271

  Potin, Philippe ^a  

^a STATION BIOLOGIQUE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEMS; METABOLITES; NETWORK SECURITY; REEFS;

ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS; BIOTIC INTERACTIONS; CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS; DEFENSIVE MECHANISM; LAMINARIA JAPONICA; PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS; SECONDARY METABOLITES; SESSILE INVERTEBRATES;

ALGAE;

EID: 84895487253     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74181-7_12     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Abrahamsson K, Choo KS, Pedersén M, Johansson G, Snoeijs P (2003) Effects of temperature on the production of hydrogen peroxide and volatile halocarbons by brackish-water algae. Phytochemistry 64:725-734
2. Abramovitch RB, Anderson JC, Martin GB (2006) Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:601-611
3. Amsler CD, Fairhead VA (2006) Defensive and sensory chemical ecology of brown algae. Adv Bot Res 43:1-91
4. Armbrust EV, Berges JA, Bowler C, Green BR, Martinez D, Putnam NH, Zhou, S, Allen AE, Apt KE, Bechner M, Brzezinski MA, Chaal BK, Chiovitti A, Davis AK, Demarest MS, Detter JC, Glavina T, Goodstein D, Hadi MZ, Hellsten U, Hildebrand M, Jenkins BD, Jurka J, Kapitonov VV, Kroger N, Lau WW, Lane TW, Larimer FW, Lippmeier JC, Lucas S, Medina M, Montsant A, Obornik M, Parker MS, Palenik B, Pazour GJ, Richardson PM, Rynearson TA, Saito MA, Schwartz DC, Thamatrakoln K, Valentin K, Vardi A, Wilkerson FP, Rokhsar DS (2004) The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: ecology, evolution, and metabolism. Science 306:79-86
5. Asamizu E, Nakajima M, Kitade Y, Saga N, Nakamura Y, Tabata S (2003) Comparison of RNA expression profiles between the two generations of Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta), based on Expressed Sequence Tag frequency analysis. J Phycol 39:923-930
6. Ask EI, Azanza RV (2002) Advances in cultivation technology of commercial eucheumatoid species: a review with suggestions for future research. Aquaculture 206:257-277
7. Baker CJ, Orlandi EW (1995) Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 33:299-321
8. Baldauf SL (2003) The deep roots of eukaryotes. Science 300:1703-1706
9. Baldridge CW, Gerard RW (1933) The extra respiration of phagocytosis. Am J Physiol 103:235-236
10. Baehner RL, Nathan DG (1967) Leukocyte oxidase: defective activity in chronic granulomatous disease. Science 155:835-836
11. Berglin M, Delage L, Potin P, Vilter H, Elwing H (2004) Enzymatic cross-linking of a phenolic polymer extracted from the marine alga Fucus serratus. Biomacromolecules 5:2376-2383
12. Bitton R, Ben-Yehuda M, Davidovich M, Balazs Y, Potin P, Delage L, Colin C, Bianco-Peled H (2006) Structure of algal-born phenolic polymeric adhesives. Macromol Biosci 6:737-746
13. Bolwell GP, Davies RD, Gerrish C, Auh C-K, Murphy TM (1998) Comparative biochemistry of the oxidative burst produced by rose and French bean cells reveals two distinct mechanisms. Plant Physiol 116:1379-1385
14. Borchardt SA, Allain EJ, Michels JJ, Stearns GW, Kelly RF, McCoy WF (2001) Reaction of acylated homoserine lactone bacterial signaling molecules with oxidized halogen antimicrobials. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3174-3179
15. Bouarab K (2000) Bases biochimiques et cellulaires des interactions plante-pathogène dans le système Chondrus crispus - Acrochaete operculata. PhD dissertation, Doctorat Océanologie Biologique et Environnement Marin, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
16. Bouarab K, Potin P, Correa J, Kloareg B (1999) Sulfated oligosaccharides mediate the interaction between a marine red alga and its green algal pathogenic endophyte. Plant Cell 11:1635-1650
17. Bouarab K, Kloareg B, Potin P, Correa JA (2001a) Ecological and biochemical aspects in algal infectious diseases. Cah Biol Mar. 42:91-100
18. Bouarab K, Potin P, Weinberger F, Correa J, Kloareg B (2001b) The Chondrus crispus-Acrochaete operculata host-pathogen association, a novel model in glycobiology and applied phycopathology. J Appl Phycol 13:185-193
19. Bouarab K, Adas F, Gaquerel E, Kloareg B, Salaun J-P, Potin P (2004) The innate immunity of a marine red alga involves oxylipins from both the eicosanoid and octadecanoid pathways. Plant Physiol 135:1838-1848
20. Boudart G, Lafitte C, Barthe JP, Frasez D, Esquerre-Tugayé M-T (1998) Differential elicitation of defense responses by pectic fragments in bean seedlings. Planta 206:86-94
21. Brisson LF, Tenhaken R, Lamb C (1994) Function of oxidative cross-linking of cell wall structural proteins in plant disease resistance. Plant Cell 6:1703-1712
22. Coelho SM, Taylor AR, Ryan KP, Sousa-Pinto I, Brown MT, Brownlee C (2002) Spatiotemporal patterning of reactive oxygen production and Ca2+ wave propagation in Fucus rhizoid cells. Plant Cell 14:2369-2381
23. Colin C, Leblanc C, Wagner E, Delage L, Leize-Wagner E, Van Dorsselaer A, Kloareg B, Potin P (2003) The brown algal kelp Laminaria digitata features distinct bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase activities. J Biol Chem 278:23545-23552
24. Collén J, Davison IR (1997) In vivo measurement of active oxygen production in the brown alga Fucus evanescens using 2', 7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate. J Phycol 33:643-648
25. Collén J, Davison IR (1999a) Reactive oxygen production and damage in intertidal Fucus spp. (Phaeophyceae). J Phycol 35:54-61
26. Collén J, Davison IR (1999b) Reactive oxygen metabolism in intertidal Fucus spp. (Phaeophyceae). J Phycol 35:62-69
27. Collén J, Davison IR (1999c) Stress tolerance and reactive oxygen metabolism in the intertidal red seaweeds Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus. Plant Cell Environ 22:1143-1151
28. Collén J, Pedersén M, Bornman CH (1994) A stress-induced oxidative burst in Eucheuma platycladum (Rhodophyta). Physiol Plant 92:417-422
29. Collén J, Roeder V, Rousvoal S, Collin O, Kloareg B, Boyen C (2006a) An expressed sequence tag analysis of thallus and regenerating protoplasts of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae). J Phycol 42:104-112
30. Collén J, Hervé C, Guisle-Marsollier I, Léger JJ, Boyen C (2006b) Expression profiling of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta) after exposure to methyl jasmonate. J Exp Bot 57:3869-3881
31. Correa JA, Sanchez PA (1996) Ecological aspects of algal infectious diseases. Hydrobiologia 327:89-95
32. Crépineau F, Roscoe T, Kaas R, Kloareg B, Boyen C (2000) Characterisation of complementary DNAs from the expressed sequence tag analysis of life cycle stages of Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae). Plant Mol Biol 43:503-513
33. De Lorenzo G, D'Ovidio R, Cervone F (2001) The role of polygacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) in defense against pathogenic fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathol 39:313-335
34. de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2002) Linking marine biology and biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 13:244-248
35. Doke N (1983a) Involvement of superoxide anion generation in the hypersensitive response of potato tuber tissues to infection with an incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans and to the hyphal wall components. Physiol Plant Pathol 23:345-357
36. Doke N (1983b) Generation of superoxide anion by potato tuber protoplasts during the hypersensitive response to hyphal wall components of Phytophthora infestans and specific inhibition of the reaction by suppressors of hypersensitivity. Physiol Plant Pathol 23:359-367
37. - exp-generating system in a plasma membrane-rich fraction of potato tuber tissues by treatment with an elicitor from Phytophthora infestans or with digitonin. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 46:17-28
38. Dring MJ (2006) Stress resistance and disease resistance in seaweeds: the role of reactive oxygen metabolism. Adv Bot Res 43:175-207
39. Ellertsdottir E, Peters AF (1997) High prevalence of infection by endophytic brown algae in populations of Laminaria spp. (Phaeophyceae). Mar. Ecol Prog Ser 146:135-143
40. Estes JA, Duggins DO (1995) Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecol Monogr 65:75-100
41. Friedlander M, Gunkel W (1992) Factors leading to thallus disintegration and the control of these factors in Gracilaria sp. In: Moav B, Hilge B, Rosenthal H (eds) Progress in aquaculture research: proceedings of the 4th German-Israeli Status Seminar, October 30-31, 1990. EAS Special Publication No 17, Ostend, pp 221-243
42. Fritig B, Heitz T, Legrand M (1998) Antimicrobial proteins in induced plant defense. Curr Opin Immunol 10:16-22
43. Fry SC, Aldington S, Hetherington PR, Aitken J (1993) Oligosaccharides as signals and substrates in the plant cell wall. Plant Physiol 103:1-5
44. Fujita Y, Zenitani B, Nakao Y, Matsubara T (1972) Bacteriological studies on diseases of cultured laver. II. Bacteria associated with diseased laver. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 36:565-569
45. Gachon CMM, Küpper H, Küpper FC, Setlik I (2006) Single-cell chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic microscopy of Pylaiella littoralis (Phaeophyceae) infected by Chytridium polysiphoniae (Chytridiomycota). Eur J Phycol 41:395-403
46. Gaut JP, Yeh GC, Tran HD, Byun J, Henderson JP, Richter GM, Brennan ML, Lusis AJ, Belaaouaj A, Hotchkiss AS, Heinecke JW (2001) Neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase system to generate antimicrobial brominating and chlorinating oxidants during sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11961-11966
47. Gerber IB, Dubery IA (2004) Protein phosphorylation in Nicotiana tabacum cells in response to perception of lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cepacia. Phytochemistry 65:2957-2966
48. Gerber IB, Zeidler D, Durner J, Dubery IA (2004) Early perception responses of Nicotiana tabacum cells in response to lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cepacia. Planta 218:647-657
49. Glazener JA, Orlandi EW, Harmon GL, Baker CJ (1991) An improved method for monitoring active oxygen in bacteria-treated suspension cells using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 39:123-133
50. Gottardi W (1999) Iodine and disinfection: theoretical study on mode of action, efficiency, stability and analytical aspects in the aqueous system. Arch Pharm Pharmaceut Med Chem 332:151-157
51. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (1999) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
52. Halliwell B, Whiteman M (2004) Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 14:231-255
53. Hampton M, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC (1998) Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood 9:3007-3017
54. Harvell CD, Kim K, Burkholder JM, Colwell RR, Epstein PR, Grimes DJ, Hofmann EE, Lipp EK, Osterhaus A, Overstreet RM, Porter JW, Smith GW, Vasta GR (1999) Review: marine ecology - emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505-1510
55. Harvell CD, Mitchell CE, Ward JR, Altizer S, Dobson AP, Ostfeld RS, Samuel MD (2002) Ecology - climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296:2158-2162
56. Hauck P, Thilmony R, He SY (2003) A Pseudomonas syringae type III effector suppresses cell wall-based extracellular defense in susceptible Arabidopsis plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8577-8582
57. Hentzer M, Wu H, Andersen JB, Riedel K, Rasmussen TB, Bagge N, Kumar N, Schembril MA, Song Z, Kristoffersen P, Manefield M, Costerton JW, Molin S, Eberl L, Steinberg P, Kjelleberg S, Hoiby N, Givskov M (2003) Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by quorum sensing inhibitors. EMBO J 22:3803-3815
58. Hervé C, Tonon T, Collén J, Corre E, Boyen C (2006) NADPH oxidases in eukaryotes: red algae provide new hints! Curr Genet 49:190-204
59. Hückelhoven R, Kogel KH (2003) Reactive oxygen intermediates in plant-microbe interactions: who is who in powdery mildew resistance? Planta 216:891-902
60. Hurtado AQ, Critchley AT, Trespoey A, Bleicher-L'Honneur G (2006) Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calagas Is., Camrines Norte, Philippines. J Appl Phycol 18:301-306
61. Ianora A, Boersma M, Casotti R, Fontana A, Harder J, Hoffmann F, Pavia H, Potin P, Poulet SA, Toth G (2006) New trends in marine chemical ecology. Estuaries Coasts 29:531-551
62. Ishikawa Y, Saga N (1989) The diseases of economically valuable seaweeds and pathology in Japan. In: Miyachi S, Karube I, Ishida Y (eds) Current topics in marine biotechnology. Fuji Technology Press, Tokyo, pp 215-218
63. John M, Rohrig H, Schmidt J, Walden R, Schell J (1997) Cell signalling by oligosaccharides. Trends Plant Sci 2:111-115
64. Kladi M, Vagias C, Roussis V (2004) Volatile halogenated metabolites from marine red algae. Phytochem Rev 3:337-366
65. Klarzynski O, Plesse B, Joubert JM, Yvin JC, Kopp M, Kloareg B, Fritig B (2000) Linear beta-1, 3-glucans are elicitors of defense responses in tobacco. Plant Physiol 124:1027-1038
66. Klebanoff SJ (1980) Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes. Ann Intern Med 93:480-489
67. Kubanek J, Jensen PR, Keifer PA, Sullards MC, Collins DO, Fenical W (2003) Seaweed resistance to microbial attack: a targeted chemical defense against marine fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6916-6921
68. Küpper FC, Schweigert N, Ar Gall E, Legendre J-M, Vilter H, Kloareg B (1998) Iodine uptake in Laminariales involves extracellular, haloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of iodide. Planta 207:163-171
69. Küpper FC, Kloareg B, Guern J, Potin P (2001) Oligoguluronates elicit an oxidative burst in the brown algal kelp Laminaria digitata. Plant Physiol 125:278-291
70. Küpper FC, Müller DG, Peters AF, Kloareg B, Potin P (2002) Oligoalginate recognition and oxidative burst play a key role in natural and induced resistance of sporophytes of Laminariales. J Chem Ecol 28:2057-2081
71. Küpper FC, Gaquerel E, Boneberg E-M, Morath S, Salaün J-P, Potin P (2006) Early events in the perception of lipopolysaccharides in the brown alga Laminaria digitata include an oxidative burst and activation of fatty acid oxidation cascades. J Exp Bot 57:1991-1999
72. La Barre SL, Weinberger F, Kervarec N, Potin P (2004) Monitoring defensive responses in macroalgae: limitations and perspectives. Phytochem Rev 3:371-379
73. Lalucque H, Silar P (2003) NADPH oxidase: an enzyme for multicellularity? Trends Microbiol 11:9-12
74. Lamb C, Dixon R. (1997) The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:251-275
75. Largo DB, Fukami K, Hishijima T (1995) Occasional pathogenic bacteria promoting ice-ice disease in the carrageenan producing red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieraceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 7:545-554
76. Laturnus F, Svensson T, Wiencke C, Öberg G (2004) Ultraviolet radiation affects emission of ozone-depleting substances by marine macroalgae: results from a laboratory incubation study. Environ Sci Technol 38:6605-6609
77. Laurenzi M, Tipping AJ, Marcus SE, Knox JP, Federico R, Angelini R, McPherson MJ (2001) Analysis of the distribution of copper amine oxidase in cell walls of legume seedlings. Planta 214:37-45
78. Lavilla-Pitogo CR (1992) Agar-digesting bacteria associated with 'rotten thallus syndrome' of Gracilaria sp. Aquaculture 102:1-7
79. Leblanc C, Colin C, Cosse A, Delage L, La Barre SL, Morin P, Fiévet B, Voiseux C, Ambroise Y, Verhaeghe E, Amouroux D, Donard O, Tessier E, Potin P (2006) Iodine transfers in the coastal marine environment: the key role of brown algae and of their vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases. Biochimie 88:1773-1785
80. Lesser MP (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments: biochemistry and physiological ecology. Annu Rev Physiol 68:253-278
81. Levine A, Tenhaken R, Dixon RA, Lamb C (1994) H2O2 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Cell 79:583-593
82. Lion U, Wiesemeier T, Weinberger F, Beltran J, Flores V, Faugeron S, Correa J, Pohnert G (2006) Phospholipases and galactolipases trigger oxylipin-mediated wound-activated defence in the red alga Gracilaria chilensis against epiphytes. ChemBioChem 7:457-462
83. Littler MM, Littler DS (1995) Impact of CLOD pathogen on Pacific coral reefs. Science 267:1356-1360
84. Manefield M, Welch M, Givskov M, Salmond GP, Kjelleberg S (2001) Halogenated furanones from the red alga, Delisea pulchra, inhibit carbapenem antibiotic synthesis and exoenzyme virulence factor production in the phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora. FEMS Microbiol Lett 205:131-138
85. Manley SL (2002) Phytogenesis of halomethanes: a product of selection or a metabolic accident? Biogeochemistry 60:163-180
86. Martinez C, Montillet J-L, Bresson E, Agnel J-P, Dai GH, Daniel J-F, Geiger J-P, Nicole M (1998) Apoplastic peroxidase generates superoxide anions in cells of cotton cotyledons undergoing the hypersensitive reaction to Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum race 18. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11:1038-1047
87. Meyer A, Pühler A, Niehaus K (2001) The lipopolysaccharides of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris induce an oxidative burst reaction in cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Planta 213:214-222
88. Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405-410
89. Moore RM, Webb M, Tokarczyk R, Wever R (1996) Bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase enzymes and production of halogenated methanes in marine diatom cultures. J Geophys Res 101:20899-20908
90. Mtolera M, Collén J, Pedersén M, Ekdahl A, Abrahamsson K, Semesi A (1996) Stress induced production of volatile halogenated organic compounds in Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyta) caused by elevated pH and high light intensity. Eur J Phycol 31:89-95
91. Mydlarz LD, Jones LE, Harvell CD (2006) Innate immunity, environmental drivers, and disease ecology of marine and freshwater invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:251-258
92. Nightingale PD, Malin G, Liss PS (1995) Production of chloroform and other low molecular weight halocarbons by some species of macroalgae. Limnol Oceanogr 40:680-689
93. Nürnberger T, Lipka V (2005) Non-host resistance in plants: new insights into an old phenomenon. Mol Plant Pathol 6:335-345
94. Nürnberger T, Brunner F, Kemmerling BT, Piater L (2004) Innate immunity in plants and animals: striking similarities and obvious differences. Immunol Rev 198:249-266
95. O'Donnell VB, Tew DG, Jones OTG, England PJ. (1993) Studies on the inhibitory mechanism of iodonium compounds with special reference to neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Biochem J 290:41-49
96. Ohsawa N, Ogata Y, Okada N, Itoh N (2001) Physiological function of bromoperoxidase in the red marine alga, Corallina pilulifera: production of bromoform as an allelochemical and the simultaneous elimination of hydrogen peroxide. Phytochemistry 58:683-692
97. Orozco-Cardenas ML, Ryan CA (1999) Hydrogen peroxide is generated systemically in plant leaves by wounding and systemin via the octadecanoid pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:6553-6557
98. Orozco-Cardenas ML, Narvaez-Vasquez J, Ryan CA (2001) Hydrogen peroxide acts as a second messenger for the induction of defense genes in tomato plants in response to wounding, systemin, and methyl jasmonate. Plant Cell 13:179-191
99. Palmer CJ, Anders TL, Carpenter LJ, Küpper FC, McFiggans G (2005) Iodine and halocarbon response of Laminaria digitata to oxidative stress and links to atmospheric new particle production. Environ Chem 2:282-290
100. Paul VJ, Puglisi MP (2004) Chemical mediation of interactions among marine organisms. Nat Prod Rep 21:189-209
101. Paul NA, Cole S, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2006a) Ultrastructure of the gland cells of the red alga Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniaceae). J Phycol 42:637-645
102. Paul NA, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2006b) Chemical defence against bacteria in the red alga Asparagopsis armata: linking structure with function. Mar. Ecol Prog Ser 306:87-101
103. Paul NA, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2006c) Seaweed-herbivore interactions at a small scale: direct tests of feeding deterrence by filamentous algae. Mar. Ecol Prog Ser 323:1-9
104. Pedersén M, Collén J, Abrahamsson K, Ekdahl A (1996) Production of halocarbons from seaweeds: an oxidative stress reaction? Sci Mar. 60:257-263
105. Peters AF, Marie D, Scornet D, Kloareg B, Cock MJ (2004) Proposal of Ectocarpus siliculosus (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) as a model organism for brown algal genetics and genomics. J Phycol 40:1079-1088
106. Pohnert G (2004) Chemical defense strategies of marine organisms. Topics Curr Chem 239:179-219
107. Potin P, Bouarab K, Küpper FC, Kloareg B (1999) Oligosaccharide recognition signals and defence reactions in marine plant-microbe interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:276-283
108. Potin P, Bouarab K, Salaün J-P, Pohnert G, Kloareg B (2002) Biotic interactions of marine algae. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:308-317
109. Rea G, Metoui O, Infantino A, Federico R, Angelini R (2002) Copper amine oxidase expression in defense responses to wounding and Ascochyta rabiei invasion. Plant Physiol 128:865-875
110. Roeder V, Collén J, Rousvoal S, Corre E, Leblanc C, Boyen C (2005) Identification of stress gene transcripts in Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) protoplast cultures by Expressed Sequence Tag analysis. J Phycol 41:1227-1235
111. Ross C, Küpper FC, Vreeland V, Waite JH, Jacobs RS (2005a) Evidence of a latent oxidative burst in relation to wound repair in the giant unicellular chlorophyte Dasycladus vermicularis. J Phycol 41:531-541
112. Ross C, Vreeland V, Waite JH, Jacobs RS (2005b) Rapid assembly of a wound plug: stage one of a two-stage wound repair mechanism in the giant unicellular chlorophyte Dasycladus vermicularis (Chlorophyceae) J Phycol 41:46-54
113. Ross C, Küpper FC, Jacobs RS (2006) Involvement of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in the wound response of Dasycladus vermicularis. Chem Biol 13:353-364
114. Sawabe T, Makino H, Tatsumi M, Nakano K, Tajima K, Iqbal MM, Yumoto I, Ezura Y, Christen R (1998) Pseudoalteromonas bacteriolytica sp. nov., a marine bacterium that is the causative agent of red spot disease of Laminaria japonica. Int J Syst Bact 48:769-774
115. Scala S, Carels N, Falciatore A, Chiusano ML, Bowler C (2002) Genome properties of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Plant Physiol 129:993-1002
116. Schroeder DC, Jaffer MA, Coyne VE (2003) Investigation of the role of a β (1-4) agarase produced by Pseudoalteromonas gracilis B9 in eliciting disease symptoms in the red alga Gracilaria gracilis Microbiology 149:2919-2929
117. Schulze-Lefert P (2004) Knocking on heaven's wall: pathogenesis of and resistance to biotrophic fungi at the cell wall. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:377-383
118. Silipo A, Molinaro A, Sturiale L, Dow JM, Erbs G, Lanzetta R, Newman MA, Parrilli M (2005) The elicitation of plant innate immunity by lipooligosaccharide of Xanthomonas campestris. J Biol Chem 280:33660-33668
119. Sutherland MW (1991) The generation of oxygen radicals during host plant responses to infection. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 39:79-93
120. Tarpey MM, Wink DA, Grisham MB (2004) Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R431-R444
121. Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL (2000) Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279:L1005-L1028
122. 2 accumulation in papillae and hypersensitive response during the barley-powdery mildew interaction. Plant J 11:1187-1194
123. Torres MA, Dangl JL (2005) Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic interactions, abiotic stress and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:397-403
124. Torres MA, Jones JD, Dangl JL (2006) Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol 141:373-378
125. Toth GB, Pavia H (2000) Water-borne cues induce chemical defense in a marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14418-14420
126. Uppalapaati SR, Fujita Y (2000) Carbohydrate regulation of attachment, encystment, and appressorium formation by Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota) zoospores on Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 36:359-366
127. Vardi A, Berman-Frank I, Rozenberg T, Hadas O, Kaplan A, Levine A (1999) Programmed cell death of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense is mediated by CO2 limitation and oxidative stress. Curr Biol 9:1061-1064
128. Vardi A, Formiggini F, Casotti R, De Martino A, Ribalet F, Miralto A, Bowler C (2006) A stress surveillance system based on calcium and nitric oxide in marine diatoms. PLoS Biol 4:411-419
129. Vorwerk S, Somerville S, Somerville C (2004) The role of plant cell wall polysaccharide composition in disease resistance. Trends Plant Sci 9:203-209
130. Vreeland V, Laetsch WM (1990) A gelling carbohydrate in algal cell wall formation. In: Adair WS, Mecham RP (eds) Organization and assembly of plant and animal extracellular matrix. Academic, San Diego, CA, pp137-171
131. Vreeland V, Waite J, Epstein L (1998) Polyphenols and oxidases in substratum adhesion by marine algae and mussels. J Phycol 34:1-8
132. Wang G, Lin W, Zhang L, Yan X, Duan D (2004) Programmed cell death in Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta) tissues infected with alginic acid decomposing bacterium. Prog Nat Sci 14:1064-1068
133. Weinberger F, Friedlander M (2000) Response of Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta) to oligoagars results in defense against agar-degrading epiphytes. J Phycol 36:1079-1086
134. Weinberger F, Friedlander M, Hoppe H-G (1999) Oligoagars elicit a physiological response in Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 35:747-755
135. Weinberger F, Richard C, Kloareg B, Kashman Y, Hoppe H-G, Friedlander M (2001) Structureactivity relationship of oligoagar elicitors toward Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 37:418-426
136. Weinberger F, Pohnert G, Kloareg B, Potin P (2002) A signal released by an endophytic attacker acts as a substrate for a rapid defensive reaction of the red alga Chondrus crispus. Chem Bio Chem 3:1260-1263
137. Weinberger F, Leonardi P, Miravalles A, Correa JA, Lion U, Kloareg B, Potin P (2005a) Dissection of two distinct defense-related responses to agar oligosaccharides in Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) and Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 41:863-873
138. Weinberger F, Pohnert G, Berndt ML, Bouarab K, Kloareg B, Potin P (2005b) Apoplastic oxidation of l-asparagine is involved in the control of the green algal endophyte Acrochaete operculata Correa & Nielsen by the red seaweed Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. J Exp Bot 56:1317-1326
139. Wever R, Tromp MGM, Krenn BE, Marjani A, Van Tol M (1991) Brominating activity of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum: impact on the biosphere. Environ Sci Technol 25:446-449
140. Wichard T, Pohnert G (2006) Formation of halogenated medium chain hydrocarbons by a lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide halolyase-mediated transformation in planktonic microalgae. J Am Chem Soc 128:7114-7115
141. Wojtaszek P (1997) Oxidative burst: an early plant response to pathogen infection. Biochem J 322:681-692
142. Zeidler D, Zahringer U, Gerber I, Dubery I, Hartung T, Bors W, Hutzler P, Durner J (2004) Innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana: lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and induce defense genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:15811-15816
143. Zhang Z, Collinge DB, Thordal-Christensen H (1995) Germin-like oxalate oxidase, a H2O2-producing enzyme, accumulates in barley attacked by the powdery mildew fungus. Plant J 8:139-145