Seeing the light: Religious colleges in twenty-first-century America

Seeing the Light: Religious Colleges in Twenty-First-Century America

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-326

  Schuman, Samuel ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84895121019     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (250)

1. For an impassioned defense of the censorship of The Vagina Monologues at Catholic institutions, see Patrick J. Reilly, "Are Catholic Colleges Leading Students Astray?" Catholic World Report, March 2003, 38-46.
2. Paul Bramadat, The Church on the World's Turf (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 147.
3. Kyle Lynch-Klarup, "Christian Faith at Grinnell", Exit 182, Fall 2007, 4.
4. The response to Astin and the HERI project has not, however, been universally positive. In particular, some critics find irritating the differentiation between "spiritual" and "religious" and view with some contempt those who describe themselves as "spiritual but not religious." For example, Naomi Schaffer Riley, in God on the Quad: How Religious Colleges and the Missionary Generation Are Changing America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), describes the heroes of her book, the "missionary generation", as those who "refuse to accept the sophisticated ennui of their contemporaries. They snub the 'spiritual but not religious' answers to life's most difficult questions. They rebuff the intellectual relativism of professors and the moral relativism of their peers" (5).
5. "Why Spirituality Deserves a Central Place in Liberal Education", Liberal Education 90, no. 2 (Spring 2004):34-41.
6. Stephen Prothero, "Worshiping in Ignorance", Chronicle of Higher Education, 16 March 2007, B6-B7.
7. Scott Jaschik, "Not So Godless after All", Inside Higher Ed, 6 October 2006.
8. See also Christine Hartelt, "Student Spirituality Spurs Change", Administrator 18, no. 1 (January 1999):1-3.
9. Reported in Inside Higher Ed by Scott Jaschik, 20 November 2006.
10. See L. S. Hulett, "Being Religious at Knox College: Attitudes toward Religion, Christian Expression, and Conservative Values on Campus", Religion and Education 31, no. 2(2004):41-61.
11. Bramadat, The Church on the World's Turf, 18.
12. Minneapolis Star-Tribune, 15 January 2006, A-5.
13. Minneapolis Star-Tribune, 20 January 2002.
14. Scott Jaschik, "Growth in Canadian Christian Colleges", Inside Higher Ed, 17 October 2007.
15. www.wheaton.edu.
16. Note, though, that, in the class that entered in 2008, Baylor paid new firstyear students to retake the SAT and improve their scores: Scott Jaschik, "Baylor Pays for SAT Gains", Inside Higher Ed, 15 October 2008.
17. John Russell, "Funding the Culture Wars: Philanthropy, Church and State", National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, Washington, DC, 2005, 3.
18. See Ben Gose, "Charity's Political Divide", Chronicle of Philanthropy (electronic version), 5 December 2005, http://philanthropy.com.
19. See www.sheldonjackson.edu;
20. Beth McMurtrie, "Accreditation Is at Risk for Small Alaska College", Chronicle of Higher Education (electronic version), 23 February 2001, A39, http://chronicle.com
21. and "Regional Accreditors Penalize 16 Colleges", Chronicle of Higher Education (electronic version), 28 February 2003, A31, http://chronicle.com.
22. Also Scott Jaschik, "Sheldon Jackson Suspends Operations", Inside Higher Ed, 2 July 2007. The official Department of Education report is Control Number ED-OIG/A09F0020, Office of the Inspector General, United States Department of Education (24 February 2006).
23. U. S. News Web site, www.usnews.com.
24. Alas, the discourse is often less than civil and rational, on both sides. See, for example, the anti-Creationist blog "Pharyngula", http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula, or the creationist Web site, creationscience.com.
25. Francis Oakley, Community of Learning (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 145.
26. John R. Thelin, A History of American Higher Education (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), xiii.
27. A helpful general volume, now slightly out of date, is William C. Ringenberg, The Christian College: A History of Protestant Higher Education in America (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1984).
28. William C. Ringenberg, "The Old-Time College, 1800-1865", in Joel A. Carpenter and Kenneth W. Shipps, eds., Making Higher Education Christian: The History and Mission of Evangelical Colleges in America (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1987), 77.
29. The material on colonial colleges is from Arthur M. Cohen, The Shaping of American Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998);
30. Sheldon S. Cohen, A History of Colonial Education, 1607-1776 (New York: John Wiley, 1974);
31. and the current Web sites of the nine institutions. See also Samuel Schuman, Old Main: Small Colleges in Twenty-First Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), esp. chap. 2.
32. Arthur M. Cohen, Shaping of American Higher Education, 17.
33. John D. Pulliam, History of Education in America, 4th ed. (Columbus: Merrill, 1987), 36.
34. Douglas Sloan, The Great Awakening and American Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1973), 12.
35. Arthur M. Cohen, Shaping of American Higher Education, 9.
36. From New England's First Fruits, 1643, cited in ibid., 64.
37. See, for example, James Axtell, The School upon a Hill: Education and Society in Colonial New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976).
38. Richard Hofstadter and Wilson Smith, eds., American Higher Education, 2 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), I: 2.
39. Sheldon S. Cohen, History of Colonial Education, 137.
40. See Axtell, School upon a Hill, for a more skeptical interpretation.
41. Sheldon S. Cohen, History of Colonial Education, 100.
42. Cited in Sloan, Great Awakening, 178 and 186.
43. Sheldon S. Cohen, History of Colonial Education, 168.
44. Brown University Web site, www.brown.edu/web/about/history.
45. Arthur M. Cohen, Shaping of American Higher Education, 19.
46. Thelin, History of American Higher Education, 41.
47. Donald G. Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities before the Civil War (New York: Teachers College Press, 1932), 28.
48. Arthur M. Cohen, Shaping of American Higher Education, u62.
49. David Breneman, Liberal Arts Colleges: Thriving, Surviving or Endangered (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1994).
50. Ringenberg, Christian College, notes that many of the earlier state universities had religious practices and assumptions that would today seem out of place at public institutions.
51. Donald Scott, "Evangelism, Revivalism, and the Second Great Awakening", National Humanities Center, Teacher Serve, Web site, www.nhc.rtp. nc.us/tserve/tserve.htm.
52. Tewksbury, Founding, 1.
53. See, for example, David B. Potts, Wesleyan University, 1831-1910: Collegiate Enterprise in New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
54. Encyclopedia Africana Web site, www.africana.com.
55. Pulliam, History of Education in America, 68.
56. Thelin, History of American Higher Education, 70-73, akes a somewhat more nuanced and skeptical view of the case.
57. Arthur M. Cohen, Shaping of American Higher Education, 60.
58. See, for example, Thelin, History of American Higher Education, for the demythologized version.
59. Pulliam, History of Education in America, 70.
60. Burton R. Clark, The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed, and Swarthmore (Chicago: Aldine, 1970), 172.
61. Arthur M. Cohen, History of Colonial Education.
62. Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The Metropolitan Experience, 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 248.
63. George A. Baker, A Handbook on the Community College in America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 7-10.
64. Carnegie Classification 2000 Web site, www.carnegiefoundation.org/ classifications/.
65. Breneman, Liberal Arts Colleges, 20.
66. Douglas Sloan, Faith and Knowledge: Mainline Protestantism and American Higher Education (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1994), 72.
67. For example, James Tunstead Burtchaell, The Dying of the Light: The Disengagement of Colleges and Universities from Their Christian Churches (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998);
68. George M. Marsden The Soul of the American University (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994);
69. and Sloan, Faith and Knowledge.
70. Sloan, Faith and Knowledge, 206.
71. For example, Christopher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (Garden City: Doubleday, 1969), 238ff.
72. See particularly Burtchaell, The Dying of the Light;
73. Marsden, The Soul of the American University;
74. George M. Marsden and Bradley J. Longfield, eds., The Secularization of the Academy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992);
75. Philip Gleason, Contending with Modernity: Catholic Higher Education in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995);
76. and Sloan, Faith and Knowledge. See below for scholars who question the "secularization" hypothesis.
77. Thelin, History of American Higher Education, 148.
78. This and the subsequent historical information about Cornell College is from the two-volume Cornell College: A Sesquicentennial History (Cedar Rapids, IA: WDG Publishing, u2004). Volume 1 (1853-1967) is by C. William Heywood; volume 2 (1967-2003) was written by Richard H. Thomas. Both were members of the History Department at Cornell; Dr. Thomas also served as the college's chaplain. Candor compels me to note that I was a (very young) member of the Cornell College faculty from 1969 to 1976.
79. Cornell College Web site, "Cornell Perspectives on Religious Heritage and Spiritual Life", www.cornellcollege.edu/chaplain-and-spritual- life/.
80. This and the following material are taken from the Naropa University Web site, www.naropa.edu.
81. See Maharishi University of Management Web site, www.mum.edu.
82. There is a somewhat humorous Parsons College alumni Web site, www.parsonscollege.org/.
83. Elizabeth Redden, "A New Campus, According to Ancient Principles", Inside Higher Ed, 28 January 2008.
84. Tina Hesman, "Maharishi U. Curriculum Includes Study of Meditation", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 March 2005.
85. www.mum.edu/nsse.html.
86. www.mum.edu.
87. See Jencks and Riesman, Academic Revolution, for a discussion of Brandeis and Yeshiva and some consideration of why America's Jewish community has tended to prefer "universities and colleges where they were not a majority, or failing that where their majority was unofficial" (318-19).
88. Yeshiva University Web site, www.yu.edu.
89. http://unicomm.byu.edu.
90. Reinhard Maeser, Karl G. Maeser: A Biography (Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1928), 79.
91. "Aims of a BYU Education" at http://unicom.byu.edu/president/ aimsprintable.html, p. 1.
92. Larry Lyon, Michael Beatty, and Stephanie Mixon, "Making Sense of a 'Religious' University: Faculty Adaptations at Brigham Young, Baylor, Notre Dame and Boston College", Review of Religious Research 43, no. 4 (June 2002):326-48.
93. http://honorcode.byu.edu.
94. Naomi Schaefer Riley, God on the Quad: How Religious Colleges and the Missionary Generation are Changing America (New York: St Martin's Press, 2005), 23. The chapter is entitled "An Oasis in the Desert"
95. www.graceland.edu/about-us/mission/.
96. See Kathleen A. Mahoney, Catholic Higher Education in Protestant America: The Jesuits and Harvard in the Age of the University (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
97. Christopher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (Garden City: Doubleday, 1969), 234-36.
98. For the complete text on the Internet, see consortium.villanova.edu/ excorde/landlake.htm.
99. See also, for a forty-year retrospective, Elizabeth Redden, "Academic Freedom, Faith and Nuance", Inside Higher Ed, 4 February 2008.
100. "The Land O'Lakes Statement" from the Web site of This Rock 16, no. 9 (November 2005), a special edition entitled "Colleges: Catholic and No Longer Catholic", www.catholic.com/magazines/thisrock.asp.
101. Richard Byrne, "For Catholic Educators, Eagerness and Angst Attend Pope's Visit", Chronicle of Higher Education 54, no. 31(11 April 2008): A-1ff.
102. See Joseph M. Herlihy, "Reflections on Ex Corde Ecclesiae", in Paul Dovre, ed., The Future of Religious Colleges (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002), 283-303.
103. John Wilcox and Irene King, Enhancing Religious Identity: Best Practices from Catholic Campuses (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000).
104. www.images.villanova.edu/seallegend/.
105. See, for example, the Catholic Encyclopedia which is also on the Web at www.newadvent.org/cathen.
106. The Order of St. Augustine has an extensive Web site at www.osanet.org.
107. This paragraph is derived from the university's Web site, www.heritage.villanova.edu/history.html.
108. Villanova University, "Guide for Faculty Search Committees-Mission Centered Hiring", draft 5, nd, p. 7.
109. See, for instance, the "President's Message" on the CNR Web site, www.cnr.edu, by Dr. Stephen Sweeny, who has been at the college since 1977.
110. James Burtchaell, The Dying of the Light: The Disengagement of Colleges and Universities from Their Christian Churches (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), 663. Burtchaell devotes considerable attention and invective to the College of New Rochelle as one of three Roman Catholic institutions that he seeks to demonstrate have lost their Catholic character. The other two are St. Mary's College of California and Boston College.
111. Burtchaell, The Dying of the Light, 661.
112. "Ursuline Heritage", CNR Web site.
113. Thomas Aquinas College Web site, www.thomasquinas.edu, "A Brief History of Thomas Aquinas College", from which the historical sketch that follows is also drawn.
114. Burtchaell, The Dying of the Light, 708.
115. 2007 College Bulletin, 4.
116. Alumni News, Winter 2007.
117. Baylor University Vision 2012 Web site, www.baylor.edu/vision/index.php? id=9690.
118. Imperative III, www.baylor.edu/vision/index.php?id=9696.
119. Wacotrib.com (Web version of the Waco Tribune newspaper), 7 May 2008.
120. Discussed at length, for example, in Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, ed., The Challenge and Promise of a Catholic University (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).
121. Robert B. Sloan Jr. "The Baylor Project", in Barry G. Hankins and Donald D. Schmeltekopf, eds., The Baylor Project: Taking Christian Higher Education to the Next Level (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 2007), 325. Several others with whom I spoke reiterated this hiring priority listing.
122. Donald D. Schmeltekopf and Dianna Vitanza, eds., The Baptist and Christian Character of Baylor (Waco: Baylor University, 2003).
123. For example, James Burtchaell, "The Decline and Fall of the Christian Colleges", part 1, First Things 12 (April 1991):16-29
124. or George Marsden and Bradley Longfields, eds., The Secularization of the Academy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
125. See, for example, Elizabeth F. Farrel, "Baylor U. Removes a Web Page Associated with Intelligent Design from Its Site", Chronicle of Higher Education, 4 September 2007. In another well-publicized and controversial series of events, the Baylor University athletic program was involved in a series of infractions that were uncovered after a star basketball player was murdered by his roommate in 2003.
126. The figure seems slightly different in different sources-another lists twenty-four fraternities and twenty sororities. At least one fraternity at the time of this writing is on suspension from Baylor. See www.baylor.edu/studies- activities/greek-life/.
127. Dr. Lilley's term as president ended in July 2008, when he was removed by the board of regents. See "Baylor Fires Its President", Inside Higher Ed, 25 July 2008.
128. Christianity Today Web site, www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2005/august/9. 24.html.
129. The Southern Baptist Convention Web site affirms as core principles, "Baptists cherish and defend religious liberty and deny the right of any secular or religious authority to impose a confession of faith upon a church or body of churches. We honor the principle of soul competency and the priesthood of believers." www.sbc.net/bfm/.
130. www.andersonuniversity.edu, "History"
131. Elizabeth Beck, "A Place of Uncommon Civility", Sandlapper, Winter 2007-8, 15-18.
132. View book: Anderson University-Knowledge for the Journey (nd, np). "Kind" seems an unusual description, and a winning one.
133. 2006-8 General Catalog, New Saint Andrews College, 17-18. This is the source for the remainder of this historical section. The same material is published separately on the college's Web site, www.nsa.edu, and has appeared elsewhere as well, for example in the Student Handbook and in various admissions publications.
134. Roy Alden Atwood, "The Major Problem with Colleges Today", published by the New Saint Andrews College Admissions Office, 2006.
135. Douglas Wilson, "Strategic Education: New Saint Andrews College at the Front Lines of the Culture Wars", published by New Saint Andrews College, nd, 3.
136. Student Handbook, 2006-2007, 25-26.
137. www.nsa.edu/mission/faith.html.
138. Mitchell O. Stokes, "Mathematics as a Liberal Art", New Saint Andrews College Colloquium 2, no 2 (Spring 2006):2.
139. General Catalog, 6-7.
140. Roy Alden Atwood, "Higher Education's Golden Calf", Higher Expectations 1, no. 1 (Fall 2006):14.
141. Atwood, "The Major Problem with Colleges Today"
142. General Catalog, 6.
143. Elisabeth Bumiller, "White House Letter: President Gets Lecture from the Christian Left", International Herald Tribune, 23 May 2005, Internet version, www.iht.com.
144. The remainder of this paragraph is drawn from this account, and from Thomas Bartlett, "Bush Policies Criticized at Evangelical College", Chronicle of Higher Education 51, no. 38 (27 May 2005):A10. Three years later, in spring of 2008, the same president had a similar experience at another faith-based institution, Furman University in South Carolina.
145. Grand Rapids Press, 20 and 21 May 2005.
146. www.commandrang.org.
147. Material concerning the CRC is drawn from the Web site of the Christian Reformed Church, www.crcna.org
148. and the Web site of the Reformed Church in America, www.rca.org.
149. From the "Statement of Purpose" for Calvin's Core requirements. The Statement is an eight-page, dense, document on the Web site of the provost, www.calvin.edu/admin/provost/core-chap1.html.
150. James D. Bratt, "What Can the Reformed Tradition Contribute to Christian Higher Education?" in Richard T. Hughes and William B. Adrian, eds., Models for Christian Higher Education: Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty-First Century (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1997), 125.
151. A case for the disproportionate influence of Reformed, Kuyperian higher education is made by Joel A. Carpenter in "The Perils of Prosperity: Neo-Calvinism and the Future of Religious Colleges", in Paul J. Dovre, The Future of Religious Colleges (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002), 185-207. One strand of the CRC adheres to a strong pietist, and thus anti-Kuyperian, philosophy.
152. See Calvin College Web site, www.calvin.edu.
153. James D. Bratt and Ronald A. Wells, "Piety and Progress: A History of Calvin College", in Hughes and Adrian, Models, 144.
154. Chapter 5, "Core Virtues", available at www.calvin.edu/admin/ provost/core/chap-5.html. Such long and careful descriptions are, it seems to this observer, a characteristic of Calvin.
155. Calvin College, Facts 2006-2007, brochure, 11.
156. Calvin College, "Calvin Distinctives: Spirited Community" Web site, www.calvin.edu/about/distinctives.
157. "Concerned Women for America" Web site, 10 December 2003, www.cwfa.com;
158. "Student Editor Apologizes" by Robert Knight. The additional material in this paragraph comes from the same source.
159. Calvin College, Multicultural Resources, brochure, 4.
160. Elizabeth Redden, "When Identity Trumps Diversity", Inside Higher Ed, 4 January 2008. This issue was also the subject of several stories in the Grand Rapids press.
161. "Retirement Tributes", Calvin Spark, Summer 2007, 56.
162. Calvin College, "Handbook for Teaching Faculty", chap. 3, sec. 6.
163. "Equality Ride Visits Calvin", Calvin Spark, Summer 2007, 17.
164. Cornelius Plantinga Jr., "Educating for Shalom: Our Calling as a Christian College", Calvin College Web site, "Our Calling", www.calvin.edu/about/shalom.htm.
165. www.northpark.edu.
166. See the university's history Web site, www.northpark.edu/home/index.cfm? NorthPark=About. Abt-History, as well as the Wikipedia history of North Park University, "The Beginnings of a Covenant School"
167. For some discussion of the naming of buildings "Old Main", see S. Schuman, Old Main: Small Colleges in Twentieth Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).
168. Leland Carlson, A History of North Park College (Chicago: North Park College, 1941), cited at www.northpark.edu.
169. North Park Press (Student Association Publication) 87, no. 23 (4 May 2007):3.
170. www.northpark.edu.
171. www2.northpark.edu/library/general/policies/gencoldev.htm.
172. Interview, 7 May 2007.
173. North Parker 67, no. 2 (Spring 2007).
174. www.northpark.edu/en/about/exploring-north-park-university/ facts-at-aglance.asp.
175. Rob Felton, "Our Foundation", George Fox Journal 2, no. 1 (Spring 2006).
176. George Fox University "Statement of Faith", www.georgefox.edu/about/beliefs/faith.html.
177. www.georgefox/edu/about/beliefs/mission.html.
178. George Fox University Community Lifestyle Statement, www.georgefox.edu/ about/beliefs/lifestyle.html.
179. www.georgefox.edu/about/beliefs/values.html.
180. Arthur O. Roberts, "Friends and Their Colleges", Quaker Life 37 (Fall 1996):4, 10.
181. www.westmont.edu.
182. See, for example, Carl Lounsburg's review of Peter Williams, Houses of God, which appeared in the Winterthur Portfolio 33, nos. 2-3(1998):195-97, which describes the prayer tower as "exuberant"
183. Oral Roberts University Web site, "What We're About", www.oru.edu/aboutoru/what-we-are-about.php.
184. William C. Ringenberg, The Christian College: A History of Protestant Higher Education in America (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1984), 191.
185. Indeed, one standard reference work treats them together in an article on "Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity", in The Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed., Lindsay Jones, editor in chief (Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005), vol. 10.
186. Student Honor Code, 5-6.
187. Student Honor Code.
188. Student Honor Code, 6.
189. April Marciszewski, Tulsa World, 22 November 2007.
190. William C. Ringenberg, The Christian College: A History of Protestant Higher Education in America (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1984), 159.
191. For an interesting comparison between teaching at a small Christian college in Minnesota and at the huge University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, that argues that there is greater academic freedom at the former, see Mary Ellen Ashcroft, "Risky Business? Teaching Literature at a Christian Liberal Arts College", American Experiment Quarterly 2, no. 4 (Winter 1999-2000):15-29.
192. All these statements are available at the Northwestern College Web site, www.nwc.edu. The doctrinal statement is in eight sections, supplemented by biblical references, including the Scriptures, the Godhead, the Father, the Son Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, the Salvation of Man, the Church, and the Responsibility.
193. FAQs about the new declaration of Christian community at www.nwd.edu/display/5605.
194. The college publishes a small brochure about the Wade Center, simply entitled The Marion E. Wade Center, and additional information is available at www.wheaton.edu/learnres/wade.
195. A now somewhat dated history of the college is Paul M. Bechtel, Wheaton College: A Heritage Remembered, 1860-1984 (Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Publishers, 1984). This history, obviously, was written for the college's 125th birthday. Another noteworthy historical perspective on the college is afforded by a book entitled Stones of Remembrance (Wheaton, IL: Wheaton College, 1995), a collection of memories and devotional essays written by members of the Wheaton College community, arranged with one essay for each day of the year. For example, the entry for 26 September cites Psalms 37:5 and is written by Dr. Orley R. Herron, '55, who himself served as a college president at Greenville College in Illinois and is a recollection of Wheaton president Dr. V. Raymond Edman.
196. See Clyde S. Kilby, A Minority of One: A Biography of Jonathan Blanchard (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1959).
197. Bechtel, Wheaton College, 14.
198. PCA Historical Center, www.pcahistory.org/findingaids/buswell.
199. William C. Ringenberg, The Christian College: A History of Protestant Higher Education in America (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1984), 174.
200. Earle E. Cairns, V. Raymond Edman: In the Presence of the King (Chicago: Moody Bible Institute, 1972), 97.
201. Duane Litfin, Conceiving the Christian College (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2004).
202. The faculty member, Assistant Professor of Philosophy Joshua Hochschild, left Wheaton in the spring of 2005. The story was fully covered in the Wall Street Journal, 6 January 2006. A similar controversy erupted in 2008 when a longtime, well-regarded English professor filed for divorce, and the professor choose to resign rather than discuss the reasons for his marital failure with the appropriate college officials, as required (William McGurn, "What's So Odd about Religious Colleges?" Wall Street Journal, 20 May 2008, A 15).
203. The complete statement is available at www.wheaton.edu/welcome/mission. html.
204. 14 November 2003, www.cnn.com.
205. See www.answersingenesis.org/pbs/nova/0928ep7.asp.
206. See, for example, Beth McMurtrie, "Critics Say the Oaths at Some Religious Colleges Are Intellectually Confining", http://chronicle.com/ free/v48/i37/37a01201.htm;
207. John Owens, "Schools Faith-Based Doctrines Raise Concerns, Risk Backlash", Chicago Tribune, 6 October 2002, Education Today section, 1;
208. Carmen Greco Jr., "Wheaton Professor's Firing Rallies Students", Wheaton Daily Herald, 22 February 2001, 1.
209. Michael S. Hamilton and James A. Mathisen, "Faith and Learning at Wheaton College", in Richard T. Hughes and William B. Adrian, eds., Models for Christian Higher Education: Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty-First Century (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1997), 263.
210. www.wheaton.edu/reslife/policy.
211. I have not included the scriptural references that undergird the various statements of the community covenant. For the complete document, as well as explanatory remarks by President Litfin, see www.wheaton.edu/welcome.cov/comcov. html.
212. This discussion, and the account of Wheaton's revivals, is drawn largely from Timothy Beougher and Lyle Dorsett, eds., Accounts of a Campus Revival: Wheaton College, 1995 (Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Publishers, 1995).
213. Ringenberg discusses revivals at Wheaton and elsewhere in The Christian College, 201-2.
214. Beougher and Dorsett, Campus Revival, 85.
215. David M. Howard, From Wheaton to the Nations (Wheaton, IL: Wheaton College, 2001).
216. George D. Kuh and Robert M. Gonyea, "Spirituality, Liberal Learning and College Student Engagement", Liberal Education, Winter 2006, 40-47.
217. Wheaton College Web site, www.wheaton.edu.
218. Calvin College Web site, www.calvin.edu.
219. Calvin College Faculty Handbook, 3. 6. The four denominations in ecclesiastical fellowship with the CRC in North America are the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Church in America, and the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America.
220. New Saint Andrews College 2006-2008 General Catalog, 6, 8.
221. North Park College Web site, www.northpark.edu.
222. These, and the following statistics come from the 2006 survey, available at www.nacubo.org.
223. Time magazine, 10 March 2008, 41.
224. Council for Christian Colleges & Universities, Washington, DC, 2007-8, brochure.
225. www.cccu.org.
226. Best Semester: The Off-Campus Study Magazine, no. 1 (Fall 2007). Published by the CCCU.
227. A recent article highlighted the CCCU's success in helping Christian colleges grow more diverse, finding that the number of CCCU colleges where African American enrollment is at more than 10% has tripled in the past ten years: Elizabeth Redden, "Christian Colleges Grow More Diverse", Inside Higher Ed, 15 August 2008.
228. The history of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities has been written in two volumes by James A. Paterson. The first covers the first twenty-five years of the organization (1976-2001), Shining Lights: A History of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (Washington, DC: CCCU, 2001);
229. the second, the subsequent five-year period, Shining Lights and Widening Horizons (Washington, DC: CCCU, 2006).
230. www.georgefox.edu/about/mission-vision-value/index.html.
231. www.wheaton.edu.
232. www.stcloudstate.edu.
233. www.calvin.edu;
234. www.nwc.edu.
235. Stephanie Juillerat (CAP Project Researcher for the CCCU), Student Satisfaction Inventory: Executive Summary, 4 February 2008, Council for Christian Colleges and Universities.
236. Laurie Schreiner, "Making the Case for Academic Excellence in Christian Colleges", www.cccu.org/resourcecenter.
237. See, for example, Ernest J. Pascarella and Patrick T. Terezini, How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005);
238. George D. Kuh, John H. Schuh, Elizabeth Whitt, and Associates, Involving Colleges (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991);
239. Alexander Astin, What Matters in College: Four Critical Years Revisited (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993).
240. See www.spirituality.ucla.edu.
241. Donna Freitas, cited in Elizabeth Redden, "Sex and the Soul", Inside Higher Ed, 15 April 2008.
242. College of New Rochelle Mission Statement, www.cnr.edu/CNR/missta.html.
243. Eastern Kentucky University web site, www.academicintegrity.eku.edu.
244. http://aspen. concoll.edu/camelweb/index.cfm?fuseaction.
245. www.sc.edu/words/item.php?wid.
246. www.eckerd.edu/section. php?fhonorpledge.
247. Alexander and Helen Astin, in Arthur Chickering, Jon Dalton, and Liesa Stamm, Encouraging Authenticity and Spirituality in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006) viii-ix.
248. www.wheaton.edu/welcome/cov/comcov.html.
249. Chickering, Dalton, and Stamm, Authenticity and Spirituality, 175.
250. Cited by C. Stephen Evans in "The Christian University and the Connectedness of Knowledge", in Donald D. Schmeltekopf and Dianna M. Vitanza, eds., The Baptist and Christian Character of Baylor (Waco: Baylor University, 2003), 23.