Still fighting the Civil War: The American South and southern history

Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-354

  Goldfield, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84895190727     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (574)

1. Phyllis Trible, "God's Ghostwriters," New York Times Book Review, February 4, 2001;
2. see also Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts (New York: The Free Press, 2001).
3. Trible, "God's Ghostwriters."
4. Leon Wieseltier, "Sorry," The New Republic 222, March 27, 2000, p. 6.
5. George B. Tindall, The Ethnic Southerners (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976), 21.
6. Michael O'Brien, "On Observing the Quicksand," American Historical Review 104 (October 1999): 1203.
7. Pamela L. Moore, "Banking in a Backwater?" Charlotte Observer, April 19, 1998.
8. Kim McLarin, "Feeling at Home South of the Mason-Dixon," New York Times, December 13, 1998.
9. Larry J. Griffin, "Southern Distinctiveness, Yet Again, or Why America Still Needs the South," Southern Cultures 6 (Fall 2000): 57.
10. Flannery O'Connor, "Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction," in Flannery O'Connor: Mystery and Manners, ed. Sally and Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979), 40;
11. see also Albert Mobilio, "Biloxi Bound," New York Times Book Review, April 9, 2000, p. 18;
12. Larry Brown, Fay (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2000).
13. John Shelton Reed, "Where is the South?" Southern Cultures 5 (Summer 1999): 117.
14. O'Brien, "On Observing the Quicksand," 1202; the quiz can be accessed at http://www.ibiblio.org/uncpress/quiz/.
15. Fox Butterfield, "The Curse of the South," Charlotte Observer, August 2, 1998;
16. see also, Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).
17. John Shelton Reed, "The Central Theme," Southern Cultures 5 (Winter 1999): 96-8;
18. Ed Williams, "The Bible Belt on the Cusp of the Millennium," Charlotte Observer, May 16, 1999.
19. Yoder quoted in James C. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 142.
20. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986, 108.
21. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture, 142.
22. U.S. National Emergency Council, Report on Economic Conditions of the South (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938), 1.
23. Warner quoted in Paul M. Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York: Knopf, 1970), 334;
24. George B. Tindall, "Beyond the Mainstream: The Ethnic Southerners," Journal of Southern History 40 (February 1974): 1.
25. Barry Hannah, Ray (New York: Knopf, 1980, 41.
26. William Faulkner, quoted in Lewis P. Simpson, "William Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha," in The American South: Portrait of a Culture, ed. Louis D. Rubin (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), 243.
27. Ben Robertson, Red Hills and Cotton: An Upcountry Memory (1942; rev. ed., Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1960, 245.
28. Edward L. Ayers, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Stephen Nissenbaum, and Peter S. Onuf, All Over the Map: Rethinking American Regions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 12.
29. On this point, see Michael O'Brien, "On Observing the Quicksand," American Historical Review 104 (October 1999): 1204.
30. Frank W. Owsley, quoted in Charles F. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 113.
31. Warren, quoted in Grace Elizabeth Hale, "We've Got to Get Out of This Place: Tony Horwitz Tours the Civil War South," Southern Cultures 5 (Spring 1999): 58.
32. Quoted in David Goldfield et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States, 2d ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001), 509.
33. Two excellent works that offer detailed analyses of how white southerners spun defeat into a golden memory are Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);
34. Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980).
35. On the stabilizing properties of tradition, see Eric Hobsbawm, "Introduction: Inventing Traditions," in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 1-2.
36. On the disconnection between war and peace in the South, see Howard Bahr, The Year of Jubilo: A Novel of the Civil War (New York: Henry Holt, 2000).
37. George W. Bagby, quoted in Leo Glazer and Susan Key, "Carry Me Back: Nostalgia for the Old South in Nineteenth-Century Popular Culture," Journal of American Studies 30 (April 1996): 1.
38. David S. Cecelski, "Oldest Living Confederate Chaplain Tells All?-Or, James B. Avirett and the Rise and Fall of the Rich Lands," Southern Cultures 3 (Winter 1997): 5-24.
39. Henry Grady, quoted in Charles Reagan Wilson, "The Myth of the Biracial South," in The Southern State of Mind, ed. Jan Nordby Gretlund (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 5-6;
40. see also Paul M. Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York: Knopf, 1970).
41. Philip Alexander Bruce, quoted in James C. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999): 169.
42. See Robert F. Durden, "Electrifying the Piedmont Carolinas: The Beginning of the Duke Power Company, 1904-1925, Part 1," North Carolina Historical Review 76 (October 1999): 410-40;
43. "Electrifying the Piedmont Carolinas: The Beginning of the Duke Power Company, 1904-1925, Part 2," North Carolina Historical Review 77 ( January 2000): 54-89.
44. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Knopf, 1941), 65-6.
45. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Random House, 1936).
46. Margaret Mitchell, Gone With the Wind (New York: Macmillan, 1936, 608.
47. James McBride Dabbs, Who Speaks for the South? (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1964, 111.
48. William Alexander Percy, Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son (New York: Knopf, 1941, 286.
49. Jefferson Davis, quoted in Richard D. Starnes, "Forever Faithful: The Southern Historical Society and Confederate Historical Memory," 2 (Winter 1996): 188.
50. Mary Johnston, quoted in Sarah E. Gardner, "Every Man Has Got the Right to Get Killed? The Civil War Narratives of Mary Johnston and Caroline Gordon," Southern Cultures 5 (Winter 1999): 17.
51. Willie Morris, North Toward Home (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 63.
52. James Eleazar, quoted in Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992): 27.
53. Shirley Abbott, Womenfolks: Growing Up Down South (New Haven: Ticknor & Fields, 1983), 14.
54. Howell Raines, "George Wallace, Segregation Symbol, Dies at 79," New York Times, September 15, 1998.
55. Kevin Thornton, "The Confederate Flag and the Meaning of Southern History," Southern Cultures 2 (Winter 1996): 233.
56. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, " 'You Must Remember This': Autobiography as Social Critique," Journal of American History 85 (September 1998): 448.
57. See Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863-1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
58. Wilson, Baptized in Blood, 59.
59. James Branch Cabell, Let Me Lie (New York: Farrar, Straus and Co., 1947), 74.
60. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986): 15, 27;
61. see also Bruce Clayton, W. J. Cash: A Life (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991).
62. Ellen Glasgow, The Sheltered Life (1932; reprint, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), x, 120.
63. Florence King, Southern Ladies and Gentlemen (New York: Bantam, 1976), 27.
64. Abbott, Womenfolks, 3;
65. Percy, Lanterns, 345.
66. "EudoraWelty," in Growing Up in the South: An Anthology of Modern Southern Literature, ed. Suzanne W. Jones (New York: Penguin, 1991), 71.
67. Wilma Dykeman and James Stokely, Neither Black Nor White (New York: Rinehart, 1957), 16.
68. John R. Gillis, "Heritage and History: Twins Separated at Birth," Reviews in American History 25 (September 1997): 377.
69. Ralph Waldo Emerson, quoted in William H. Nicholls, Southern Tradition and Regional Progress (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960), 131.
70. Cash, Mind of the South, 429, 66.
71. Hannah Arendt, quoted in Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Authority Figures," The New Republic, December 22, 1997, p. 12.
72. Cash, Mind of the South, 429.
73. John Gunther, Inside U.S.A. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), 657-8.
74. Stark Young, "Not in Memoriam, but in Defense," in Twelve Southerners, ed., I'll Take My Stand (1930; reprint, New York: Harper, 1962), 355. Young and eleven colleagues comprised a group called the Agrarians. They were among the few white Southerners of the era to offer a different perspective on southern history on which to build contemporary society. They discarded the moonlight and magnolias history of the Old South and elevated the yeoman farmer and his simple virtues, which stood as ramparts against "our urbanized, anti-provincial, progressive, and mobile American life." But this new version of the Old South did not so much change history as shuffle the characters. It was incomplete and omitted the millions of people-slaves- who had made the Old South a viable enterprise.
75. George Orwell, quoted in Benjamin Schwarz, "The Idea of the South," Atlantic Monthly, December 1997, p. 118;
76. Mark Twain, quoted in Lee Glazer and Susan Key, "Carry Me Back: Nostalgia for the Old South in Nineteenth-Century Popular Culture," Journal of American Studies 30 (April 1996): 23.
77. Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin, The Making of a Southerner (1946; reprint, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 206.
78. Louis D. Rubin Jr., The Faraway Country: Writers of the Modern South (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963), 14.
79. Ellen Glasgow, quoted in Carol S. Manning, "Afterward," in Ellen Glasgow, Sheltered Life, 300.
80. R. W. Hayes and Helen Dortch Longstreet, quoted in John Egerton, "Days of Hope and Horror: Atlanta afterWorld War II," Georgia Historical Quarterly 78 (Summer 1994): 305.
81. See Cynthia Lynn Lyerly, Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
82. Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 175.
83. R. Drew Smith, "Slavery, Secession, and Southern Protestant Shifts on the Authority of the State," Journal of Church and State 36 (Spring 1994): 265, 267.
84. On the distinctions between antebellum northern and southern evangelicals, and on the conversion of slaves to Christianity, see John B. Boles, ed., Masters and Slaves in the House of the Lord: Race and Religion in the American South, 1740-1870 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988);
85. Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (New York: Knopf, 1997);
86. Frederick A. Bode, "The Formation of Evangelical Communities in Middle Georgia: Twiggs County, 1820-1861," Journal of Southern History, 60 (November 1994): 711-48;
87. William W. Freehling, "James Henley Thronwell's Mysterious Antislavery Moment," Journal of Southern History 57 (August 1991): 383-406;
88. Eugene D. Genovese, "Black Plantation Preachers in the Slave South," Southern Studies 2 (Fall/Winter 1991): 203-9;
89. Barry Hankins, "Southern Baptists and Northern Evangelicals: Cultural Factors and the Nature of Religious Alliances," Religion and American Culture 7 (Summer 1997): 271-98;
90. Daniel Walker Howe, "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North during the Second Party System," Journal of American History 77 (March 1991): 1216-39;
91. Bill Leonard, "Southern Baptists and Southern Culture," American Baptist Quarterly 4 ( June 1985): 200-12.
92. For an excellent overview of differences between southern and northern religion from the colonial era to the present, see John B. Boles, "The Southern Way of Religion," Virginia Quarterly Review 75 (Spring 1999): 226-47.
93. Paul Goodman, "Moral Purpose and Republican Politics in Antebellum America, 1830-1860," Maryland Historian 20 (Fall/Winter 1989): 6.
94. Drew Gilpin Faust, "Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army," Journal of Southern History 53 (February 1987): 65, 84.
95. David Goldfield et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), 531.
96. Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980), 61, 60, 71.
97. Thomas Nelson Page, quoted in Lewis P. Simpson, "The Southern Republic of Letters and I'll Take My Stand," in A Band of Prophets: The Vanderbilt Agrarians after Fifty Years, ed. William C. Havard andWalter Sullivan (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 82.
98. Wilson, Baptized in Blood, 23.
99. Howard W. Odum, The Way of the South: Toward the Regional Balance of America (New York: Macmillan, 1947), 151.
100. An exhibit of these chilling photographs went on display in New York and toured nationally during the year 2000. See Roberta Smith, "An Ugly Legacy Lives On, Its Glare Unsoftened by Age," New York Times, January 13, 2000.
101. Mark Twain, quoted in Joel Williamson, "Wounds, Not Scars: Lynching, the National Conscience, and the American Historian," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1221.
102. Thomas Landess, "A Note on the Origin of Southern Ways," in Fifteen Southerners, Why the South Will Survive (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981), 162.
103. Willie Morris, North Toward Home (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 54, 55.
104. Kathleen Minnix, "The Atlanta Revivals of Sam Jones: Evangelist of the New South," Atlanta History 33 (Spring 1989): 8.
105. "Dr. Dixon Claims Evolution Started in Unscientific Age," Raleigh News & Observer, December 31, 1922.
106. See Willard B. Gatewood Jr., Preachers, Pedagogues and Politicians: The Evolution Controversy in North Carolina, 1920-1927 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966).
107. See Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 399-408.
108. Discipline of the Pentecostal Holiness Church (Franklin Springs, Ga., 1937): 11-4, 41-3.
109. See T. Harry Williams, "Trends in Southern Politics," in Frank E. Vandiver, ed., The Idea of the South: Pursuit of a Central Theme (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 61.
110. Frank W. Barnett, quoted in Wallace M. Alston, Jr., and Wayne Flynt, "Religion in the Land of Cotton," in You Can't Eat Magnolias, ed. H. Brandt Ayers and Thomas H. Naylor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972), 115-16.
111. The social program of the congress, as outlined in its 1914 proceedings, can be found in James E. McCulloch, ed., Battling for Social Betterment: Southern Sociological Congress, Memphis, Tennessee, May 6-10, 1914 (Nashville: Southern Sociological Congress, 1914), 9.
112. Nancy Keever Andersen, "Cooperation for Social Betterment: The Intellectual and Theological Rationale of Southern Methodists Associated with the Southern Sociological Congress, 1912-1914," Methodist History 34 (October 1995): 37.
113. See Elizabeth Anne Payne, "The Lady Was a Sharecropper: Myrtle Lawrence and the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union," Southern Cultures 4 (Summer 1998): 5-27.
114. Andersen, "Cooperation for Social Betterment," 32.
115. Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin, The Making of a Southerner (1946; reprint, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 238.
116. Mark Newman, "The Mississippi Baptist Convention and Desegregation, 1945-1980," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Spring 1997): 2.
117. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1944), 873n.
118. Ralph McGill, quoted in Marshall Frady, "God and Man in the South," Atlantic Monthly, January 1967, 38.
119. Ralph McGill, "The Agony of the Southern Minister," New York Times, September 27, 1959.
120. See Will D. Campbell, The Stem of Jesse: The Costs of Community at a 1960s Southern School (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1995).
121. Pat Watters, The South and the Nation (New York: Pantheon, 1969), 10.
122. Billy Graham, quoted in Frady, "God and Man in the South," 40.
123. Martin Luther King Jr., "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" (1963), in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James MelvinWashington (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 289-302.
124. Carlyle Marney, quoted in David Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 137;
125. Walker Percy, "Mississippi: The Fallen Paradise," Harper's, April 1965, p. 171.
126. King, "Letter from Birmingham," in A Testament of Hope, ed. Washington, 289-302.
127. "U.S. Pauses to Honor King, His Legacy," Charlotte Observer, January 21, 1986.
128. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, quoted in James Sellers, The South and Christian Ethics (New York: Association Press, 1962), 38-9.
129. Samuel S. Hill Jr., "The South's Culture-Protestantism," Christian Century 79 (September 12, 1962): 1094-6.
130. Daniel L. Turner, Standing Without Apology: The History of Bob Jones University (Greenville, S.C.: Bob Jones University Press, 1997), 32.
131. Ben Robertson, Red Hills and Cotton: An Upcountry Memory (1942; reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1960), 129-30.
132. Myra Macpherson, "The Many Voices of Jerry Falwell," Charlotte Observer, October 7, 1984;
133. John B. Judis, "Crosses to Bear," The New Republic, September 12, 1994, 21-5.
134. Judis, "Crosses to Bear," 23.
135. Leighton Ford, "Merry Who-mas?" Charlotte Observer, December 25, 1999.
136. See Michael Novak, "It's Not All Relative," New York Times, October 16, 1998.
137. James C. Cobb, ed., The Mississippi Delta and the World: The Memoirs of David L. Cohn (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 139;
138. see also Wilmer C. Fields, "On Jordan's Stormy Banks: Religion in a Changing South," in John B. Boles, ed., Dixie Dateline: A Journalistic Portrait of the Contemporary South (Houston: Rice University Press, 1983), 65-79.
139. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Knopf, 1941), 90.
140. Jay Reeves, "Suit Alleges Religious Harassment," Charlotte Observer, August 26, 1997.
141. Jon Christensen, "Teachers Fight for Darwin's Place in U.S. Classrooms," New York Times, November 24, 1998.
142. Tom Ehrich, "Deeds of Love, Not Political Platforms Identify Christians," Charlotte Observer, July 29, 1996.
143. "Readers Debate Conversion of Jews," Charlotte Observer, July 29, 1996.
144. "Crevices," The New Republic, July 24, 2000, p. 9.
145. Kathleen Curry, "No Job Lined Up-Just a Hope and a Prayer," Charlotte Observer, September 21, 1997.
146. "Crevices," 9.
147. Bill Moyers, "America Searches for a New Vision," speech delivered at Wake Forest University, November 19, 1997, excerpted in the Charlotte Observer, December 8, 1997.
148. David Mathews, "Coming to Terms with Another New South," in The Rising South: Changes and Issues, ed. Donald R. Noble and Joab L. Thomas (University: University of Alabama Press, 1976), 101.
149. C. Vann Woodward and Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, eds., The Private Mary Chesnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 21.
150. George Fitzhugh, quoted in Stephanie McCurry, "The Two Faces of Republicanism: Gender and Proslavery Politics in Antebellum South Carolina," Journal of American History 78 (March 1992): 1249, 1254;
151. see also McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
152. John B. Boles, The South Through Time: A History of an American Region (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1995), 222.
153. David Goldfield et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States (Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1998), 543.
154. Joan E. Cashin, A Family Venture: Men and Women on the Southern Frontier (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 57, 65.
155. Jerrold Hirsch, "Grassroots Environmental History: The Southern Federal Writers' Project Life Histories as a Source," Southern Cultures 2 (Fall 1995): 132.
156. Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 (New York: Norton, 1984), 215.
157. Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, ed. Jean Fagan Yellin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), 12.
158. Drew Gilpin Faust, "Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War," Journal of American History 76 (March 1990): 1204, 1207.
159. Goldfield et al., The American Journey, 512.
160. Faust, "Altars of Sacrifice," 1210.
161. Marlene Hunt Rikard and Elizabeth Crabtree Wells, " 'From It Begins a New Era': Women and the Civil War," Baptist History and Heritage 32 (July/October 1997): 63.
162. Ella Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War (New York: Century, 1928), 12.
163. Faust, "Altars of Sacrifice," 1224.
164. Faust, Mothers of Invention, 231, 137, 134.
165. Alice Fahs, "The Feminized Civil War: Gender, Northern Popular Literature, and the Memory of the War, 1861-1900," Journal of American History 85 (March 1999): 1492.
166. See Faust, Mothers of Invention, 247.
167. For a full discussion of these and other post-Civil War novels by southern women writers, see Jane Turner Censer, "Reimagining the North-South Reunion: SouthernWomen Novelists and the Intersectional Romance, 1876-1900," Southern Cultures 5 (Summer 1999): 64-91.
168. Bobbie Ann Mason, Clear Springs: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1999), 148-9.
169. Virginia I. Burr, "A Woman Made to Suffer and Be Strong: Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1834-1907," in In Joy and Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830-1900, ed. Carol K. Bleser (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 222, 224.
170. Alan Grubb, "House and Home in the Victorian South: The Cookbook as Guide," in In Joy and Sorrow, ed. Bleser, 166, 174.
171. For a discussion of some of these issues, see Martha Hodes, "The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics: White Women and Black Men in the South after the Civil War," Journal of the History of Sexuality, no. 3 (1993): 59-74;
172. see also Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
173. Karin L. Zipf, " 'The WHITES shall rule the land or die': Gender, Race, and Class in North Carolina Reconstruction Politics," Journal of Southern History 65 (August 1999): 499.
174. See Diane Miller Sommerville, "The Rape Myth in the Old South Reconsidered," Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 481-518.
175. Winfred B. Moore Jr. et al., eds., Developing Dixie: Modernization in a Traditional Society (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1988), 215;
176. on the connection between gender and the maintenance of the antebellum power structure, see Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife & Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
177. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, " 'You Must Remember This': Autobiography as a Social Critique," Journal of American History 85 (September 1998): 448.
178. Ellen Glasgow, quoted in Carol S. Manning's "Afterward," in Ellen Glasgow, The Sheltered Life (1932; reprint, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 308.
179. See also Howard N. Rabinowitz, The First New South, 1865-1920 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992), 177;
180. Cheryl Thurber, "The Development of the Mammy Image and Mythology," in Southern Women: Histories and Identities, ed. Virginia Bernhard et al. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 97.
181. Florence King, quoted in Drew Gilpin Faust, "Gender and the Lingering Burden of Southern History," in The Future of the South (Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Humanities Center, 1995), 23;
182. Shirley Abbott, Womenfolks: Growing Up Down South (New Haven, Ticknor & Fields, 1983): 84;
183. Anne Goodwyn Jones, Tomorrow is Another Day: The Woman Writer in the South, 1859-1936 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 4.
184. Margaret Mitchell, Gone With the Wind (New York: Macmillan, 1936), 616.
185. Elizabeth Robeson, "The Ambiguity of Julia Peterkin," Journal of Southern History 61 (November 1995): 767, 769.
186. Darden Asbury Pyron, "Nell Battle Lewis (1893-1956) and 'The New Southern Woman,' " in Perspectives on the American South, ed. James C. Cobb and Charles R. Wilson (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985), 63-85.
187. Hollinger F. Bernard, ed., Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr (University: University of Alabama Press, 1985), xi.
188. Glasgow, The Sheltered Life, x;
189. Elizabeth Spencer, quoted in Polly Paddock Gossett, "Recalling a Home Place That Is No More," Charlotte Observer, January 25, 1998.
190. Lorraine Gates, "Power from the Pedestal: The Women's Emergency Committee and the Little Rock School Crisis," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55 (Spring 1996): 35.
191. Florence King, Southern Ladies and Gentlemen (New York: Stein & Day, 1975), 33.
192. Stephen Vincent Benét, John Brown's Body (1927; reprint, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968), 159-60.
193. Robeson, "The Ambiguity of Julia Peterkin," 767;
194. Anne Firor Scott, "Women, Religion, and Social Change in the South, 1830-1930," in Religion and the Solid South, ed. Samuel S. Hill Jr. (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972), 94.
195. Connie L. Lester, " 'Let Us Be Up and Doing': Women in the Tennessee Movements for Agrarian Reform, 1870-1892," Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54 (Summer 1995): 90.
196. See Maurice M. Manring, "Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box," Southern Cultures 2 (Fall 1995): 19-44.
197. Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 69, 74.
198. Mary Mebane, "Mary," in Growing Up in the South: An Anthology of Modern Southern Literature, ed. Suzanne W. Jones (New York: Penguin, 1991), 452.
199. Mary Mebane, Mary, Wayfarer: An Autobiography (New York: Viking, 1983), 16, 17.
200. Hall, " 'You Must Remember This,' " 450;
201. see also the UDC Web site: http://www.hqudc.org 50.
202. Hall, " 'You Must Remember This,' " 451.
203. Joan Marie Johnson, " 'Drill into us . . . the Rebel tradition': The Contest over Southern Identity in Black and White Women's Clubs, South Carolina, 1898-1930," Journal of Southern History 66 (August 2000): 534, 543.
204. On the development of a woman's political culture during this era, see Judith N. Mc-Arthur, Creating the New Woman: The Rise of SouthernWomen's Progressive Culture in Texas, 1893-1918 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).
205. Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum, "The Vampire That Hovers over North Carolina: Gender, White Supremacy, and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898," Southern Cultures 4, no. 3 (1998): 23, 22.
206. Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 71.
207. Elizabeth Hayes Turner, " 'White-Gloved Ladies' and 'New Women' in the Texas Woman Suffrage Movement," in Southern Women, ed. Virginia Bernhard et al., 144.
208. Catherine Clinton, "Bloody Terrain: Freedwomen, Sexuality and Violence during Reconstruction," Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (Summer 1992): 330.
209. Elna C. Green, "From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism: The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden," Journal of Southern History 65 (May 1999): 294.
210. Mary Martha Thomas, "The Ideology of the Alabama Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920," in Southern Women, ed. Bernhard et al., 121.
211. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 319.
212. Nanci Kincaid, Crossing Blood (New York: Putnam, 1992), 164.
213. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 170.
214. Anne Firor Scott, "How Women Have Changed Georgia-and Themselves," Atlanta History (Summer 1990): 8.
215. Ayers, Promise of the New South, 181.
216. Scott, "How Women Have Changed Georgia," 10;
217. Frances Mitchell Ross, "The New Woman as ClubWoman and Social Activist in Turn-of-the-Century Arkansas," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 50 (Winter 1991): 324;
218. Ayers, Promise of the New South, 78-9.
219. Ross, "The New Woman as Club Woman," 317-51.
220. Elizabeth Hayes Turner, " 'White-Gloved Ladies' and 'New Women' in the Texas Woman Suffrage Movement," in Southern Women: Histories and Identities, ed. Virginia Bernhard et al. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 134.
221. Josephine Henry, "The New Woman of the New South," Arena 11 (1894-95): 334.
222. Amy Thompson McCandless, "Progressivism and the Higher Education of Southern Women," North Carolina Historical Review 70 (July 1993): 302-25.
223. James L. Leloudis, Schooling the New South: Pedagogy, Self, and Society in North Carolina, 1880-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
224. Nancy Keever Andersen, "Cooperation for Social Betterment: The Intellectual and Theological Rationale of Southern Methodists Associated with the Southern Sociological Congress, 1912-1914," Methodist History 34 (October 1995): 29-41.
225. O. Latham Hatcher, Rural Girls in the City for Work (1930; reprint, New York: Garland, 1986), 68-9.
226. Peter Taylor, "The Old Forest," in Growing Up in the South: An Anthology of Modern Southern Literature, ed. Suzanne W. Jones (New York: Penguin, 1991), 318-19.
227. Richard Love, "The Cigarette Capital of theWorld: Labor, Race, and Tobacco in Richmond, Virginia, 1880-1980," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1998, p. 120;
228. see also Lucy Randolph Mason, To Win These Rights: A Personal Story of the CIO in the South (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970).
229. See Jacquelyn Dowd Hall et al., Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton MillWorld (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987).
230. See Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, "Private Eyes, PublicWomen: Images of Class and Sex in the Urban South, Atlanta, Georgia, 1913-1915," Atlanta History 36 (Winter 1993): 24-39;
231. Gretchen E. Maclachlan, "Atlanta's Industrial Women, 1879-1920," Atlanta History 36 (Winter 1993): 16-23.
232. See Hall, "Private Eyes, Public Women."
233. Nancy MacLean, "The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism," Journal of American History 78 (December 1991): 917-48.
234. Love, "The Cigarette Capital of theWorld," 112.
235. Patrick Huber, "Battle Songs of the Southern Class Struggle: Songs of the Gastonia Textile Strike of 1929," Southern Cultures 4 (Summer 1998): 109-22.
236. See Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979);
237. Hall, "Women and Lynching," Southern Exposure 21 (Spring/Summer 1993): 46-7.
238. Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream (1949; reprint, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978), 145.
239. Kathleen Atkinson Miller, "The Ladies and the Lynchers: A Look at the Association of SouthernWomen for the Prevention of Lynching," Southern Studies 2 (Fall/Winter 1991): 266.
240. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, "Partial Truths: Writing Southern Women's History," in Southern Women, ed. Bernhard et al., 25.
241. See Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995).
242. Dorothy Sterling, "To Build a Free Society: Nineteenth-Century BlackWomen," Southern Exposure, 12 (March/April 1984): 5.
243. Catherine Clinton, "Bloody Terrain: Freedwomen, Sexuality and Violence during Reconstruction," Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (Summer 1992): 318.
244. Sterling, "To Build a Free Society," 6.
245. See Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997);
246. Anastatia Sims, The Power of Femininity in the New South: Women's Organizations and Politics in North Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997).
247. See Scott, "How Women Have Changed Georgia," 8.
248. Beverly Washington Jones, Quest for Equality: The Life and Writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863-1954 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishers, 1990), 26.
249. Ardie Myers, review of Lillian Serece Williams and Randolph Boehm, eds., National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, 1895-1992 (Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America, 1994. Part 1: Minutes of the National Conventions, Publications, and President's Office Correspondence), Journal of American History 84 (June 1997): 260.
250. Joan Marie Johnson, " 'Drill into us . . . the Rebel tradition': The Contest over Southern Identity in Black and White Women's Clubs, South Carolina, 1898-1930," Journal of Southern History 66 (August 2000): 551.
251. Tera W. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 178-9.
252. Linda Gordon, "Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women's Welfare Activism, 1890-1945," Journal of American History 78 (September 1991): 561.
253. Johnson, " 'Drill into us . . . the Rebel Tradition,' " 555.
254. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, "Clippings," Charlotte Hawkins Brown Papers, Reel 2, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass;
255. see also Constance Hill Mareena, Lengthening Shadow of aWoman: A Biography of Charlotte Hawkins Brown (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1977).
256. Daniel Levine, "A Single Standard of Civilization: Black Private Social Welfare Institutions in the South, 1880s-1920s," Georgia Historical Quarterly 81 (Spring 1997): 71.
257. Scott, "How Women Have Changed Georgia," 11.
258. Darlene Clark Hine, "Race and the Inner Lives of Southern Black Women: Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance," in Southern Women, ed. Bernhard et al., 187.
259. Mary Church Terrell, "The Duty of the National Association of ColoredWomen to the Race," in Mary Church Terrell: Selected Essays (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishers, 1990), 148.
260. Sterling, "Nineteenth-Century Black Women," 12.
261. Arnold Shankman, "Dorothy Tilly and the Fellowship of the Concerned," in From the Old South to the New: Essays on the Transitional South, ed. Walter J. Fraser Jr. and Winfred B. Moore Jr. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981), 247.
262. Hollinger F. Bernard, ed., Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr (University: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 171-2.
263. Sara Alderman Murphy, Breaking the Silence: Little Rock's Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools, 1958-1963 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997), 7.
264. Lorraine Gates, "Power from the Pedestal: The Women's Emergency Committee and the Little Rock School Crisis," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55 (Spring 1996): 35.
265. Murphy, Breaking the Silence, 118.
266. Gates, "Power from the Pedestal," 45.
267. Murphy, Breaking the Silence, 218.
268. Bernard, ed., Outside the Magic Circle, 244-5.
269. Murphy, Breaking the Silence, 148.
270. David Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 96;
271. see also Darlene Clark Hine, "Lifting the Veil, Shattering the Silence: Black Women's History in Slavery and Freedom," The State of Afro-American History: Past, Present, and Future, ed. Hine (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 245-6.
272. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 95.
273. See J. Mills Thornton III, "Challenge and Response in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956," Alabama Review 33 (1980): 163-235;
274. Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper, 1958);
275. "Montgomery Bus Boycott," Southern Exposure 9 (Spring 1981): 13-21.
276. Belinda Robnett, "African-American Women in the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965: Gender, Leadership, and Micromobilization," American Journal of Sociology 101 (May 1996): 1681-2.
277. See Anthony Walton, Mississippi: An American Journey (New York: Vintage, 1996), 140-6.
278. Belinda Robnett, How Long? How Long? African-American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 180.
279. Anne Rivers Siddons, Heartbreak Hotel (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 4.
280. Pamela Fox, "Recycled 'Trash': Gender and Authenticity in Country Music Autobiography," American Quarterly 50 (June 1998): 252.
281. See Jon Pareles, "When Country Sang to Just Plain Folks," New York Times, May 15, 1999.
282. Fox, "Recycled 'Trash,' " 258.
283. Curtis W. Ellison, "Keeping Faith: Evangelical Performance in Country Music," South Atlantic Quarterly 94 (Winter 1995): 151;
284. Bruce Feiler, "Gone Country," The New Republic, February 5, 1996, pp. 19-20, 22-4.
285. See Jon Pareles, "If Your Man Treats You Bad, It's Great to Break Loose but Even Better to Get Even," New York Times, July 24, 2000.
286. Ellison, "Keeping Faith," 152.
287. Harriet Pollack, "From Shiloh to In Country to Feather Crowns: Bobbie Ann Mason, Women's History, and Southern Fiction," Southern Literary Journal 28 (Spring 1996): 98.
288. Bobbie Ann Mason, "Shiloh," in Shiloh and Other Stories (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 14.
289. Reynolds Price, quoted in Sharon McKern, Redneck Mothers, Good Ol' Girls and Other Southern Belles: A Celebration of the Women of Dixie (New York: Viking, 1979), 3;
290. James Whitehead, quoted in Stephen A. Smith, Myth, Media, and the Southern Mind (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1985), 112.
291. Henry Eichel, "Another Southern Lost Cause," Charlotte Observer, September 1, 1996.
292. Nathaniel Tripp, "Men Behaving Badly," review of Catherine S. Manegold's In Glory's Shadow: Shannon Faulkner, The Citadel and a Changing America (New York: Knopf, 1999), New York Times Book Review, January 23, 2000.
293. Ferrel Guillory, "A Political Paradox: North Carolina's Twenty-Five Years Under Jim Hunt and Jesse Helms," Southern Cultures 4 (Spring 1998): 52-61;
294. see also Paul Luebke, Tar Heel Politics 2000 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), especially chapter 10.
295. Sue Tolleson-Rinehart, "Can the Flower of Southern Womanhood Bloom in the Garden of Southern Politics?" Southern Cultures 4 (Spring 1998): 78-87;
296. Gerald Ingalls et al., "Fifty Years of Political Change in the South: Electing African Americans and Women to Public Office," Southeastern Geographer 37 (November 1997): 140-61.
297. Ingalls et al., "Fifty Years of Political Change," 148;
298. Drew Gilpin Faust, "Gender and the Lingering Burden of Southern History," in The Future of the South (Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Humanities Center, 1995), 23.
299. Maxine P. Atkinson and Jacqueline Boles, "The Shaky Pedestal: Southern Ladies Yesterday and Today," Southern Studies 24 (Winter 1985): 405;
300. Tolleson-Rinehart, "Flower of Southern Womanhood," 84.
301. Faust, "Gender and the Lingering Burden," 23.
302. Anne Eckman and Jordan Green, "Job Equity in the Downsized South: A Special Report on Work in the 1990s," Southern Exposure 25 (Fall/Winter 1997): 9, 11.
303. Vernon Chadwick, "Twirling Fire: Can Southern Beauty Survive as a Radical Political Value?" Southern Reader 1 (Summer 1992): 1, 5.
304. See Faust, "Gender and the Lingering Burden," 23.
305. Shirley Abbott, Womenfolks: Growing Up Down South (New Haven, Conn.: Ticknor & Fields, 1983), 6.
306. McKern, Redneck Mothers, 253.
307. David Goldfield et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), 390-1.
308. The literature on slavery is voluminous. The preceding paragraphs reflect recent scholarship, especially Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998);
309. John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983);
310. Edward D. C. Campbell Jr. and Kym S. Rice, eds., Before Freedom Came: African-American Life in the Antebellum South (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991);
311. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877 (New York: Hill andWang, 1993);
312. Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
313. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1935), 30.
314. Robert C. Kenzer, Enterprising Southerners: Black Economic Success in North Carolina, 1865-1915 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997), 27.
315. Jean B. Anderson, Durham County (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), 222;
316. see also Walter B. Weare, Black Business in the New South: A Social History of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973).
317. C. VannWoodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 82.
318. Howard N. Rabinowitz, The First New South, 1865-1920 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson), 145.
319. Joseph Charles Price and David Schenck, quoted in Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 428.
320. Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 261.
321. See William R. Keech and Michael P. Sistrom, "North Carolina," in Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990, ed. Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 155-90.
322. Thomas W. Hanchett, Sorting Out the New South City: Race, Class, and Urban Development in Charlotte, 1875-1975 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 86-7.
323. Goldfield et al., The American Journey , 582.
324. Rabinowitz, First New South, 114-5.
325. William Anderson, The Wild Man from Sugar Creek: The Political Career of Eugene Talmadge (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 209.
326. Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 7.
327. David Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 83.
328. Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream (New York: Norton, 1961), 164-5.
329. Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1946), 77.
330. See, for example, Raymond Arsenault, Wild Ass of the Ozarks: Jeff Davis and the Social Bases of Southern Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984);
331. Carl Grafton and Anne Permaloff, Big Mules and Branchheads: James E. Folsom and Political Power in Alabama (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985);
332. William F. Holmes, The White Chief: James Kimble Vardaman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970);
333. T. Harry Williams, Huey Long (New York: Knopf, 1969).
334. V. O. Key Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Knopf, 1949), 4.
335. George B. Tindall, The Disruption of the Solid South (New York: Norton, 1972), 31-2.
336. Carter Glass, quoted in Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 131;
337. "The Deep South Looks Up," Fortune, July 1943, 220;
338. Key, Southern Politics, 5.
339. Richmond Dispatch, October 5, 1886.
340. Richmond Whig, October 7, 1886; see also Daniel Letwin, The Challenge of Interracial Unionism: Alabama Coal Miners, 1878-1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).
341. Charles Crowe, "Racial Massacre in Atlanta, September 22, 1906," Journal of Negro History 54 (April 1969): 162.
342. "Walter White," in Growing Up Black, ed. Jay David (New York: Avon, 1992), 9.
343. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; reprint, Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus-Thomson, 1973), 180.
344. Osha Gray Davidson, The Best of Enemies: Race and Redemption in the New South (New York: Scribner, 1996), 42.
345. "The Clansman," Atlanta Journal, June 10, 1905.
346. Gregory L. Mixon, " 'A Memorandum to Armageddon': Violence, Race, and Class in a New South City," manuscript in author's possession, 1998, chapter 7, p. 42.
347. Mildred I. Thompson, Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman, 1893-1930 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1990), 27-8;
348. Kenneth W. Goings and Gerald L. Smith, " 'Unhidden' Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862-1920," Journal of Urban History 21 (March 1995): 372-94;
349. see also W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed., Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
350. See Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998).
351. Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum, " 'The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina': Gender, White Supremacy, and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898," Southern Cultures 4 (Fall 1998): 11.
352. The best statement of this perspective is found in Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
353. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 27.
354. See Dewey W. Grantham, Southern Progressivism: The Reconciliation of Progress and Tradition (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983);
355. Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1972);
356. James L. Leloudis, Schooling the New South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996);
357. William A. Link, A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia, 1870-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986);
358. Link, The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1993);
359. J. Morgan Kousser, "Progressivism-For Middle-Class Whites Only: North Carolina Education, 1880-1910," Journal of Southern History 46 (May 1980): 169-94.
360. James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 149, 150, 152, 181.
361. J. M. Foote and M. Robertson, The Public Schools of East Feliciana Parish (Baton Rouge: State Department of Education, 1926), 20-1.
362. Kenzer, Enterprising Southerners, 87.
363. Robert A. Margo, Disfranchisement, School Finance, and the Economics of the Segregated Schools in the United States South, 1890-1910 (New York: Garland, 1985), 8-9.
364. Anderson, Education of Blacks, 236-7;
365. see also Charles C. Bolton, "Mississippi's School Equalization Program, 1945-1954: 'A Last Gasp to Try to Maintain a Segregated Educational System,' " Journal of Southern History 46 (November 2000), 793.
366. Truman M. Pierce, White and Negro Schools in the South: An Analysis of Biracial Education (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1955), 119, 161.
367. Numan V. Bartley, The New South: 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 148-52.
368. Anthony Walton, Mississippi: An American Journey (New York: Vintage, 1996), 62.
369. Ernest J. Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying (New York: Vintage, 1994), 34.
370. "Angela Davis," in Growing Up Black, ed. David, 210, 211, 213, 214.
371. Richard Wright, Black Boy (1945; reprint, New York: Harper, 1993), 206-11.
372. Charles Scott Wright, "Creating a New Deal: The Importance of Black Self-Help Organizations in Lynchburg, Virginia, 1930-1940," M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 1998, p. 87.
373. John Egerton, "Days of Hope and Horror: Atlanta afterWorldWar II," Georgia Historical Quarterly 78 (Summer 1994): 290, 291.
374. Ronald H. Bayor, Race & the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
375. Other southern cities devised equally elaborate schemes for maintaining segregated residential areas. See, for example, the Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 29, 1911; Christopher Silver, Twentieth-Century Richmond: Planning, Politics, and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984).
376. Harvey K. Newman, "Southern Hospitality: A History of the Growth of Atlanta and its Hospitality Business," manuscript in author's possession, 93.
377. Davidson, Best of Enemies, 31.
378. Works Progress Administration, Atlanta: Capital of the Modern South (Washington, D.C.: WPA, 1942), 31.
379. William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (New York: Random House, 1929), 106;
380. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1947; reprint, New York: Vintage, 1972), 3.
381. William Alexander Percy, Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son (1941; reprint, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 299.
382. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 185.
383. Wright, Black Boy, 162-3; 284.
384. Hollinger F. Bernard, ed., Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr (University: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 18-19.
385. Jimmy Carter, An Hour Before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 229-30.
386. Thomas Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel: A Story of the Buried Life (New York: Scribners, 1929), 155.
387. "Recalling a Home Place That Is No More," Charlotte Observer, January 25, 1998.
388. Melany Neilson, Even in Mississippi (University: University of Alabama Press, 1989), 38-9.
389. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 96.
390. Mary Mebane, Mary (New York: Viking Press, 1981), 51-2.
391. "Daisy Bates," in Growing Up Black, ed. David, 172.
392. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 10.
393. Walton, Mississippi, 58.
394. Mary Mebane, Mary, Wayfarer (New York: Viking, 1983), 103-4.
395. Walton, Mississippi, 31;
396. "Angela Davis," in Growing Up Black, ed. David, 220.
397. James C. Cobb, ed., Cosmopolitan Provincial: The Delta and World According to David L. Cohn (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 6-7.
398. Donald Davidson, "The Tall Men," in Poems, 1922-1961 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1966), 140.
399. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944; reprint, New York: Harper & Row, 1962), 441.
400. Steven A. Reich, "Soldiers of Democracy: Black Texans and the Fight for Citizenship, 1917-1921," Journal of American History 82 (March 1996): 1479, 1494, 1500.
401. Davidson, Best of Enemies, 77.
402. John B. Boles, The South Through Time: A History of an American Region (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1995), 437-48;
403. see also Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992): 380-92;
404. William Ferris, Blues from the Delta (New York: Anchor Books, 1979).
405. Shane Maddock, " 'Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On': Racism and Early Opposition to Rock Music," Mid-America 78 (Summer 1996): 186;
406. see also James C. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999): 36, 118-9;
407. Brian Ward, Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998);
408. Courtney Haden, "Dixie Rock: The Fusion's Still Burning," Southern Exposure 5 (Summer/Fall 1977): 37-43.
409. Maddock, " 'Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On,' " 78.
410. S. Jonathan Bass, " 'How 'bout a Hand for the Hog': The Enduring Nature of the Swine as a Cultural Symbol in the South," Southern Cultures 1 (Spring 1995): 314.
411. Will Campbell, quoted in James C. Cobb, "Community and Identity: Redefining Southern Culture," The Georgia Review 50 (Spring 1996): 15;
412. Kaye Gibbons, A Cure for Dreams (New York: Vintage, 1991), 44.
413. Angeline Godwin Dvorak, "Cooking as Mission and Ministry in Southern Culture: The Nurturers of Clyde Edgerton's Walking Across Egypt, Fannie Flagg's Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Café and Anne Tyler's Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant," Southern Quarterly 30 (Winter/Spring 1992): 90;
414. Bass, " 'How 'bout a Hand for the Hog,' " 314.
415. Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin, The Making of a Southerner (1946; reprint, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 193.
416. David L. Carlton and Peter A. Coclanis, "Another 'Great Migration': From Region to Race in Southern Liberalism," Southern Cultures 3 (Winter 1997): 46, 51.
417. "Mills of the Gods," Daily Tar Heel, January 6, 1939.
418. James McBride Dabbs, Who Speaks for the South? (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1964), 381.
419. "Carl Rowan," in Growing Up Black, ed. Jay David (New York: Avon, 1992), 134.
420. Carlton and Coclanis, "Another 'Great Migration,' " 51-4.
421. Ronald H. Bayor, Race & The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 21-9.
422. Bill Minor, "Grand Opening: The Mississippi Sovereignty Commission," Southern Changes 20 (Summer 1998): 20-2;
423. "Recalling a Home Place That Is No More," Charlotte Observer, January 25, 1998.
424. J. Morgan Kousser, Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 202.
425. David Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 103.
426. Franklin McCain, quoted in "I'm Gonna Sit at theWelcome Table One of These Days," Southern Exposure 9 (Spring 1981): 22;
427. "The Image Makers," Ebony, April 1961, p. 7;
428. Leslie Dunbar, "The Annealing of the South," Virginia Quarterly Review 37 (Autumn 1961): 499.
429. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 121.
430. James Sellers, The South and Christian Ethics (New York: Association Press, 1962), 119.
431. James A. Rogers, "Striking the Balance in the Sixties," Furman Magazine 22 (Spring 1985): 3, 6.
432. Sellers, The South and Christian Ethics, 138-9;
433. see also Fred Hobson, But Now I See: The White Southern Racial Conversion Narrative (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999).
434. Sellers, The South and Christian Ethics, 65.
435. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 170.
436. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 172.
437. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern, 145;
438. see also David R. Colburn, "The Saint Augustine Business Community," in Elizabeth Jacoway and Colburn, eds., Southern Businessmen and Desegregation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 211-35.
439. J. Morgan Kousser, Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 55.
440. Charles Reagan Wilson, "The Myth of the Biracial South," in The Southern State of Mind, ed. Jan Nordby Gretlund (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 9.
441. David Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 179.
442. Steven F. Lawson, In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks & Electoral Politics, 1965-1982 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 252.
443. Gerald L. Ingalls et al., "Fifty Years of Political Change in the South: Electing African Americans and Women to Public Office," Southeastern Geographer 37 (November 1997): 146.
444. "Election Notebook," The New Republic, November 23, 1998, 8, 10.
445. William R. Keech and Michael P. Sistrom, "North Carolina," in Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965-1990, ed. Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 162.
446. Christopher Silver and John V. Moeser, The Separate City: Black Communities in the Urban South, 1940-1968 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), 112-3.
447. "U.S. OK's Councils Redistrict," Baton Rouge State-Times, June 22, 1982;
448. "Councils Set Election on Merger," Baton Rouge Morning Advocate, June 24, 1982.
449. Mireya Navarro and Somini Sengupta, "Arriving at Florida Voting Places, Some Blacks Found Frustration," New York Times, November 30, 2000.
450. Russell Merritt, "The Senatorial Election of 1962 and the Rise of Two-Party Politics in South Carolina," South Carolina Historical Magazine 98 (July 1997): 285;
451. see also Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987);
452. Dan T. Carter, From GeorgeWallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996);
453. Alexander Lamis, The Two-Party South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
454. Lyndon B. Johnson, quoted in John B. Boles, The South Through Time: A History of an American Region (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1995), 499;
455. Haynes Johnson, "The South's Racial Climate Turns Ugly and Raw," Charlotte Observer, October 7, 1984.
456. Lamis, Two-Party South, 256n.
457. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).
458. For an excellent discussion of the Duke phenomenon, see Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 436-99.
459. Kevin Sack, "David Duke Misses Louisiana Runoff but Has Strong Showing," New York Times, May 3, 1999.
460. John Kifner, "Lott, and Shadow of a Pro-White Group," New York Times, January 14, 1999.
461. David Firestone, "Population Shifts in the Southeast Realign Politics in the Suburbs," New York Times, June 3, 2000.
462. Jonathan Cohn, "Dixieland," The New Republic, December 25, 2000, p. 42.
463. W. J. Cash, "The Mind of the South," American Mercury 17 (October 1929): 191;
464. "The Censorship Monopoly," Southern Exposure 16 (Fall 1988): 15.
465. Rodney Kline, Education in Louisiana-History and Development (Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publishing Division, 1974), 66-7.
466. Edgar L. Porphet, ed., Building a Better Southern Region Through Education: A Study in State and Regional Cooperation (Tallahassee, Fla.: Southern States Work-Conference on School Administrative Problems, 1945), 2;
467. Kline, Education in Louisiana, 171;
468. MDC, Inc., The State of the South (Chapel Hill: MDC, Inc., 1996), 77.
469. MDC, Inc., State of the South, 53.
470. Gary Orfield et al., "Deepening Segregation in American Public Schools," Southern Changes 19 (Summer 1997): 14.
471. Charles Rutheiser, Imagineering Atlanta: The Politics of Place in the City of Dreams (London: Verso, 1996), 61.
472. See David S. Cecelski, Along Freedom Road: Hyde County, North Carolina, and the Fate of Black Schools in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
473. Tom Bradbury, "Revolutionary Hopes: Goals for Schools Imply Drastic Improvements," Charlotte Observer, November 9, 1996.
474. Robert Penn Warren, Flood (London: Collins, 1964), 29;
475. see also James C. Cobb, The Selling of the South: The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development, 1936-1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
476. Otis L. Graham, "Again the Backward Region? Environmental History in and of the American South," Southern Cultures 6 (Summer 2000): 50-72.
477. Robert Lee Maril, Cannibals and Condos: Texans and Texas along the Gulf Coast (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986);
478. William R. Freudenburg and Robert Gramling, "Socioenvironmental Factors and Development Policy: Understanding Opposition and Support for Offshore Oil," Sociological Forum, no. 3 (1993): 341-64;
479. see also Eileen Maura McGurty, "From NIMBY to Civil Rights: The Origins of the Environmental Justice Movement," Environmental History 2 (July 1997): 301-23.
480. The Shintech story is told in Ron Nixon, "Toxic Gumbo," Southern Exposure 26 (Summer/ Fall 1998): 11-5;
481. "Company Evades 'Environmental Racism' Test," New York Times, September 20, 1998.
482. Colin Crawford, Uproar at Dancing Rabbit Creek: Battling over Race, Class, and the Environment (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1996).
483. "Florida Farmworkers Bust Modern-Day Slaveholders," Southern Exposure 27 (Summer 1999): 10.
484. Gardiner Harris, "Dust, Deception and Death," Southern Exposure 27 (Fall 1999): 34-9.
485. Jeff Diamant, "Middle Class, and Neighbors," Charlotte Observer, September 14, 1997.
486. This discussion on the integration of southern textile mills relies on Timothy J. Minchin, Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960-1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
487. Minchin, Hiring the Black Worker, 102.
488. Orville Vernon Burton, "Race Relations in the Rural South SinceWorldWar II," manuscript in author's possession, 9-11.
489. Linda Flowers, Throwed Away: Failures of Progress in Eastern North Carolina (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990), 4, 168, 182.
490. All data, except infant mortality rates, were taken from the 1990 U.S. Census for North Carolina [http://venus.census.gov/cdrom/lookup]. Infant mortality data were taken from the North Carolina Department of Human Resources, North Carolina Vital Statistics, Vol. 1 (Raleigh: Department of Human Resources. 1997).
491. Minchin, Hiring the Black Worker, 271.
492. Robert Kennedy, quoted in Anthony Walton, Mississippi: An American Journey (New York: Vintage, 1996), 254;
493. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Bantam Books, 1967), 4, 6.
494. Anne Eckman et al., "Job Equity in the Downsized South: A Special Report onWork in the 1990s," Southern Exposure 25 (Fall/Winter 1997): 9-11.
495. Jason De Parle, "Workers Seek Help in Charlotte," Charlotte Observer, October 25, 1996.
496. Bob Meadows, "Race Divide Still Evident in our Lives," Charlotte Observer, September 14, 1997;
497. Foon Rhee, "Race Relations Strained," Charlotte Observer, December 30, 1993.
498. James C. Cobb, "Community and Identity: Redefining Southern Culture," Georgia Review 50 (Spring 1996): 12.
499. "What Southerners Think," Atlanta Journal and Constitution;
500. Benjamin Schwartz, "The Idea of the South," The Atlantic Monthly, December 1997, p. 122;
501. Peter Applebome, "Keeping Tabs on Jim Crow: John Hope Franklin," The New York Times Magazine, April 23, 1995, p. 38.
502. James McBride Dabbs, Who Speaks for the South? (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1964), 381;
503. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Knopf, 1941), 13.
504. Ernest J. Gaines, "Bloodline in Ink," Georgia Review 50 (Fall 1996): 532.
505. Orville Vernon Burton, "Race Relations in the Rural South since World War II," manuscript in author's possession, 33.
506. Matthew Cooper, "Welcome to the Olympic Village," The New Republic, July 15 & 22, 1996, p. 16.
507. Walter Edgar, "Beyond the Tumult and the Shouting: Black and White in South Carolina in the 1990s," in The Southern State of Mind, ed. Jan Nordby Gretlund (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 95-106.
508. Michael Graczyk, "East Texas Town Says Race Problems Were in the Past," Associated Press, June 1998 [http://www.reporternews.com/texas/dd-race0611.html].
509. Peter St. Onge, "Beyond the Flag," Charlotte Observer, February 6, 2000.
510. Fannie Flono, "Race and NASCAR: Gentlemen, Start Your Dialogue," Charlotte Observer, October 12, 1997.
511. Richard Rubin, "Should the Mississippi Files Have Been Reopened?" The New York Times Magazine, August 30, 1998, p. 36.
512. Tamar Jacoby, "The Next Reconstruction," The New Republic, June 22, 1998, p. 20.
513. Rubin, "Mississippi Files," 36;
514. Anthony Walton, Mississippi: An American Journey (New York: Vintage, 1996), 21.
515. Schwarz, "The Idea of the South," 125; on this point of mutual estrangement
516. see Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
517. Sam Fulwood, "Up Against a Wall," Charlotte Observer, February 23, 1992;
518. Rubin, "Mississippi Files," 36.
519. Cobb, "Community and Identity," 13.
520. Russ Rymer, "Integration's Casualties," The New York Times Magazine, November 1, 1998, p. 50.
521. Henry Louis Gates, Colored People: A Memoir (New York: Knopf, 1994);
522. Raymond Andrews, The Last Radio Baby (Atlanta, Ga.: Peachtree Publishers, 1990).
523. David Goldfield, "Segregation and Racism: Taking Up the Dream Again," in Understanding the Little Rock Crisis: An Exercise in Remembrance and Reconciliation, ed. Elizabeth Jacoway and C. Fred Williams (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999), 39.
524. Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939 (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 6.
525. Shelby Steele, quoted in Marvin Caplan, Farther Along (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 320;
526. Frederick Douglass, quoted in Randall Kennedy, "My Race Problem-and Ours," The Atlantic Monthly, May 1997, p. 56.
527. Mireya Navarro, "Black-Hispanic Rift in Miami," Charlotte Observer, February 18, 1997;
528. Phuong Ly, "Life in City's Global Village," Charlotte Observer, September 14, 1997;
529. Peter Beinart, "New Bedfellows," The New Republic, August 1 & 18, 1997, p. 24.
530. See, for example, John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994);
531. Robert J. Norrell, The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York: Random House, 1985).
532. Rubin, "Mississippi Files," 31;
533. Robert E. Bonner, "Rebels With Causes, Now and Then," Reviews in American History 27 (June 1999): 236.
534. Sean Wilentz, "The Last Integrationist," The New Republic, July 1, 1996, p. 22.
535. Kennedy, "My Race Problem-and Ours," 66.
536. Walker Percy, The Last Gentleman (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1966);
537. Walker Percy, Lancelot (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1977), 158.
538. Rick Bass, The Watch (New York: Norton, 1989), 172-3.
539. "A Few Thoughts on Carpetbaggers," Charlotte Observer, March 12, 1985.
540. Diane Roberts, "A League of Their Own," Southern Exposure 25 (Spring/Summer 1997): 18-23.
541. Barbara Thiede, "Southern 'Heritage' Groups Distort History for Political Ends," Charlotte Observer, October 23, 1998.
542. Charles Davidson, quoted in Jessica Saunders, "Old South Slavery Defender Drops his Bid for Congress," Charlotte Observer, May 12, 1996;
543. Diane Roberts, "A League of Their Own," 23.
544. Charles Reagan Wilson, "The Myth of the Biracial South," in The Southern State of Mind, ed. Jan Nordby Gretlund (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 17-8.
545. Michael O'Brien, "On Observing the Quicksand," American Historical Review 104 (October 1999): 1206;
546. Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York: Pantheon, 1998), 331.
547. Paul M. Gaston, "After Jim Crow: Civil Rights as Civil Wrongs," in Southern State of Mind, ed. Gretlund, 45.
548. Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic, 134, 139. For two perceptive commentaries on Horwitz's book, see W. Fitzhugh Brundage, "Commemoration and Conflict: Forgetting and Remembering the Civil War," Georgia Historical Quarterly 82 (Fall 1998): 559-74;
549. Grace Elizabeth Hale, "We've Got to Get Out of This Place: Tony Horwitz Tours the CivilWar South," Southern Cultures 5 (Spring 1999): 54-66.
550. Anne Gearan, "Soldier's Remains Buried, 132 Years After Battle," Charlotte Observer, August 25, 1996.
551. Matthew Cooper, "Welcome to the Olympic Village," The New Republic, July 15 & 22, 1996, p. 20.
552. Wilson, "Myth of the Biracial South," 16.
553. Derek H. Alderman, "Creating a New Geography of Memory in the South: (Re)naming of Streets in Honor of Martin Luther King, Jr.," Southeastern Geographer 36 (May 1996): 61.
554. Ginger Thompson, "Reaping What Was Sown on the Old Plantation," New York Times, June 22, 2000.
555. David Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 272.
556. Doris Betts, "Killers Real and Imagined," Southern Cultures 5 (Winter 1999): 5-13;
557. Rick Bragg, "32-year Wait for Justice is Over," Charlotte Observer, August 22, 1998.
558. Emily Yellin, "A Changing South Revisits Its Unsolved Racial Killings," New York Times, November 8, 1999.
559. Melton A. McLaurin, "Commemorating Wilmington's Racial Violence of 1898: From Individual to Collective Memory," Southern Cultures 6 (Winter 2000): 35-57;
560. see also H. Leon Prather, We Have Taken a City: Wilmington's Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898 (Teaneck, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984).
561. John M. Coski, "The Confederate Battle Flag in American History and Culture," Southern Cultures 2 (Winter 1996): 205.
562. Kevin Thornton, "The Confederate Flag and the Meaning of Southern History," Southern Cultures 2 (Winter 1996): 239.
563. See David Broder, "Stakes Are High in S.C. Flag Fight," Charlotte Observer, January 15, 1997;
564. see also Allan Gurganus, "At Last, the South LosesWell," New York Times, December 8, 1996.
565. Henry Eichel, "NAACP Calls on Nation to Give S.C. a Wide Berth," Charlotte Observer, January 1, 2000.
566. Tommy Tomlinson, "They Share More Than They Know," Charlotte Observer, July 2, 2000;
567. James C. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 149.
568. David Firestone, "The New South: Old Times There Are Not Forgotten," New York Times, January 28, 2001.
569. Bobbie Ann Mason, "Shiloh," Shiloh and Other Stories (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 15-6; 13;
570. Mason, quoted inWendy Smith, "Publisher's Weekly Interview with Bobbie Ann Mason," Publisher's Weekly, August 30, 1985, p. 425.
571. Kevin Chappell, "Cotton Mural Spurs Anger," Charlotte Observer, July 3, 1994.
572. Kevin Sack, "It's 'Washington' No More," Charlotte Observer, November 16, 1997.
573. Hodding Carter III, "Looking Back," Southern Cultures 2, no. 3/4 (1996): 286.
574. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Knopf, 1941), viii.