How the south joined the gambling nation: The politics of state policy innovation

How the South Joined the Gambling Nation: The Politics of State Policy Innovation

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-263

  Nelson, Michael ^a   Mason, John Lyman ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895107064     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (523)

1. The historical survey that follows draws heavily on John Lyman Mason and Michael Nel-son, Governing Gambling (New York: Century Foundation Press / Brookings Institution, 2001), chaps. 2-3;
2. Patrick A. Pierce and Donald E. Miller, Gambling Politics: State Governments and the Business of Betting (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2004), chap. 2;
3. Ronald M. Pavalko, Risky Business: America's Fascination with Gambling (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2000), chap. 3;
4. John Samuel Ezell. Fortune's Merry Wheel: The Lottery in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960).
5. Quoted in John J. Dinan. The American State Constitutional Tradition (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006). 251.
6. Charles T. Clotfelter and Philip J. Cook. Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America (Cam-bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
7. Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innova-tion: An Event History Analysis," American Political Science Review 63 (Sept. 1969): 880-99.
8. Pierce and Miller, Gambling Politics, 62
9. also argue that low-tax states are more likely to adopt a lottery than higher-tax states. John E. Filer, Donald L. Moak, and Barry Uze reach the opposite conclusion in "Why Some States Adopt Lotteries and Some Don't," Public Finance Quarterly 16 ( July 1988): 259-83.
10. Berry and Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions."
11. Pierce and Miller, Gambling Politics, 39.
12. Pierce and Miller, Gambling Politics, chaps. 5-6. The quoted phrases appear on pages 172 and 94, respectively.
13. Berry and Berry's study of lotteries ended in 1986, Cook and Clotfelter's in 1988, and Pierce and Miller's in 1990.
14. See Cook and Clotfelter, Selling Hope; Berry and Berry,"State Lottery Adoptions" and Pierce and Miller, Gambling Politics. Dombrink and Thompson's study of casinos ended in 1989 (The Last Resort).
15. Jack L. Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovation Among the American States," American Political Science Review 63 (Sept. 1969): 880-99.
16. See Scott P. Hays, "Controversy and Reinvention in the Diffusion of State Policy Innova-tion," Political Research Quarterly 49:13-632;
17. Henry R. Glick and Scott P. Hays, "Innovation and Reinvention in State Policy Innovation: Theory and the Evolution of Living Will Laws," Journal of Politics 53:835-50.
18. See also Michael Nelson and John Lyman Mason, "The Politics of Gambling in the South," Political Science Quarterly 104 (Winter 2003-4): 645-69.
19. Everett M. Rogers. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. (New York: Free Press, 1995). 178.
20. Virginia Gray, "Competition, Emulation, and Policy Innovation," in New Perspectives on American Politics, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1994), 230-48.
21. In Gambling Politics, Pierce and Miller say more likely, but their conclusion is not sup-ported in the southern states by this study.
22. John W. Kingdon. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984).
23. Michael Mintrom, "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation," American Journal of Political Science 41 ( July 1997): 738-70.
24. J. David Woodard, The New Southern Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006), chap. 8.
25. Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971);
26. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs?: Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961;
27. Herbert Kaufman, The Forest Ranger: A Study in Ad-ministrative Behavior (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1960);
28. Jeffrey L.Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky, Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973).
29. Sidney Verba, "Some Dilemmas in Comparative Research," World Politics 20 (1967): 111-27;
30. Arend Lijphart, "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method," American Political Science Review 65 (Sept. 1971): 682-93;
31. Harry Eckstein, "Case Study and Theory in Political Science," in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 7, ed. F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 79-137.
32. John Gerring, "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good For?" American Political Sci-ence Review 98 (May 2004): 341-54.
33. In terms of the phases and execution of our research, we employ the case study method as outlined by Alexander L. George, "Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison," in Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy, ed. Paul Gordon Lauren (New York: Free Press, 1979), 54-57.
34. Gerring, "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good For?" 348.
35. Joint Committee on Performance Evaluation and Expenditure Review, Mississippi Leg-islature, A Report on the Adequacy of the Mississippi Gaming Commission's Regulation of Legalized Gambling in Mississippi (Sept. 11, 1996), 1.
36. "Mississippi," USA Today, Jan. 8, 1990.
37. Peter J. Boyer, "Gone with the Surge," New Yorker, Sept. 26, 2005, 76-86.
38. Dave Palermo, "The Day Gambling Died," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Aug. 23, 1998.
39. Although "never the same," gambling continued in various Gulf Coast establishments long after Kefauver and his committee left. See Deanne Stephens Newer and Greg O'Brien, "Mississippi's Oldest Pastime," in Resorting to Casinos: The Mississippi Gambling Industry, ed. Denise von Herrmann ( Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2006), 11-25.
40. Benjamin Schwarz and Christina Schwarz, "Mississippi Monte Carlo," Atlantic Monthly (Jan. 1996), 67-82.
41. Thomas B. Shepherd III and Cheryn L. Netz, "Mississippi," in International Casino Law, 3d ed.,ed.Anthony N.Cabot,William N.Thompson,AndrewTottenham,and Carl G.Braunlich (Reno, Nev.: Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, 1999), 72-91.
42. IGRA's enactment went virtually unnoticed: it received only four mentions in the Lexis-Nexis newspaper database in the year it was passed. Matthew Continetti, The K Street Gang: The Rise and Fall of the Republican Machine (New York: Doubleday, 2006), 141.
43. Ronald Smothers, "Riverboat Gambling Gets a Chance in Mississippi," New York Times, Dec. 4, 1990.
44. John Branston, "Against All Odds," Memphis, Sept. 1997, 34.
45. Terry R. Cassreino, "Fluke Ignites Phenomenon," Biloxi Sun Herald, Mar. 19, 2000.
46. Daniel Smith explains the conditions in which legislators will vote contrary to their district's preferences as expressed in statewide ballot measures. Daniel A. Smith, "Homeward Bound?: Micro-level Legislative Responsiveness to Ballot Initiatives," State Politics and Policy Quarterly 1 (Spring 2001): 50-61.
47. Paul Barton, "Geography May Doom Mississippi Lottery Law," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 10, 1993.
48. Paul Barton, "Fordice Trumpets Miss. Job Growth," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Dec. 28, 1992;
49. Barton, "Geography May Doom Mississippi Lottery Law," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 10, 1993.
50. Terry R. Cassreino,"State Lottery No Closer to Reality," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Aug.21,2000;
51. Lora Hines, "Odds Against Miss. Lottery," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, Jan. 26, 2004.
52. Richard McGowan, "Lotteries and State Government: A Consistent Partner or a Step-ping Stone for More Gambling,"Testimony before the National Gambling Impact Study Com-mission, Mar. 17, 1998, p. 2. A copy of this testimony was given to the authors.
53. See, e.g., Charles T. Clotfelter and Philip J. Cook, Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
54. See, notably, John Dombrink and William N. Thompson, The Last Resort: Success and Failure in Campaigns for Casinos (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1990).
55. Branston, "Against All Odds," 34.
56. In practice, only the Tunica and Gulf Coast casinos have attracted extensive out-of-state business. Denise von Herrmann, "Were Casinos a Solution for State Economic Growth?" in Resorting to Casinos, ed. Von Herrmann, 67-80. Interview with Merideth, Nov. 4, 1999.
57. Reed Branson,"Judge Slaps Ban on Miss.Bingo," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Apr. 28, 1990.
58. Myra Humphries, "Court Rules Bingo Legal in Mississippi, Calls for Controls," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Dec. 22, 1990;
59. Tom Charlier, "Track Tried To Halt OK for Casinos," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 18, 1992.
60. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Mississippi Casinos Have Lobbyist Fighting Video Gaming for Dog Tracks," LexisNexis, Apr. 9, 1999;
61. Richard Locker, "Casino Lobbyists Fight Lottery, Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 7, 2001.
62. Reed Branson, "Issaquena Says Yes to Riverboat Gambling," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Mar. 27, 1991.
63. William C. Baynes, "Rose Says Rival Backs Casino Foes in DeSoto," Memphis Commer-cial Appeal, Nov. 1, 1992;
64. Laurel Campbell, "Tunica Casinos Have High Stakes in DeSoto Vote," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Nov. 2, 1996.
65. Joint Committee on Performance Evaluation and Expenditure Review, Report on the Adequacy of the Mississippi Gaming Commission's Regulation of Legalized Gambling in Mississippi. Goodman's book is The Luck Business: The Devastating Consequences and Broken Promises of Amer-ica's Gambling Explosion (New York: Free Press, 1995).
66. Bartholomew Sullivan, "Gaming Regulators Prefer a Light Touch," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 20, 1997;
67. Reed Branson, "Gambling Regulators in Miss. Defend Task as Boosters," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Aug. 16, 1996;
68. Gina Holland, "State's Casinos See Bright Future," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Sept. 10, 1999;
69. Dave Palermo, "Casinos to Examine Free-Drinks Policy," Bi-loxi Sun-Herald, Oct. 26, 2000;
70. Joint Committee on Performance Evaluation and Expenditure Review, Mississippi Legislature, A Management Review of the Mississippi Gaming Commission.
71. Geoff Pender,"BillWouldShiftControlofCasinos'TaxBills," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Mar.12, 2004.
72. Reed Branson, "Gambling: Miss. Casinos Bet on Unity to Sway Laws," Memphis Com-mercial Appeal, Sept. 10, 1997.
73. Dave Palermo, "Casinos Ask Santa for Favorable Legislation," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Dec. 24, 2000.
74. Lisa Monti, "Anti-Gambling Group Wants Vote to Go Statewide," Biloxi Sun-Herald, July 5, 1998.
75. African American legislators, fearing the laws that a white majority of Mississippi voters might enact, lobbied hard to make the initiative process diffcult to employ. According to Black Caucus leader George Flagg, "It would be so hard to use, it isn't any good." Paul Barton, "Miss. To Weigh New Voters Powers," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct.28,1992. The residency require-ment for petition gatherers was added by constitutional amendment in 1998.
76. Bartholomew Sullivan,"3 in Gov.Race Say Gaming 'Here to Stay,'" Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 10, 1999;
77. Dave Palermo, "Offcial: Ban Would Chill Wall Street," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Aug.5,1998;
78. Terry R.Cassreino,"Fordice Opposes Gambling Ban,"Biloxi Sun-Herald, July 23, 1998
79. Kim Masters Evans, Gambling: What's at Stake? (Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003),55;
80. Oliver Staley,"Tunica Hears a Distant Shuffe,"Memphis Commercial Appeal, Aug.21,2004.
81. Staley, "Tunica Hears a Distant Shuffe" Edward Walsh, "Two Sides of Casinos' Coin," Washington Post, July 12, 1998.
82. "Miss. Senate Rejects Compromise Casino-Sitting Bill," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Mar. 31, 1993;
83. Sarah C. Campbell, "Lawmakers Not Keen on New Casinos for Miss.," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 2, 1994;
84. Jack Elliott Jr., "High Court Reverses Casino Ruling," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Nov. 2, 2001.
85. Reed Branson, "Miss. Forces New Casinos to Make Big Land Investment," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 22, 1999.
86. Terry R. Cassreino, "Casino Education Bill Falls," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Jan. 14, 1999;
87. Oliver Staley, "Casino-Business Classes Urged," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Apr. 12, 2004.
88. "Casino Management Courses Still Set for USM Gulf Coast," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Sept.26, 2005.
89. Oliver Staley,"Gulf Casinos in Eye of Storm Recovery," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Sept. 28, 2005;
90. Staley, "Casinos on Hold," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Sept. 29, 2005;
91. Staley, "Katrina Aftermath Raises Storm of Discussion over Mississippi Casinos," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Sept. 14, 2005;
92. Keith O'Brien, "Gulf Coast Casinos Six Feet Over," Boston Globe, Feb. 26, 2006.
93. Denise von Hermann, Gaming in Mississippi: The Present and the Future, report prepared for the Mississippi Gulf Coast Economic Development Commission by the University of South-ern Mississippi-Gulf Coast, Mar. 15, 2002;
94. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Barbour Says Raising Miss. Casino Tax Foolish," LexisNexis, May 4, 2006.
95. The Mississippi Choctaws are often singled out for praise of their "exemplary tribal eco-nomic diversifi{ligature}cation." Steven Andrew Light and Kathryn R. L. Rand, Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 103.
96. Dave Palermo, "Gaming Money Flows to Elections," Biloxi Sun-Herald, Sept. 24, 2000.
97. U.S. Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs, "Gimme Five"-Investigation of Tribal Lobbying Matters: Final Report ( June 22, 2006), part 1, chap. 1.
98. A U.S. Senate hearing in June 2005 revealed, however, that Abramoff and his associate, Michael Scanlon, withheld for themselves as much as $6.5 million of the $7.7 million they received from the Choctaws. Susan Schmidt and James V. Grimaldi, "Panel Says Abramoff Laundered Tribal Funds," Washington Post, June 23, 2005.
99. UPI Regional News, "Gambling Raid Nets Arrest and Evidence," LexisNexis, Nov. 9, 1983.
100. W. Lowry Anderson, "Zell Miller Affrms Gaming Stance," Christian Index, Jan. 16, 1975.
101. John J. Dinan, The American State Constitutional Tradition (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), chap. 2, p. 44;
102. Zell Miller. A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conserva-tive Democrat (Atlanta: Stroud and Hall Publishing, 2003). 40.
103. Deborah Scroggins, "Lottery Helps Voters Defi{ligature}ne Candidates," Atlanta Journal and Con-stitution, June 17, 1990;
104. Jim Barber, "Lottery's Luck Runs Out," UPI Regional News, LexisNexis, Feb. 1, 1990.
105. UPI Regional News, "Two Arrested for Allegedly Selling Florida Lottery Tickets," Lexis-Nexis, Aug. 20, 1990
106. Al Cross, "Wilkinson Camp Holds Fund-raiser for Georgian," Courier-Journal, Dec. 6, 1989;
107. "Miller Says His Gamble on Lottery Proposal Will Pay Off on Election Day," Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 20, 1990.
108. Miller, A National Party No More, 42;
109. Charles Walston, "Top Contender Has Political Connections," Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 23, 1993.
110. Betsy White, "Educators May Oppose Lottery," Atlanta Constitution, June 29, 1990.
111. Polls showed that support for a lottery for education ran between 70 and 75 percent of the electorate. Bill Shipp, "Why I Believe Zell Miller Will Be Georgia's Next Governor," Bill Shipp's Georgia, Apr. 23, 1990.
112. Michael Barone and Grant Ujifosa,The Almanac of American Politics 1992 , 296;
113. Charles Walston, "Lottery a Sure Thing for Some," Atlanta Journal, Jan. 27, 1991.
114. Bill Shipp, "Zell's Attack Campaign Indicates He's Still Fearful of Johnny's Sting," Bill Ship's Georgia, Oct. 15, 1990.
115. Barone and Ujifosa, Almanac of American Politics 1992, 296;
116. Charles Walston, "Miller Gambles on Lucky 7s with a Pair of Gambling Bills," Atlanta Journal, Jan. 14, 1991.
117. Quoted in Miller, A National Party No More, 47.
118. Bill Shipp, "Lottery Who's Who: Reputations, Big $$ Riding on Lottery," Bill Shipp's Georgia, Feb. 4, 1991.
119. Mark Sherman,"Miller Spells Out Education Lottery Plan," Atlanta Journal and Constitu-tion, Nov.15,2001;
120. Charles Walston,"Voters to Decide Lottery in 2002," Atlanta Journal and Con-stitution, Feb.9,1991;
121. Walston,"Lottery Fight Ready to Proceed," Atlanta Constitution, May 7, 1992.
122. Bill Shipp, "Hold Still Little Bill, All I'm Gonna Do Is Gut You," Bill Shipp's Georgia, Feb. 17, 1992.
123. Andy Sher, "Florida Key to Miller's Lottery Push," Chattanooga Times, Oct. 27, 1992;
124. Charles Walston, "Election '92: The Lottery," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Oct. 27, 1992.
125. Walston, "Election '92: The Lottery" Charles Walston, "Miller: Preschool Needs Lottery," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Sept. 9, 1992.
126. David C. Garrett, III, "Election '92: Debating the Amendments, Amendment 1: Should the State Operate a Lottery? Yes," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Nov. 1, 1992.
127. Walston,"Election'92:The Lottery" Bill Shipp,"The Georgia Lottery: Will Georgia Be-come First State to Reject Lottery?" Bill Shipp's Georgia, Nov. 2, 1992;
128. Charles Walston, "Action's Heavy on Gambling Bills During Assembly," Atlanta Journal, Feb. 25, 1991.
129. David Beasley and Gayle White, "Urban Vote May Have Boost State Lottery to Close Win," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Nov. 4, 1992.
130. Charles Walston, "Taking Chances? Push to Meet Lottery Startup Date Raises Con-cerns," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Apr. 25, 1993.
131. Bill Shipp, "If Money Won't Work, What Will?" Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Sept.11, 1993;
132. Betsy White, "The Georgia Lottery: Let the Games Begin," Atlanta Journal and Constitu-tion, June 27, 1993.
133. Ken Foskett,"What'll Give Miller a Win? Lotto Votes,"Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Nov. 5, 1994.
134. Peter Mantius, "The Georgia Lottery," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, June 28, 1998;
135. Joseph McCrary and Thomas J. Pavlak, Who Plays the Georgia Lottery? (Athens: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 2000), 1;
136. "Lottery's Success Silencing Critics," Macon Telegraph, May 24, 1998.
137. Tony Hefferman,"House OKs Limits on Lottery Funds," Macon Telegraph, Feb.27,1998;
138. Andy Peters, "GOP Candidate Says He Will Seek Amendment to Protect Money," Macon Tele-graph, Oct. 10, 2002.
139. Doug Cummings, "Clinton Goal: National HOPE," Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 5, 1997;
140. Mantius, "The Georgia Lottery."
141. James Salzer and Andrea Jones, "Tightened HOPE Grading Expected," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Nov. 12, 2003;
142. James Salzer, "Holding on to HOPE," Atlanta Journal and Con-stitution, Nov. 11, 2003.
143. James Salzer, "Schools Win from Lottery," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Aug. 13, 2000.
144. Joseph McCrary and Stephen E. Condrey, "The Georgia Lottery: Assessing Its Adminis-trative, Economic, and Political Effects," Review of Policy Research 20 (Dec. 2003): 691-712;
145. Joseph McCrary et al., The Georgia Lottery: Participation, Revenue Generation, and Benefi{ligature}t Distribution (Athens: Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 2001), 3;
146. Andy Peters, "Where Has All the HOPE Gone?" Macon Telegraph, Dec. 14, 2003.
147. Jay Croft, "Keeping HOPE Tougher Than Qualifying for It," Atlanta Journal and Consti-tution, Dec. 30, 1999;
148. James Salzer, "Board Takes HOPE Rules Off the Table," Atlanta Constitu-tion, Dec. 14, 2000.
149. James Salzer, "When HOPE Is Not Enough," Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 13, 2001.
150. McCrary and Condrey, "The Georgia Lottery" David Firestone, "Free-Tuition Program Transforms a University," New York Times, Feb. 1, 2001.
151. Will Potter, "Georgia Program May Run Out of Cash," Chronicle of Higher Education, Sept.12,2003;
152. Jeffrey Selingo,"Hope Wanes for Georgia's Merit-Based Scholarships," Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov.21,2003;
153. James Salzer,"Democrats to Fight HOPE Link to SAT," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Sept. 29, 2003;
154. Andy Peters, "Panel Suggests Changes to HOPE," Macon Telegraph, Nov. 14, 2003.
155. James Salzer, "HOPE Won't Include SAT Plan," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Jan.13, 2004;
156. Salzer, "HOPE Book, Fee Payments Likely Saved-For Now," Atlanta Journal and Consti-tution, Mar. 5, 2004.
157. James Salzer, "HOPE Fee, Book Funds Look Secure," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, Feb. 26, 2004;
158. Nancy Badertscher, "HOPE Scholarships: Rescue Plan Worked Out," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Apr. 8, 2004.
159. The Senate voted 35 to 20 to approve Perdue's amendment on February 2, 2006, and the House for the amendment by 102 to 68 on March 13, with both chambers voting largely along party lines. James Salzer, "Perdue Offers Amendment to Shield HOPE," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, June 24, 2005;
160. Doug Gross, "Taylor: Require Public Vote before Cutting HOPE," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Jan. 30, 2006;
161. Brandon Larrabee, "Senate Slows Plan for 'HOPE Chest,' " Augusta Chronicle, Feb. 3, 2006;
162. Brandon Larrabee and Vicky Eckenrode, "Governor's Initiatives Fall Short," Augusta Chronicle, Mar. 14, 2006.
163. Lucy Soto, "Video Gambling May Soon Hit Georgia Jackpot," Atlanta Constitution, Oct. 9, 2000;
164. Don Schanche Jr., "Critics: State Law Protects Billion-Dollar Industry," Macon Telegraph, May 13, 2001.
165. Don Schanche Jr., "Video Poker Machines Flourishing All Around State," Macon Tele-graph, May 14, 2001;
166. Don Schanche Jr., "Senate OKs Barnes' Ban on Video Gambling," Macon Telegraph, Aug. 29, 2001.
167. Jim Wooten,""Law Has Loopholes," Atlanta Journal, June 13, 2001;
168. Don Schanche Jr., "A Web War on Gambling," Macon Telegraph, Sept. 2, 2001;
169. Soto, "Video Gambling May Soon Hit Ga. Jackpot."
170. Rhonda Cook,"House FoldsHand onVideoPoker Law,"Atlanta Constitution, Mar.23,2001.
171. James Salzer, "Christian Coalition Wants Poker Bill in Special Session,"Atlanta Constitu-tion, July 27, 2001.
172. Don Schanche Jr., "Barnes Calls for Ban on Video Gambling," Macon Telegraph, Aug. 22, 2001;
173. "State Businesses Differ on Effects of a Video Gambling Ban," Macon Telegraph, Aug. 26, 2001;
174. "Barnes Pressures House to Approve Video Gambling Ban," Macon Telegraph, Aug. 30, 2001.
175. Wayne C.Wehunt,"House Bans Video Poker,"Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, Sept.7,2001;
176. Don Schanche Jr., "House Lawmakers Vote to Ban Video Gambling," Macon Telegraph, Sept.7,2001;
177. Don Schanche Jr. and Andy Peters, "Court: Gambling Ban OK," MaconTelegraph, May 29, 2002.
178. Brian Basinger, "Leaders Urged to Bet on Casinos," Augusta Chronicle, Nov. 9, 2003.
179. Glen T. Broach and Lee Bandy, "South Carolina: A Decade of Rapid Republican Ascent," in Southern Politics in the 1990s, ed. Alexander P. Lamis (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 50-80.
180. Pinball gambling machines that were illegal under state law were so widespread around South Carolina in the early 1970s that the state ranked third behind Nevada and Tennessee in the number of federal gambling stamps, which are issued to machines that can make cash payoffs. R. Randall Bridwell and Frank L. Quinn, "From Mad Joy to Misfortune: The Merger of Law and Politics in the World of Gambling," Mississippi Law Journal 72:573.
181. Bridwell and Quinn, "From Mad Joy to Misfortune," 575-79.
182. Reluctantly, the state supreme court agreed that what the machine operators were doing was consistent with the Lindsay amendment; see State v. Blackmon (1991).
183. David Palermo, "The Secret Slot Market," International Gaming and Wagering Business (Dec. 1998), 1, 18-22.
184. Bridwell and Quinn, "From Mad Joy to Misfortune," 583.
185. John Monk,"Ban Gets Credit for Steep Drop in Gambling Addicts," State, May 20, 2003.
186. "Odds not in favor of SC Lottery," Rock Hill Herald, Feb. 1, 1996.
187. Schuyler Kropf,"Poll Brings Bad News on Bridge," Charleston Post and Courier, Dec. 19, 1997.
188. Broach and Bandy, "South Carolina."
189. Jim Drinkard and William M.Welch,"Gambling Industry Ups the Ante in Politics," USA Today, Jan. 8, 1999.
190. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Beasley, Hodges Square Off on Lottery, Gam- bling," LexisNexis, Oct. 27, 1998.
191. Tim Smith, "Collins Says He Hasn't Played," Greenville News, June 5, 2003.
192. Video of political ads compiled and supplied by Kevin Geddings, June 7, 2001.
193. Sid Gaulden,"Beasley Won't Fight LotteryVote,"Charleston Post and Courier, Sept. 29, 1998.
194. Michael Sponhour, "South Carolina Republicans Back Lottery Vote," State, Jan. 21, 1999.
195. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Federal Study Points to South Carolina as Ex-ample of Video Gambling Gone Wrong," LexisNexis, June 18, 1999.
196. "Churches Enlist a Christian Army Against Video Poker," Charleston Post and Courier, Aug. 8, 1999;
197. "New Foes for Video Poker," Charleston Post and Courier, Sept. 24, 1999.
198. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Reverend Says Video Gambling Needs to be Fought on Many Levels," LexisNexus, Aug. 14, 1999.
199. Sarah O'Donnell, "Chamber Money to Back 'No' Vote," Rock Hill Herald, Oct. 3, 1999.
200. Sarah O'Donnell, "S.C. Poll: Ban Video Poker," Rock Hill Herald, Sept. 26, 1999.
201. Schuyler Kropf, "Video Poker Ruling Spotlights Voter's Limited Voice," Charleston Post and Courier, Oct. 25, 1999.
202. Aaron Sheinin, "Lottery: Caucus Still Split; 'Bubba' is Back," State, Oct. 13, 2000.
203. "Lottery Ads Feature Bush Impersonator," State, Oct. 31, 2000.
204. Schuyler Kropf, "Bush Avoids S.C. Issues on Stump in Low Country," Charleston Post and Courier, Aug. 26, 1999.
205. Bill Swindell,"Hodges'Lottery Plan Sits in Committee," Charleston Post and Courier, Apr. 4, 2000;
206. Seanna Adcox, "Lottery Stirring Controversy Already," Rock Hill Herald, May 30, 2000.
207. Gene Crider, "Lottery Groups Gear up for Vote," Rock Hill Herald, July 17, 2000.
208. Kevin Geddings, memo to himself, supplied to authors, June 7, 2001.
209. Video of political ads compiled and supplied by Kevin Geddings, June 7, 2001.
210. Memo supplied by Kevin Geddings, June 7, 2001.
211. Seanna Adcox, "Lottery a High-Stakes Numbers Game," Rock Hill Herald, July 30, 2000.
212. Clif LeBlanc, "Lottery Foes Question Hodges' Fund Raising," State, Oct. 27, 2000.
213. Aaron Sheinin, "Voting 'yes' for lottery turns next decisions to legislature," Stat, Sept. 3, 2000; interview with Kathy Bigham, June 7, 2001.
214. Paul Alongi, 'Law Prohibits Multistate Lottery Game," Greenville News, Aug. 22, 2001;
215. Aaron Sheinen, "Senator Can Vie for Lottery Post," State, July 25, 2001.
216. Jason Zacher, "Peeler Suggests Using Lottery for New Buses," Greenville News, Oct. 25, 2001;
217. Mary-Kathryn Craft,"S.C.Students Have More Scholarships Available," Myrtle Beach Sun, Oct. 12, 2001;
218. Anna Simon, "Lottery Money May Help Research," Greenville News, Oct. 9, 2001;
219. "Jackson: Use Lottery to Aid Black Colleges," State, Feb. 24, 2002.
220. James T. Hammond, "Scholarships Benefi{ligature}t from Lottery Plan," Greenville News, Mar. 1, 2002.
221. James T.Hammond,"House OKs More Lottery Cash for K-12,"GreenvilleNews, Mar.15,2002.
222. Jeff Stensland, "Lottery Fuels Scholarship Debate," State, July 28, 2002.
223. In November 2002, a study by the state lottery commission found that the typical lottery player was a middle-aged black man with a high school education and an annual income of $10,000 to $39,000. Aaron Sheinin, "Portrait of Lottery Player: Black, Male, Under 55," State, Nov. 27, 2002.
224. "Lawmakers Raiding Lottery," Rock Hill Herald, May 3, 2004;
225. Allison L. Bruce, "Lottery Funds Stir Concerns," Charleston Post and Courier, July 27, 2004;
226. Jeff Stensland, "N.C. Senate Approves Lottery," State, Aug. 31, 2005;
227. John O'Connor, "Lottery Sales Remain Robust," State, July 16, 2006.
228. Andrew Dys, "Does State Law Trump Catawba Settlement?" Rock Hill Herald, Sept. 26, 2003.
229. Andrew Dys, "Catawba Indian Nation Eyes Santee Bingo Hall," Rock Hill Herald, Sept.25, 2003.
230. John Monk, "Catawbas Play Video Poker Card," State, Sept. 24, 2003;
231. Brian Hicks, "Ca-tawba Indian Nation vs. State of South Carolina," Charleston Post and Courier, Dec. 14, 2003.
232. Clif LeBlanc,"CatawbaTribe Sues for Right to OfferVideo Poker in South Carolina,"State, May 6, 2004;
233. Meg Kinnard, "Judge Upholds Order Allowing Catawbas to Operate Video Poker," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Jan. 6, 2006;
234. Seanna Adcox, "Bill Would Let Catawbas Operate More Bingo,"Associated Press State and Local Wire,LexisNexis,Feb.16, 2006.
235. John Lyman Mason and Michael Nelson, Governing Gambling: Politics and Policy in State, Tribe, and Nation (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2000), chap. 2.
236. Michael Barone, Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal, 1994);
237. J. David Woodard. The New Southern Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006). 341.
238. Michael Wilson, "Tracks Cited Revenue Decline in Push for Video Poker," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Mar. 16, 1999.
239. Denise von Herrmann, The Big Gamble: The Politics of Lottery and Casino Expansion (West-port, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), 50, 54.
240. Von Herrmann, The Big Gamble, 54-55; interview with Rick Dent, Nov. 20, 2001.
241. Buster Kantrow and Sean Reilly, "Exit Polls Showed Siegelman Won Vast Majority of Black Vote," Mobile Register, Nov. 4, 1998;
242. Tim Pryor,"Siegelman,James travel state on last hurrah before vote," Anniston Star, Nov. 3, 1998;
243. Richard Coe, "Voters Cool Off the Vocal Right, Move to Center," Anniston Star, Nov. 4, 1998.
244. "Black Caucus Begins Making Demands on Siegelman after Helping to Deliver Victory," Anniston Star, Nov. 5, 1998.
245. Michael Barone, Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal, 2000), 70;
246. Tim Pryor, "It's Gov. Siegelman," Anniston Star, Nov. 4, 1998.
247. Bill Poovey, "Former Georgia Governor Not Planning to Advise Siegelman on Lottery," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Jan. 19, 1999;
248. Phillip Rawls, "Jimmy Buffet, Zell Miller to Participate in Siegelman's Inauguration," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Jan. 9, 1999;
249. Tim Pryor, "Siegelman: Lottery Needed to Improve Schools, Pay Tu-ition," Anniston Star, Jan. 19, 1999.
250. John Lyman Mason and Michael Nelson. Governing Gambling (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
251. Phillip Rawls, "College Presidents Supporting Lottery in Legislature," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Feb. 24, 1999;
252. Charles T. Clotfelter and Philip J. Cook. Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
253. "Poll: More than 75 Percent in State Want Vote on Lottery," Anniston Star, Feb. 8, 1999;
254. David White,"Lottery Dominates Siegelman's Address," Birmingham News, Mar.3,1999;
255. "House to Let Public Vote on Lottery Amendment," Anniston Star, Mar. 10, 1999.
256. Bill Poovey, "Gambling Opponents Counting on Alabama Senate to Block Lottery, Video Poker," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Mar. 24, 1999.
257. Democrats voted 47 to 18 aye; Republicans voted 2 to 30 nay. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "House Roll Call-Video Poker," LexisNexis, Mar. 24, 1999.
258. Bill Poovey,"Video Poker Bill May Affect Odds on Passage of Proposed Lottery,"Associ-ated Press State and Local Wire, Mar. 22, 1999;
259. Poovey, "Pryor: Bill Would Not Restrict Video Poker Machines to Dog Tracks," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Apr. 9, 1999.
260. Mike Williams,"Despite Loud Protests,Alabamians to Vote on Lottery," Atlanta Constitu-tion, Apr. 15, 1999;
261. Tim Pryor, "Senators Have Their Say about the Lottery," Anniston Star, Apr.14, 1999.
262. David White, "Senate Approves Lottery: Voters Will Give Final Verdict on Plan in Special Election," Birmingham News, Apr. 15, 1999.
263. U.S. Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs, "Gimme Five"-Investigation of Tribal Lobby-ing Matters: Final Report ( June 22, 2006), part 1, chap. 1.
264. "Video Gaming Bill Stumbles at Senate Gate," Anniston Star, Apr. 16, 1999;
265. Bill Poovey, "Demise of Video Poker Could Be Bad News for Lottery," Associated Press State and Local, LexisNexis, Apr. 17, 1999.
266. Sean Reilly, "Panel Votes to Let Siegelman Set Up Standards for Lottery Scholarships," Mobile Register, May 13, 1999;
267. Tim Pryor, "Piece of the Pie: Convenience Stores Want Larger Share of Lottery Money," Anniston Star, Apr. 23, 1999.
268. Paul M.Johnson,"Education,Gambling and the Churches: Religious Denominationalism and Voter Mobilization Patterns in the 1999 Alabama Lottery Referendum," paper presented at the Citadel Conference on Southern Politics, Charleston, S.C., Mar. 3, 2000.
269. "Poll Shows Statewide Lottery Support," Anniston Star, Aug. 30, 1999;
270. Brett J. Blackridge and Kim Chandler, "Lottery Effort Haunts Siegelman Grand Jury," Birmingham News, June 27, 2004;
271. Kim Chandler, "Siegelman, Scrushy Guilty of Bribery," Birmingham News, June 30, 2006.
272. "State AG Says Anti-lottery Videos OK," Anniston Star, Oct. 24, 1999;
273. "State's Economy Becoming Part of Lottery Debate," Anniston Star, Oct. 28, 1999.
274. Phillip Rawls, "Could Lottery Become Political Powerhouse? Windom Says Yes; Siegel-man No," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Oct. 4, 1999.
275. Robin DeMonie, "Rogers: Lottery Plan Not Fair," Birmingham News, Aug. 13, 1999.
276. Bob Johnson, "Anti-Tax Group President Says He Gave Indian Money to Christian Coalition," Associated Press, LexisNexis, May 13, 2005.
277. According to Grover Norquist, the head of Americans for Tax Reform, CALL did not know that the money came from the tribe. See also U.S. Senate, "Gimme Five."
278. Interview with Jim Cooper, Nov. 15, 2001.
279. John Anderson, "Lottery Support Starting to Shrink," Huntsville Times, Oct. 3, 1999.
280. John Peck, "Anti-lottery Group Pounces on Scandal, but Fallout Unknown," Huntsville Times, Oct. 3, 1999;
281. Rawls, "Could Lottery Become Political Powerhouse?"
282. Johnson, "Education, Gambling and the Churches" interview with Rick Dent, Nov. 20, 2001.
283. Johnson, "Education, Gambling and the Churches" William Rabb, "Siegelman Faces Other Important Issues," Mobile Register, Oct. 13, 1999.
284. Phillip Rawls,"Video Gambling at DogTracks Has Strong Opposition,"Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Jan. 31, 2000;
285. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Poll: Alabama Voters Oppose Video Gambling," LexisNexis, Mar. 21, 2000;
286. Associated Press State and Local Wire,"Anti-gambling Group Reloads to Block Video Poker,"LexisNexis,Jan.23,2000;
287. Kim Chandler,"Anti-Lottery Groups GotTribe Money," Birmingham News, May 14, 2005;
288. Kim Chan-dler and Mary Orndorff,"Choctaw,LobbyistFigure in CashTrail,"BirminghamNews, June 24,2005.
289. Mike Cason, "Bill May OK Cash Payments," Montgomery Advertiser, Mar. 12, 2003.
290. Phillip Rawls, "Senate Begins Debate on Gambling Bill," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, May 1, 2001;
291. Rawls, "Supreme Court Says Many Video Gambling Ma-chines Unconstitutional," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Apr. 24, 2001.
292. Phillip Rawls, "Appeals Court Deals Blow to Adult Arcades," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Dec. 13, 2002.
293. Thanks to Professor Susan Pace Hamill of the University of Alabama Law School for directing our attention to the county amendment procedure, which is outlined in Amendments 425 and 555 of the Alabama constitution. See Hamill, "Constitutional Reform in Alabama: A Necessary Step Toward Achieving a Fair and Effcient Tax Structure," Cumberland Law Review 33 (2002-2003): 437-62.
294. "B-Gone Bingo Has No Place in Current Special Session," Birmingham News, May 30, 2003.
295. Phillip Rawls, "Legislature's Final Day Could Mix Money, God, Sex, Gambling," Associ-ated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, May 15, 2004.
296. William C. Singleton III, "Race Course Brings New Games to Birmingham," Birming-ham News, Dec. 15, 2005;
297. Thomas Spencer, "McGregor Betting on His Acumen and Political Wits," Birmingham News, June 11, 2006;
298. Eric Velasco, "Judge Rules Race Course Games Legal but a 'Sham,'" Birmingham News, Feb. 1, 2006.
299. Bob Johnson, "Siegelman's Performance Top Issue in Democratic Governor's Race," As-sociated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, May 30, 2002;
300. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Gambling History Becomes Issue Among Republicans," LexisNexis, May 24, 2002;
301. Phil-lip Rawls, "Vote Battles Include Celebrities, Nonstop Appearances," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Nov. 3, 2002.
302. Once again, the Mississippi Choctaws were covertly active in trying to infl{ligature}uence Alabama politics in an antigambling direction.They channeled $350,000 to the Riley campaign and an additional $150 million to the Alabama Republican Party through the Republican Governors Association. Mary Orndorff, "Casino Consultant Donated to PAC That Helped Riley," Birmingham News, May 5, 2004.
303. Kim Chandler, "Siegelman Stumps on Lottery, Auto Plants," Birmingham News, June 5, 2006. Siegelman's campaign was clouded by his simultaneous trial for bribery, fraud, and obstruct-ing justice in connection with funds illegally obtained to support the 1999 lottery referendum. He was found guilty on seven counts by a jury on June 29, 2006, three weeks after the primary.
304. Mike Cason, "Cash Payouts for Gaming Closer," Montgomery Advertiser, Mar. 13, 2003;
305. Garry Mitchell, "Creeks, Happy with Bingo Defeat, Seek Compact with Alabama," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, May 20, 2004.
306. Thomas Spencer, "Once Scorned as Indians, Mowa Now Seek Offcial Status," Birming-ham News, Jan. 28, 2006.
307. Kent Faulk, "Alabama Pumps Up Tennessee Lottery," Birmingham News, Jan. 21, 2005;
308. Bob Johnson, "Siegelman Departs with 'No Regrets' and Says Lottery Not Dead," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Jan. 10, 2003.
309. Poovey, "Former Georgia Governor."61. Interview with Rick Dent, Nov. 20, 2001.
310. Larry Powell, "End of the Road," Birmingham News, July 9, 2006.
311. Johnson, "Education, Gambling and the Churches."
312. Lewis L. Laska, "The Life and Death of the Lottery in Tennessee, 1787-1836," Tennessee Historical Quarterly 45 (1986): 95-118.
313. "Pinball Gambling," Tennessee Journal, May 7, 1979;
314. "Pinball Gambling," Tennessee Journal, Mar. 14, 1977.
315. "Gambling," Tennessee Journal, Apr. 30, 1984. In Tennessee, an attorney general's opinion on a constitutional matter carries unusual weight because the attorney general is appointed for a lengthy term by the state supreme court rather than elected by the voters or appointed by the governor.
316. William Lyons, John M. Scheb II, and Billy Stair, Government and Politics in Tennessee (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001), 51;
317. Philip Ashford, "Alexander Wishes That He Could Veto Lottery, Pay Plan," Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 9, 1984.
318. Secretary of State v. St. Augustine Church / St. Augustine School, 766 S. W. 2d. 499 (Tennessee 1989).
319. "Horse, Dog Racing," Tennessee Journal, Dec. 7, 1981.
320. Interview with Lamar Alexander, Mar. 1, 2000; "Racing," Tennessee Journal, Oct. 12, 1987.
321. "Fools Gold / Lottery Is Excuse For Politicians," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 25, 1990;
322. Richard Locker, "Lottery Taxes Heat Up Tepid Governor's Race," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 24, 1990.
323. Richard Locker, "Support Grows For Income Tax Plan," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Nov. 3, 1991. The Tennessee Poll is administered by the University of Tennessee.
324. Lyons, Scheb, and Stair, Government and Politics in Tennessee, chap. 2.
325. Patti Patterson, "Crime Feared, Tourism Favored, City Poll Finds," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Mar. 25, 1993.
326. Philip Ashford and Richard Locker, "Tennessee: A Partisan Bang Amid Quiet Accom-modation,"in Southern Politics in the 1990s, ed. Alexander P. Lamis (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 206-7.
327. Richard Locker, "Some Gambling Is Legal In Tennessee: Games of Pure Chance, How-ever, Need Constitutional Amendment," Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 5, 1992;
328. Steve Cohen, "Reforms Would Give Voters Voice, Power On Taxes, and Revive Trust In Government," Mem-phis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 20, 1992.
329. M. Lee Smith, "Capitol Commentary," syndicated column, Feb. 21, 1993; copy given to authors by Smith.
330. David Waters, "Moral Ministry Starts Drive Against Lottery," Memphis Commercial Ap-peal, July 2, 1993.
331. Paula Wade, "Most In Tennessee Support Having State-Run Lottery," Memphis Com-mercial Appeal, Nov. 7, 1993.
332. "Methodists GirdingTo Fight Move To Legalize Lotteries," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Dec. 28, 1993.
333. Blake Fontenay, "Herenton Rolls the Dice for Casinos," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Aug. 21, 2003.
334. In 2004 the General Assembly spurned the idea with barely a hearing. "Casino Dreams Cloud Pyramid Fu-ture," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 27, 2004.
335. "Lottery? Governor Keeps His Distance," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Sept. 19, 1993; interview with Ned McWherter, Jan. 7, 2000.
336. Interview with Tom Humphrey, Jan. 6, 2000. See also Bill Lewis, "Rocky Bingo History Casts Shadow on Lottery Chance," Nashville Business Journal, July 12-16, 1993. Interview with Ned McWherter, Jan. 7, 2000.
337. Calculated from data in Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics 1997-1998 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1999), 288-89.
338. See also Lyons, Scheb, and Stair, Government and Politics in Tennessee, 32-34.
339. John J. Dinan, The American State Constitutional Tradition (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), chap. 2.
340. Bill Carey, "Lottery Firms Keep Close Eye on Debate," Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 28, 1998.
341. "Sundquist May Gamble on State Lottery For Scholarships,"Tennessee Journal, Nov.3,1997.
342. Richard Locker, "House Approves Lottery Convention Vote/Senate Success Linked To Annexation Issue," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Apr. 16, 1998.
343. Richard Locker, "Action on Lottery Stalled, But Supporters Hopeful," Memphis Commer-cial Appeal, Feb. 25, 1998. Cohen's argument had historical roots. The 1834 constitutional conven-tion, ignoring its mandate to focus on taxation and judicial competence, wrote an entirely new constitution. Lyons, Scheb, and Stair, Government and Politics in Tennessee, 30-31.
344. Paula Wade, "Lawmakers to 'Put Up or Shut Up' on Taxes," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 23, 2000.
345. Jack L. Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovation Among the American States," American Political Science Review 63 (Sept. 1969): 880-99.
346. Bonna de la Cruz, "Casinos Favored, As Well As Lottery," Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 8, 2001;
347. John Commins, "Lottery Backers Betting on Support for Referendum Issue," Chattanooga Times Free Press, Feb. 4, 2001.
348. Richard Locker, "In New Senate Membership, Lottery Stands Its Best Chance," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 14, 2001.
349. Tom Humphrey,"Senate Panel OKs Lottery Proposal,"Knoxville News-Sentinel, Jan.31,2001.
350. Bonna de la Cruz, "Lottery Would Bring Casinos, Bingo, Foes Say," Nashville Tennessean, Feb. 6, 2001;
351. Commins,"Lottery Backers" Bonna de la Cruz,"Would Casinos Follow a Lottery?" Nashville Tennessean, Feb. 11, 2001.
352. David Firestone,"Free-Tuition ProgramTransforms a University," New York Times, Feb.4, 2001.
353. Rebecca Ferrar, "Tennessee Leaps Lottery Hurdle," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Feb.8,2001.
354. Richard Locker, "House Vote on State Lottery Referendum Scheduled for Wednesday," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 9, 2001;
355. Rebecca Ferrar, "House Gets Lottery Bill Rolling," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Feb. 9, 2001.
356. Jane DuBose, "Tennessee Lottery Vote Likely," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Feb.14,2001;
357. Tom Sharp, "Lottery Gets 15 Votes in Senate," Chattanooga Times Free Press, Feb. 6, 2001.
358. Bonna de la Cruz, "Georgian Cites Scholarships' Advantages," NashvilleTennessean, Dec. 14, 2001.
359. See, e.g., Gary Tanner and Dorie Turner, "Odds Favor Heated Lottery Battle," Chat-tanooga Times Free Press, Feb. 3, 2002.
360. Jim Balloch,"Lottery Just Ducky with Boys,Girls Clubs,"Knoxville News-Sentinel, Oct.29, 2002.
361. Rebecca Ferrar, "Lottery Vote Won't Open Door for Casinos," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Apr. 27, 2001.
362. So sensitive were legislators to their constituents' fears about casino gambling that they also enacted a bill declaring that casino gambling is against the public policy in Tennessee. Duren Cheek, "House and Senate Pass Gambling Bill to Prohibit Casinos,"NashvilleTennessean, June 30, 2001.
363. Richard Locker, "Lottery Proposal Splits Anti-Tax Forces," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Sept. 11, 2001;
364. John Shiffman, "Lottery Money Is No Jackpot for Budget Woes," Nashville Ten-nessean, Jan. 26, 2002.
365. Bill Poovey, "Battle Lines Drawn Over Lottery Referendum," Memphis Commercial Ap-peal, May 26, 2002.
366. Rebecca Ferrar, "Proponents of State Lottery Form Coalition to Organize Campaign for Passage," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Feb. 16, 2001;
367. Ferrar, "55% Say They Will Vote for Lottery," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Nov. 11, 2001.
368. "Fears of Another Rocky Top Scandal Shroud Lottery Issue," Memphis Commercial Ap-peal, Feb. 23, 2002;
369. Mickie Anderson, "Provision for Charity Causes Lottery Worries," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Nov. 3, 2002;
370. Michael Cass, "'Legal Jargon' Concerns Lottery Supporters," Nashville Tennessean, Nov. 5, 2002.
371. Rebecca Ferrar, "Anti-Lottery Campaign Circling Its Wagons," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Nov. 15, 2001;
372. Tom Humphrey, "Lottery Vote Could Sway Governor Race," Knoxville News-Sen-tinel, Nov. 3, 2002.
373. Paula Wade, "Lottery Foes to Wage Costly Battle," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 16, 2001;
374. Rebecca Ferrar, "Betting on Education," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Nov. 11, 2001;
375. Bonna de la Cruz, "Bredesen Wants Lottery Proceeds to Support Would-Be Teachers," Nashville Tennessean, Oct. 15, 2002.
376. Rebecca Ferrar, "Lottery Foes Hope to Ride on Coattails of Hilleary," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Apr. 13, 2002;
377. Larry Daughtrey, "As Bad as a Lottery May Be, Campaign Against It Is Out of Control," Nashville Tennessean, Apr. 21, 2002;
378. Bonna de la Cruz, "Analysts Doubt Lottery Affecting Governor's Race," Nashville Tennessean, Oct. 5, 2002;
379. Lela Garlington, "Senator, Pastor Debate Lottery," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Apr. 15, 2002;
380. Georgiana Vines, "Lottery Foes Dif-fer on Rhetoric, Not Goals, Tyree Says," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Apr. 20, 2002;
381. Rebecca Ferrar, "Lottery Foes Hope to Ride on Coattails of Hilleary," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Apr. 13, 2002.
382. Jay Hamburg,"Poll Finds Support for Lottery," NashvilleTennessean, July 9, 2002;
383. Mickie Anderson, "Lottery Rivals Go Tit for Tat in Debate," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct.15,2002;
384. Anderson, "Lottery Foes Ante Up 41/2 Times More Cash Than Backers," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 30, 2002.
385. Ashley M. Heher, "Lottery Opponent Says Effort 'Not in Good Shape,' " Chattanooga Times Free Press, Sept. 20, 2002;
386. Tom Humphrey, "Poll Shows Lottery's Support Slipping," Knox-ville News-Sentinel, Oct. 22, 2002;
387. Michael Cass, "Lottery Opponents Gain in Poll," Nashville Tennessean, Oct. 29, 2002;
388. Tom Humphrey, "Lottery Vote Could Sway Governor Race,"Knoxville News-Sentinel, Nov. 3, 2002;
389. Mickie Anderson, "Lottery Turns Hot Page at Library," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 23, 2002.
390. Duren Cheek, "Lottery Easily Approved as Voter Results Verifi{ligature}ed," NashvilleTennessean, Dec. 3, 2002;
391. Mickie Anderson and Richard Locker,"Details Left to Lawmakers with Voters'OK of Lottery," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Nov. 7, 2002;
392. Michael Cass, "Several Factors Propelled Lottery Proposal at Polls," Nashville Tennessean, Nov. 7, 2002.
393. Jacinthia Jones,"New Baptist Leader Plans to Continue Fight on Lottery," Memphis Com-mercial Appeal, Nov. 14, 2002.
394. Georgiana Vines, "Lawmakers Going Down to Georgia for Lottery Lessons," Knoxville News-Sentinel, Dec. 16, 2002.
395. Duren Cheek, "Bills for Gambling Events in Limbo," NashvilleTennessean, Feb. 24, 2003;
396. Richard Locker,"House OK's Bill Setting Up Lottery," Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 8, 2003;
397. Steve Cohen, "Keep HOPE Alive," Memphis Flyer, Mar. 14, 2003.
398. Richard Locker, "Plan Outlines State Lottery Scholarships," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 19, 2003.
399. "Lottery Scholarship Bill Goes to Governor for Signature," NashvilleTennessean, May 22, 2003.
400. Bonna de la Cruz, "Harper Calls Cohen a Liar in Debate on Lottery Delay," Nashville Tennessean, Mar. 7, 2003;
401. Bonna de la Cruz and Duren Cheek, "Cohen Fights Lottery 'Pork,' " NashvilleTennessean, Mar. 26, 2003;
402. Bonna de la Cruz, "Lottery Forces, Governor Agree on Equal Awards," Nashville Tennessean, Mar. 28, 2003;
403. Larry Daughtrey, "Bigger Issue for Lawmakers Ought to Be Keeping the Lottery Clean," Nashville Tennessean, Mar. 30, 2003;
404. Tom Humphrey, "No Dice Yet for Bill on Lottery," Knoxville News-Sentinel, May 26, 2003;
405. Sam Youngman and Richard Locker,"Cohen 'Read the Tea Leaves,'" Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 1, 2003.
406. Bonna de la Cruz,"Big Games Enter Lottery's Big Picture," NashvilleTennessean, Aug.12, 2003.
407. Richard Locker, "Lottery Board Rejects Georgia Offer," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Sept. 4, 2003;
408. Duren Cheek, "Legality of Tennessee-Georgia Lottery Partnership Questioned," Nashville Tennessean, Aug. 14, 2003.
409. Larry Daughtry, "Bredesen May Be Putting Brakes on Runaway Gambling Train," Nash-villeTennessean, Mar. 7, 2004;
410. Tom Humphrey, "Can State Become Gambling Capital?" Knoxville News-Sentinel, Mar. 7, 2004;
411. Duren Cheek, "Charity Fund-raising Bill Approved, Sent to Gover-nor," Nashville Tennessean, Apr. 6, 2004.
412. Richard Locker, "Lottery = $863 Million," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Jan. 21, 2005;
413. Jody Callahan,"BredesenTalks Up Using Lottery Funds for Pre-K,"Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 17, 2005;
414. Richard Locker, "Cohen Lashes Out at Bredesen Over Lottery," Memphis Commercial Ap-peal, Feb. 4, 2005;
415. Richard Locker, "Legislation Ends Session," Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 29, 2005. Another potential issue concerns the distribution of lottery-funded scholarships, which early research indicates "benefi{ligature}ts . . . disproportionately wealthy and better-educated" families (Katie Frink, "The Tennessee Lottery Education Scholarship and Its Effect on Income Distribu-tion," Rhodes Journal of Regional Studies 4 [2007]).
416. Dorie Tenner,"ManyStudentsLoseScholarships,"ChattanoogaTimesFreePress,Feb.28, 2006.
417. The scholarships increased from $3,300 to $3,800 at four-year colleges, from $1,650 to $1,900 at community colleges, and from $1,300 to $1,500 at state technical schools. Richard Locker, "Bredesen Hails Budget's Passage," Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 27, 2006.
418. The ban appears in Article 19,section 13.For court decisions,see Longstreth v. Cook, 215 Ark. 72, 220 S.W.2d 433 (1949);
419. Scott v. Dunaway, 228 Ark. 943, 311 S.W.2d 305 (1958).
420. Rodney Bowers, "Gambling Has Rocky Record in Arkansas," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 2, 2004;
421. John Ward. The Arkansas Rockefeller (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978). 35.
422. Ed Reid and Ovid Demaris. The Greenfelt Jungle (New York: Pocket Books, 1964).
423. Cathy Kenzinger Urwin, Agenda for Reform: Winthrop Rockefeller as Governor of Arkansas, 1967-71 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991), 71-72, 106-8.
424. John Dombrink and William N. Thompson. The Last Resort: Success and Failure in Cam-paigns for Casinos (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1990). 149.
425. Bob Wells, "Lottery is Easy Money," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 21, 1986.
426. "He'd Favor Lottery Vote, Clinton Says," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Apr. 25, 1989;
427. Scott Morris, "Hybrid Amendment Deemed Too Chancy," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Mar. 8, 1989.
428. "Betting on a Lottery Amendment," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, June 26, 1988.
429. "Voters Favor State Lottery, Poll Indicates," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Mar. 30, 1990;
430. SusanTraylor,"SouthTakes a Chance on Profi{ligature}t from Gambling: Economics a Big Factor in Push for Lotteries," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 19, 1990.
431. Interview with Eric Jackson, Mar. 8, 2001;
432. "Offcial: Ark. Can't Be 'Island' in Gaming," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 28, 1993.
433. Noel Oman, "Odds Against Casinos, Poll Shows But Charitable Bingo Looks Like Even Bet," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Oct. 14, 1994.
434. Southland stayed out, partly because of the cost of another campaign and partly because the legislature in 1995 reduced the state's tax on the handle from 7 to 3 percent (Grant Tennille, "Tax Break Greases Way for Southland Gamblers," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Feb. 19, 1995).
435. Robert Yates, "Status Whoa or Status Go? Amendment 4 Plan Better than Even-Money Favorite among Oaklawn Horsemen," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Nov. 3, 1996;
436. Michelle Hillier, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Jan. 24, 1996.
437. Elizabeth Caldwell, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Jan. 19, 1996; interview with Larry Page, Mar. 9, 2001.
438. Elizabeth Caldwell, "Common Cause Outlines Objections to 2 Proposed Gambling Amendments," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Mar. 30, 1996.
439. Joan I. Duffy, "Huckabee Opposes Ark.-Run Lottery; Coulter Replies Issue Worth Vote," Memphis Commercial Appeal, July 15, 1993.
440. Michelle Hillier, "Lack of Theme Parks, Casinos Hurting Tourism, State Panel Told," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 17, 1996;
441. Elizabeth Caldwell, "Two Months Before Election, Gambling Interests Are Spending Big," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 24, 1996;
442. Michelle Hillier, "Firm with Ties to Mississippi Casinos Behind Arkansas Anti-Gambling Ads," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Oct. 3, 1996; interview with Eric Jackson, Mar. 8, 2001.
443. Rodney Bowers, "Casino Amendment Foe Reports Money from Gambling Interests," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Nov. 5, 1996.
444. Rodney Bowers, "Poll: Gambling Measures' Odds Pretty Even," Arkansas Democrat-Ga-zett, Oct. 19, 1996; interview with Eric Jackson, Mar. 8, 2001.
445. Bartholomew Sullivan, "Arkansas Voters Face Divisive Gambling Initiative," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Oct. 30, 2000.
446. David Flaum, "Experts Betting Lottery Won't Rattle Tunica-But Dog Track in Ark. Will Feel Tenn. Bite," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Nov. 7, 2002;
447. Laura Kellams, "Racetrack Video-Poker Bill Turns Up in House," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Apr. 3, 2003.
448. Michael R. Wickline, "State Chamber of Commerce Favors Gambling Bill," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Mar. 19, 2003;
449. Laura Kellams, "Lottery Advocate Seeks Ballot Title," Arkan-sas Democrat-Gazette, June 11, 2003;
450. Laura Kellams, "Push Against Gambling in State Tied to Casinos," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 1, 2003;
451. Michael Rowett and Michael R. Wickline, "Video Poker Loses in House," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Apr. 4, 2003;
452. "Gambling Initiatives Seem Unlikely to Pass," Associated Press (Little Rock), Mar. 31, 2003;
453. Kellams, "Push Against Gambling."
454. Michael R. Wickline, " Anti-Gambling Calls Tie Up Senate Lines,"Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Dec. 11, 2003;
455. Laura Kellams, "Video Poker Is a Bad Bet, Offcials Told," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Jan. 20, 2005.
456. James Jefferson, "Senate Sends House Bill Expanding Video Gambling at Two Arkan-sas Tracks," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Mar. 10, 2005;
457. Laura Kellams, "Huckabee to Let Bill on Gambling Ride," Arkansas Democrat-Gazett, Mar. 17, 2005; interview with Larry Page, Nov. 18, 2005.
458. Huckabee's explanation for not fi{ligature}ghting the bill was disingenuous. While declaring that he opposed it,he said that to veto the bill would be "futile"because,constitutionally,the Arkansas legislature can override a governor's veto by a simple majority vote. See Laura Kellams, "Hucka-bee to Let Bill on Gambling Ride," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Mar. 17, 2005. But the vote for passage had been close enough in the Senate that a fi{ligature}ght by the governor might have made a difference.
459. Michael R. Wickline, "Tracks Slow to Propose Gambling Votes," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 9, 2005;
460. Rodney Bowers and Kenneth Heard, "Racetracks Putting Money on Ma-chines," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Nov. 6, 2005;
461. Pamela Perkins, "Gambling Votes Down to Wire," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Nov. 7, 2005.
462. Rodney Bowers, "Group: Law Allowing Gambling Votes Suspect," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Nov. 10, 2005;
463. Bowers, "Lawsuits Challenge Racetrack Elections," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Dec. 6, 2005;
464. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Group Appealing Ark. Gambling Decision," LexisNexis, July 10, 2006;
465. Associated Press State and Local Wire, "Ark. Board Fails to Give Final OK to Electronic Games at Track," LexisNexis, July 7, 2006.
466. Rodney Bowers,"With Betting Rules Set,Tracks Keen to Get Gear," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 2, 2006.
467. "Gambling Opponents Say Their Predictions Are Coming True," Associated Press State and Local Wire, Mar. 9, 2006;
468. Traci Dungan, "Developer to Seek City's Blessing for Casino,"Ar-kansas Democrat-Gazette, Apr. 10, 2006;
469. Dungan, "Fort Smith Mayor Rallies 600 against Casino," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, July 7, 2006.
470. Seth Blomeley, "Huckabee, Rival Leery of Lotteries," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug.8, 2002.
471. Peggy Harris, "Family Group Argues Against Ark. Lottery," Memphis Commercial Appeal, Dec. 13, 2002;
472. Kelly Wiese, "Let People Decide on Lottery, Legislator Urges," Associated Press (Little Rock), Feb. 20, 2003.
473. Quoted in Chris Hathorn,"Explaining the Enigma: Understanding the Failure of Further Legalized Gambling in Arkansas," Rhodes Journal of Regional Studies 1 (2004): 61-95.
474. Seth Blomeley, "51.9 % in Poll See State Lottery as the Ticket to Fund Programs," Arkan-sas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 21, 2002.
475. Rainer Sabin,"Bill to Legalize Bingo Awaiting More Sponsors,"Associated Press State and Local Wire, Jan. 13, 2005;
476. Seth Blomeley, "Bingo on Ballot Closer for State," Arkansas Democrat- Gazette, Apr. 6, 2005.
477. Andrew DeMillo, "Gambling Foes Mum on Charitable Bingo Proposal," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, July 31, 2006.
478. Abbey Begun. Gambling (Wylie, Tex.: Information Plus, 2000).
479. "Poll Shows Voters Split on Allowing Casinos," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Sept.19,1996.
480. Michael R. Wickline, "AFL-CIO Backs Gambling Proposal," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Apr. 11, 2006;
481. Warwick Sabin, "Casino Amendment Proposal Pulled Until 2008," ArkansasTimes, June 22, 2006.
482. Harold W.Stanley and Richard G.Niemi. Vital Statisticson American Politics:1997-1998 (Wash-ington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1998), 288-90; interview with Scott Trotter, Mar. 8, 2001; Associated Press, "Gambling Initiatives Seem Unlikely to Pass," LexisNexis, Mar. 31, 2003.
483. John Samuel Ezell. Fortune's Merry Wheel: The Lottery in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Har-vard University Press, 1960). 253.
484. T. Harry Williams. Huey Long: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1970). 341-44.
485. Richard D. White. Kingfi{ligature}sh:The Reign of Huey P.Long (New York: Random House, 2006). 221-22.
486. Tyler Bridges. Bad Bet on the Bayou: The Rise of Gambling in Louisiana and the Fall of Gov-ernor Edwin Edwards (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2001). 16.
487. Grevemberg's account of his efforts may be found in Francis C. Grevemberg, My Wars: Mobsters, Gambling and Corruption (Lafayette, La.: Beau Bayou Pub. Co., 2006).
488. Wayne Parent. Inside the Carnival: Unmasking Louisiana Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004). 23.
489. Royal Brightbill, "Legislature Can Balance Budget Without Governor's Help," United Press International, LexisNexis, May 3, 1986.
490. United Press International, "Edwards to Stump State for Gambling Proposals," Lexis-Nexis, Jan. 31, 1986.
491. David Landry and Joseph Parker, "The Louisiana Political Culture," in Louisiana Politics: Festival in a Labyrinth, ed. James Bolner (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 2.
492. Bridges, Bad Bet on the Bayou, 41.
493. "Roemer: Don't Repeal Riverboat Gambling," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Nov. 23, 1998.
494. Bridges, Bad Bet on the Bayou, 47.
495. Bridges, Bad Bet on the Bayou, 39.
496. Greg Garland, "Majority in Poll Feel State Has Too Much Gambling," Baton Rouge Advocate, Jan. 14, 1994.
497. Bridges, Bad Bet on the Bayou, 267;
498. James Gill, "Gambling Foes Alter Their Views," New Orleans Times-Picayune, Feb. 19, 2000.
499. Bridges, Bad Bet on the Bayou, 304-7.
500. Susan Finch, "Ex-Governor, Others Lose Latest Appeal," New Orleans Times-Picayune, Mar. 2, 2006.
501. "Riverboats,New Orleans Casino Off List for PossibleTax Hikes,"Associated Press State and Local Wire, Mar. 24, 2005.
502. Alan Sayre, "Louisiana Casinos Make Something of an October Rebound," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Nov. 15, 2005;
503. Sayre, "Storms or Not, Gambling Take Keeps Rolling," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Dec. 25, 2005;
504. "Louisiana's Gaming Revenue Run Continues in May," New Orleans City Business, June 26, 2006.
505. Frank Donze,"Gambling Issue's Meaning Debated,"New Orleans Times-Picayune, Sept.10, 1996.
506. Christopher Cooper,"Foster,Morial Signals Mixed," New Orleans Times-Picayune, Oct.27, 1996.
507. Natalie Gott, "Video Poker Machines Shut Down," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, July 2, 1999.
508. Alan Sayre, "Video Poker Take Up Along Truck Stops," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, July 20, 2005.
509. "La. Gets $110.6 Million from Lottery in 1994," Baton Rouge Advocate, Dec. 30, 1993;
510. Chris Frink, "Lottery a Jackpot for State," Baton Rouge Morning Advocate, July 24, 2004.
511. Scott Dyer,"Lottery Offcials See Sales Slump Ending," Baton Rouge Advocate, Sept.6,1994.
512. Seminole Tribe v. Florida 517 U.S. 44 (1996).
513. Peter Whoriskey, "A Tribe Takes Grim Satisfaction in Abramoff 's Fall," Washington Post, Jan. 7, 2006;
514. U.S. Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs, "Gimme Five"-Investigation of Tribal Lobbying Matters: Final Report (June 26,2006),part 1,chap.2.The amount paid by the Coushat-tas for these services was universally regarded as wildly excessive, and its revelation in the news media set in motion the events that led to the Abramoff scandals in 2005 and 2006.
515. See Matthew Continetti, The K Street Gang: The Rise and Fall of the Republican Machine (New York: Doubleday, 2006), chap. 9.
516. James Gill, "Foster Has One More Bet Before He Folds," New Orleans Times-Picayune, Nov. 21, 2003;
517. John Solomon and Sharon Theimer, "Lawmakers Pressured Interior While Getting Donations from Tribes," Associated Press State and Local Wire, LexisNexis, Nov. 17, 2005.
518. "Jena Band Proposes Grant Parish Casino to Blanco," Casino Magazine, Apr. 22, 2004.
519. U.S. Senate, "Gimme Five"-Investigation of Tribal Lobbying Matters: Final Report, part 1, chaps. 2 and 5. See also Continetti, The K Street Gang, chap. 7;
520. Michael Isikoff, Holly Bailey, and Evan Thomas, "A Washington Tidal Wave," Newsweek, Jan. 16, 2006, 40-43.
521. Suzanne Gamboa, "Texas Tribe Names Abramoff, Reed in Civil Suit," Associated Press State and Local Wire, July 12, 2006. Abramoff was also a defendant in the lawsuit.
522. Christopher Cooper, "Bill Eliminating La. Gambling Faces Tough Odds," New Orleans Times-Picayune, Apr. 16, 1997.
523. Earlier campaigns for lotteries in Florida and Virginia were not led by the governors of those states. See Charles T. Clotfelter and Philip J. Cook, Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), 154-58.