Preparation of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea for high-resolution histology and transmission electron microscopy

Nature Protocols

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 661-673

  Brubacher, John L ^a   Vieira, Ana P ^b   Newmark, Phillip A ^b  

^a Canadian Mennonite University   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POLYMER; QUANTUM DOT;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; ELECTRIC FIELD; OPTICS; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTON; POSITRON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEMICONDUCTOR; SINGLE PHOTON; SOLID STATE; TELECOMMUNICATION;

ANIMALS; HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; MODELS, ANIMAL; PLANARIANS; SPECIMEN HANDLING;

EID: 84895464835     PISSN: 17542189     EISSN: 17502799     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.041     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Newmark, P.A., Reddien, P.W., Cebrià, F. & Sánchez Alvarado, A. Ingestion of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression in planarians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (suppl. 1): 11861-11865 (2003
2. Hayashi, T., Asami, M., Higuchi, S., Shibata, N. & Agata, K. Isolation of planarian X-ray-sensitive stem cells by fluorescence-Activated cell sorting. Dev. Growth Differ. 48, 371-380 (2006
3. Robb, S.M.C., Ross, E. & Sánchez Alvarado, A. SmedGD: The Schmidtea mediterranea genome database. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D599-D606 (2008
4. Adamidi, C. et al. De novo assembly and validation of planaria transcriptome by massive parallel sequencing and shotgun proteomics. Genome Res. 21, 1193-1200 (2011
5. King, R.S. & Newmark, P.A. In situ hybridization protocol for enhanced detection of gene expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. BMC Dev. Biol. 13, 8 (2013
6. Rouhana, L. et al. RNA interference by feeding in vitro-synthesized double-stranded RNA to planarians: Methodology and dynamics. Dev. Dyn. 242, 718-730 (2013
7. Salvenmoser, W., Egger, B., Achatz, J.G., Ladurner, P. & Hess, M.W. Electron microscopy of flatworms: Standard and cryo-preparation methods. Methods Cell Biol. 96, 307-330 (2010
8. Rompolas, P., Azimzadeh, J., Marshall, W.F. & King, S.M. Analysis of ciliary assembly and function in planaria. Methods Enzymol. 525, 245-264 (2013
9. Pellettieri, J. et al. Cell death and tissue remodeling in planarian regeneration. Dev. Biol. 338, 76-85 (2010
10. Rink, J.C., Vu, H.T-K. & Alvarado, A.S. The maintenance and regeneration of the planarian excretory system are regulated by EGFR signaling. Development 138, 3769-3780 (2011
11. Hurbain, I. & Sachse, M. The future is cold: Cryo-preparation methods for transmission electron microscopy of cells. Biol. Cell 103, 405-420 (2011
12. Rouhana, L., Vieira, A.P., Roberts-Galbraith, R.H. & Newmark, P.A. PRMT5 and the role of symmetrical dimethylarginine in chromatoid bodies of planarian stem cells. Development 139, 1083-1094 (2012
13. Forsthoefel, D.J. et al. An RNAi screen reveals intestinal regulators of branching morphogenesis, differentiation, and stem cell proliferation in planarians. Dev. Cell 23, 691-704 (2012
14. Chong, T., Collins, J.J., Brubacher, J.L., Zarkower, D. & Newmark, P.A. A sex-specific transcription factor controls male identity in a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Nat. Commun. 4, 1814 (2013
15. Sikes, J.M. & Newmark, P.A. Restoration of anterior regeneration in a planarian with limited regenerative ability. Nature 500, 77-80 (2013
16. Bowers, B. & Maser, M. Artifacts in fixation for biological electron microscopy. In Artifacts in Biological Electron Microscopy (eds. Crang, R.F.E. & Klomparens, K.L.) 13-42 (Plenum Press, 1988
17. Reid, N. Ultramicrotomy (North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1975
18. Hayat, M.A. Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Applications (Macmillan, 1989
19. Bozzola, J.J. Electron Microscopy: Principles and Techniques for Biologists. (Jones and Bartlett, 1999
20. Dykstra, M.J. & Reuss, L.E. Biological Electron Microscopy: Theory, Techniques, and Troubleshooting (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003
21. Graham, L. & Orenstein, J.M. Processing tissue and cells for transmission electron microscopy in diagnostic pathology and research. Nat. Protoc. 2, 2439-2450 (2007
22. Wu, S., Baskin, T.I. & Gallagher, K.L. Mechanical fixation techniques for processing and orienting delicate samples, such as the root of Arabidopsis thaliana, for light or electron microscopy. Nat. Protoc. 7, 1113-1124 (2012
23. Hayat, M.A. Glutaraldehyde: Role in electron microscopy. Micron Microsc. Acta 17, 115-135 (1986
24. Richards, F.M. & Knowles, J.R. Glutaraldehyde as a protein cross-linkage reagent. J. Mol. Biol. 37, 231-233 (1968
25. Sabatini, D.D., Bensch, K. & Barnett, R.J. Cytochemistry and electron microscopy: The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. J. Cell Biol. 17, 19-58 (1963
26. Hayat, M.A Fixation for Electron Microscopy (Academic Press, 1981
27. Kiernan, J.A. Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice (Scion Publishing, 2008
28. Karnovsky, M.J. A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 27, 137A (1965
29. Karnovsky, M.J. The ultrastructural basis of capillary permeability studied with peroxidase as a tracer. J. Cell Biol. 35, 213-236 (1967
30. Glauert, A.M & Lewis, P.R. Biological Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy (Princeton University Press, 1998
31. Migneault, I., Dartiguenave, C., Bertrand, M.J. & Waldron, K.C. Glutaraldehyde: Behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking. BioTechniques 37, 790-796, 798-802 (2004
32. Kirkeby, S., Moe, D., Jakobsen, P., Rømert, P. & Matthiessen, M.E. Polymeric aldehyde preparations: Their chemistry and fixation capacity. Micron Microsc. Acta 20, 217-221 (1989
33. Prentø, P. Glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy: A practical investigation of commercial glutaraldehydes and glutaraldehyde-storage conditions. Histochem. J. 27, 906-913 (1995
34. Ruzin, S.E. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy (Oxford University Press, 1999
35. Gremigni, V. & Falleni, A. Ultrastructural features of cocoon-shell globules in the vitelline cells of neoophoran platyhelminths. Hydrobiologia 227, 105-111 (1991
36. Litwin, J.A. Light microscopic histochemistry on plastic sections. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 16, 1-84 (1985
37. Sanderson, J.B. Biological Microtechnique (BIOS Scientific, 1994
38. Salvetti, A. et al. DjPum, a homologue of Drosophila pumilio, is essential to planarian stem cell maintenance. Development 132, 1863-1874 (2005
39. Brubacher, J.L. & Huebner, E. Development of polarized female germline cysts in the polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica. J. Morphol. 270, 413-429 (2009
40. Brubacher, J.L. & Huebner, E. Evolution and development of polarized germ cell cysts: New insights from a polychaete worm, Ophryotrocha labronica. Dev. Biol. 357, 96-107 (2011
41. Cole, M.B. Jr & Ellinger, J. Glycol methacrylate in light microscopy: Nucleic acid cytochemistry. J. Microsc. 123, 75-88 (1981
42. Horobin, R.W. Staining plastic sections: A review of problems, explanations and possible solutions. J. Microsc. 131, 173-186 (1983
43. Yang, R., Davies, C.M., Archer, C.W. & Richards, R.G. Immunohistochemistry of matrix markers in Technovit 9100 New-embedded undecalcified bone sections. Eur. Cell. Mater. 6, 57-71 (2003
44. Singhrao, S.K., Müller, C.T., Gilbert, S.J., Duance, V.C. & Archer, C.W. An immunofluorescence method for postembedded tissue in the acrylic resin Technovit 9100 New using fluorescein isothiocyanate secondary detection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 72, 501-506 (2009
45. Finck, H. Epoxy resins in electron microscopy. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 7, 27-30 (1960
46. Mollenhauer, H.H. Plastic embedding mixtures for use in electron microscopy. Stain Technol. 39, 111-114 (1964
47. Zayas, R.M. et al. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model for epigenetic germ cell specification: Analysis of ESTs from the hermaphroditic strain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 18491-18496 (2005
48. Sánchez Alvarado, A., Newmark, P.A., Robb, S.M. & Juste, R. The Schmidtea mediterranea database as a molecular resource for studying platyhelminthes, stem cells and regeneration. Development 129, 5659-5665 (2002
49. Cebrià, F. & Newmark, P.A. Planarian homologs of netrin and netrin receptor are required for proper regeneration of the central nervous system and the maintenance of nervous system architecture. Development 132, 3691-3703 (2005
50. Van der Wal, U.P. & Dohmen, M.R. A method for the orientation of small and delicate objects in embedding media for light and electron microscopy. Stain Technol. 53, 56-58 (1978
51. Venable, J.H. & Coggeshall, R. A simplified lead citrate stain for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 25, 407-408 (1965
52. Franquinet, R. & Lender, T. Quelques aspects ultrastructuraux de la spermiogenèse chez Polycelis tenuis et Polycelis nigra (planaires). Z. Mikrosk-Anat. Forsch. 86, 481-495 (1972