Living with lynching: African American lynching plays, performance, and citizenship, 1890-1930

Living with Lynching: African American Lynching Plays, Performance, and Citizenship, 1890-1930

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-251

  Mitchell, Koritha ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894824462     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (230)

1. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York, New York.
2. Angelina Weld Grimké Papers. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Howard University. Washington, D.C.
3. May Miller Papers. Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Books Library. Woodruff Library. Emory University. Atlanta, Georgia.
4. Burrill, Mary. Aftermath. 1919. In Perkins and Stephens, Strange Fruit, 82-91.
5. Burrill, Mary. Aftermath. "To a Black Soldier Fallen in the War." The Liberator 1.10 (December 1918): 11.
6. Dunbar-Nelson, Alice. Mine Eyes Have Seen. Crisis (April 1918): 271-75.
7. Grimké, Angelina Weld. Rachel. 1916. In Perkins and Stephens, Strange Fruit, 27-78.
8. Johnson, Georgia D. Blue Blood. 1926. In Stephens, Plays, 63-73.
9. Johnson, Georgia D. Blue Blood. Blue-Eyed Black Boy. 1930. In Perkins and Stephens, Strange Fruit, 116-20.
10. Johnson, Georgia D. Blue Blood. Safe. 1929. In Perkins and Stephens, Strange Fruit, 110-15.
11. Johnson, Georgia D. Blue Blood. A Sunday Morning in the South. [black church] 1925. In Stephens, Plays, 139-53.
12. Johnson, Georgia D. Blue Blood. A Sunday Morning in the South. [white church] 1925. In Stephens, Plays, 129-38.
13. Lipscomb, G. D. Frances. Opportunity 3.29 (May 1925): 148-53.
14. Livingston, Myrtle. For Unborn Children. Crisis (July 1926): 122-25.
15. Mitchell, Joseph. Son-Boy. 1916. In Hatch and Hamalian, Lost Plays, 76-92.
16. Allen, Carol. Peculiar Passages: Black Women Playwrights, 1875 to 2000. New York: Peter Lang, 2005.
17. Allen, James, John Lewis, Leon F. Litwack, and Hilton Als. Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2000.
18. Anderson, Lisa M. Mammies No More: The Changing Image of Black Women on Stage and Screen. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.
19. Apel, Dora. Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
20. Armstrong, Julie Buckner. Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011.
21. Austin, Addell. "The Opportunity and Crisis Literary Contests, 1924-1927." CLA Journal 32.2 (1988): 235-46.
22. Baker, Houston. Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
23. Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
24. Baldwin, James. "Everybody's Protest Novel." 1949. In James Baldwin: Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, 11-18. New York: Library of America, 1998.
25. Bay, Mia. To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells. New York: Hill and Wang, 2009.
26. Bederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
27. Berlant, Lauren, and Michael Warner. "Sex in Public." Critical Inquiry 24.2 (Winter 1998): 547-66.
28. Bernstein, Robin. "'Never Born': Angelina Weld Grimké's Rachel as Ironic Response to Topsy." Journal of American Drama and Theatre 19.2 (Spring 2007): 61-75.
29. Bial, Henry, ed. The Performance Studies Reader. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2007.
30. Blight, David. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
31. Boal, Augusto. Theatre of the Oppressed. 1979. Trans. by Charles A. and Maria-Odilia McBride. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1985.
32. Branch, William. Black Thunder: An Anthology of Contemporary African American Drama. New York: Penguin, 1992.
33. Brooks, Daphne. Bodies in Dissent: Spectacular Performances of Race and Freedom, 1850-1910. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006.
34. Brown, Elsa Barkley. "Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom." Public Culture 7 (Fall 1994): 107-54.
35. Brown, Nikki. Private Politics and Public Voices: Black Women's Activism from World War I to the New Deal. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
36. Brown-Guillory, Elizabeth. Their Place on the Stage: Black Women Playwrights in America. New York: Greenwood, 1988.
37. Brown-Guillory, Elizabeth. Wines in the Wilderness: Plays by African American Women from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present. New York: Greenwood, 1990.
38. Brundage, W. Fitzhug. Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
39. Cantor, Milton. Max Eastman. New York: Twayne, 1970.
40. Carby, Hazel. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
41. Carroll, Anne. Word, Image, and the New Negro: Representation and Identity in the Harlem Renaissance. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2007.
42. Caruth, Cathy. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
43. Castronovo, Russ. "Beauty along the Color Line: Lynching, Aesthetics, and The Crisis." PMLA 121.5 (October 2006): 1443-59.
44. Castronovo, Russ. Beautiful Democracy: Aesthetics and Anarchy in a Global Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
45. Chansky, Dorothy. Composing Ourselves: The Little Theatre Movement and the American Audience. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004.
46. Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth, ed. First Freed: Washington, D.C., in the Emancipation Era. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 2002.
47. Clinton, Catherine. "'With a Whip in His Hand': Rape, Memory, and African American Women." In History and Memory in African American Culture, edited by Genevieve Fabre and Robert O'Meally. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
48. Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2000.
49. Cook, Raymond Allen. Fire from the Flint: The Amazing Careers of Thomas Dixon. Winston-Salem: Blair, 1968.
50. Cooper, Anna Julia. A Voice from the South. 1892. Edited by Mary Helen Washington. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
51. Cutler, James. Lynch-Law: An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States. New York: Longmans, Green, 1905.
52. Davidson, Cathy, and Jessamyn Hatcher, eds. No More Separate Spheres! A Next Wave American Studies Reader. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.
53. Davis, Angela. Women, Race, and Class. 1981. New York: Vintage, 1983.
54. Davis, Tracy C., and Thomas Postlewait, eds. Theatricality. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
55. Dray, Phillip. "At the Hands of Persons Unknown": The Lynching of Black America. New York: Random House, 2002.
56. Du Bois, W. E. B. "The Black Soldier." Crisis (June 1918): 60.
57. Du Bois, W. E. B. "Close Ranks." Crisis (July 1918): 111.
58. Du Bois, W. E. B. "Criteria of Negro Art." Crisis (October 1926): 290-97.
59. Du Bois, W. E. B. "Krigwa Players Little Negro Theatre: The Story of a Little Theatre Movement." Crisis (July 1926): 134-36.
60. Du Bois, W. E. B. "Paying for Plays." Crisis (November 1926): 7-8.
61. Du Bois, W. E. B. "The Perpetual Dilemma." Crisis (April 1917): 270-71.
62. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk [1903]: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism. Edited by Henry Louis Gates and Terri Hume. Norton, 1999.
63. Du Bois, W. E. B. "Thirteen." Crisis (January 1918): 114.
64. Du Bois, W. E. B. "The Strivings of Negro People." Atlantic Monthly 80.478 (August 1897): 194-98.
65. duCille, Ann. Skin Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
66. duCille, Ann. Coupling Convention: Sex, Text, and Tradition in Black Women's Fiction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
67. Edmunds, Susan. "The Race Question and the 'Question of Home.'" American Literature 75.1 (2003): 141-68.
68. Elam, Harry. "The Device of Race: An Introduction." In Elam and David Krasner, Critical Reader, 3-16.
69. Elam, Harry, and David Krasner, eds. African American Performance and Theater History: A Critical Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
70. Ellis, Mark. "'Closing Ranks' and 'Seeking Honors': W. E. B. Du Bois in World War I." Journal of American History 79.1 (June 1992): 96-124.
71. English, Daylanne. Unnatural Selections: Eugenics in American Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
72. English, Daylanne. "W. E. B. Du Bois's Family Crisis." American Literature 72.2 (June 2000): 291-319.
73. Ernest, John. Chaotic Justice: Rethinking African American Literary History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
74. Feimster, Crystal. Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
75. Ferguson, Roderick. Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
76. Finkelman, Paul. "Not Only the Judges' Robes Were Black: African American Lawyers as Social Engineers." Stanford Law Review 47.1 (1994): 161-209.
77. Fischer-Lichte, Erika. The Semiotics of Theater. Trans. by Jeremy Gaines and Doris L. Jones. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992.
78. Flexner, Eleanor, and Ellen Fitzpatrick. Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States. Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1975.
79. Foreman, P. Gabrielle. Activist Sentiments: Reading Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
80. Foucault, Michel. History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1990.
81. Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon, 1976.
82. Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred Moss. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. 8th ed. New York: Knopf, 2000.
83. Fraser, Nancy. "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy." In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 109-42. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992.
84. Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Family in the United States. 1939. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
85. Frederickson, George. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. 1971. Middleton, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1987.
86. Friedman, Lawrence. A History of the American Law. 3rd ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.
87. Fuoss, Kirk. "Lynching Performances, Theatres of Violence." Text and Performance Quarterly 19.1 (1999): 1-37.
88. Gaines, Kevin. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
89. Gates, Henry Louis. "The Trope of a New Negro and the Reconstruction of the Image of the Black." Representations 24 (Fall 1998): 129-51.
90. Gates, Henry Louis. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
91. Gates, Henry Louis, and Gene Jarrett, eds. The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892-1938. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.
92. Gatewood, Willard. Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
93. Giddings, Paula. Ida: A Sword among Lions; Ida B. Wells and the Campaign against Lynching. New York: Amistad, 2008.
94. Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: Morrow, 1984.
95. Goings, Kenneth. Mammy and Uncle Mose: Black Collectibles and American Stereotyping. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994.
96. Goldsby, Jacqueline. A Spectacular Secret: Lynching in American Life and Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
97. Gonzales-Day, Ken. Lynching in the West, 1850-1935. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006.
98. Gray, Christine R. Willis Richardson, Forgotten Pioneer of African-American Drama. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1999.
99. Gregory, Montgomery. "Chronology of Negro Theatre." In Plays of Negro Life: A Sourcebook of Native American Drama, 409-23. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press, 1927.
100. Grimké, Angelina Weld. "'Rachel': The Play of the Month; Reason and Synopsis by the Author." 1920. In Hatch and Hamalian, Lost Plays, 424-26.
101. Gunning, Sandra. Race, Rape, and Lynching: The Red Record of American Literature, 1890-1912. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
102. Gutman, Herbert. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750 -1925. New York: Pantheon, 1976.
103. Hale, Grace. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. New York: Vintage, 1998.
104. Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. "'The Mind that Burns in Each Body': Women, Rape, and Racial Violence." In Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, edited by Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, 328-49. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983.
105. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage, 1997.
106. Hall, Stuart. "What Is This 'Black' in Black Popular Culture?" In Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, edited by David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, 465-75. New York: Routledge, 1996.
107. Harper, Frances. Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted. 1893. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.
108. Harris, Trudier. Exorcising Blackness: Historical and Literary Lynching and Burning Rituals. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
109. Harris, Trudier. Saints, Sinners, Saviors: Strong Black Women in African American Literature. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
110. Harris-Lacewell, Melissa. Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.
111. Harris-Lacewell, Melissa. "Subjects or Citizens: Feeling Black in Post-Katrina America." W. E. B. Du Bois Center Lecture Series, Harvard University, March 31, 2009. Located at http://dubois.fas.harvard.edu/video/melissa-harris-lacewell-w-e-b-du-bois-lecture-seriesmelissa-harris-lacewell-1. Last accessed November 2, 2010.
112. Hartman, Saidiya. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
113. Hatch, James. "Here Comes Everybody: Scholarship and Black Theatre History." In Interpreting the Theatrical Past: Essays in the Historiography of Performance, edited by Thomas Postlewait and Bruce McConachie, 148-65. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989.
114. Hatch, James, and Leo Hamalian, eds. Lost Plays of the Harlem Renaissance. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
115. Hatch, James, and Errol Hill. A History of African American Theatre. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
116. Hatch, James, and Ted Shine, eds. Black Theatre, U.S.A.: Plays by African Americans; The Early Period, 1847-1938. Revised and Expanded. New York: Free Press, 1996.
117. Hay, Samuel. African American Theatre: An Historical and Critical Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
118. Herbst, Susan. Politics at the Margin: Historical Studies of Public Expression outside the Mainstream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
119. Herron, Carolivia. Introduction. Selected Works of Angelina Weld Grimké. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
120. Higginbotham, Evelyn. Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
121. Hill, Patrica Liggins, ed. Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
122. Hine, Darlene Clark. "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance." 1988. In Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought, edited by Beverly Guy-Sheftall, 380-88. New York: New Press, 1995.
123. Hodes, Martha. White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
124. Holloway, Karla. Passed On: African American Mourning Stories; A Memorial. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.
125. hooks, bell. "Performance Practice as a Site of Opposition." In Let's Get it On: The Politics of Black Performance, edited by Catherine Ugwu, 210-21. Seattle: Bay Press, 1995.
126. Hopkins, Pauline. Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South. 1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
127. Horton, James O., and Lois E. Horton. "Violence, Protest, and Identity: Black Manhood in Antebellum America." In Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community, edited by James Oliver Horton, 80-97. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1993.
128. Houston, Charles Hamilton. "The Need for Negro Lawyers." Journal of Negro Education 4.1 (January 1935): 49-52.
129. Hughes, Langston. "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain." 1925. In The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, 2nd ed., edited by Henry Louis Gates and Nellie McKay, 1311-14. New York: Norton, 2004.
130. Hull, Gloria T. Color, Sex, and Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
131. Hunter, Tera. To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
132. Hutchinson, George. The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
133. Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861): A Norton Critical Edition. Edited by Nellie McKay and Frances Smith Foster. New York: Norton, 2001.
134. Johnson, James Weldon. Along This Way. 1933. New York: Penguin, 1990.
135. Johnson, James Weldon. Black Manhattan. 1930. Introd. Sondra Kathryn Wilson. New York: Da Capo, 1991.
136. Kelley, Robin D. G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. New York: Beacon, 2002.
137. Knowles, Ric. Reading the Material Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
138. Kornweibel, Theodore. "Seeing Red": Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919-1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
139. Kornweibel, Theodore. "Theophilus Lewis and Theater of the Harlem Renaissance." In The Harlem Renaissance Remembered, edited by Arna Bontemps, 171-89. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972.
140. Krasner, David. A Beautiful Pageant: African American Theatre, Drama, and Performance in the Harlem Renaissance, 1910-1927. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
141. Lentz-Smith, Adriane. Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
142. Lerner, Gerda. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History. 1972. New York: Vintage, 1992.
143. Lewis, David Levering. . E. B. Du Bois-Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 .New York: Henry Holt, 1993.
144. Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. When Harlem Was in Vogue. New York: Knopf, 1981.
145. Litwack, Leon. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Knopf, 1998.
146. Locke, Alain. "Introduction." 1927. In Locke and Gregory, Source-Book, i-vi.
147. Locke, Alain. The Negro in Art: A Pictorial Record of the Negro Artist and of the Negro Theme in Art. 1940. New York: Hacker Art Books, 1968.
148. Locke, Alain. "Steps toward the Negro Theatre." 1922. In Hatch and Hamalian, Lost Plays, 440-45.
149. Locke, Alain, and Montgomery Gregory, eds. Plays of Negro Life: A Source-Book of Native American Drama. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press, 1970.
150. Logan, Rayford. The Betrayal of the Negro. 1965. New York: Da Capo, 1997.
151. Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
152. Mackay, Constance D'Arcy. The Little Theatre in the United States. New York: Henry Holt, 1917.
153. Madison, Soyini, and Judith Hamera, eds. The Sage Handbook of Performance Studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006.
154. Margolick, David. Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song. New York: Ecco, 2001.
155. Markovitz, Jonathan. Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
156. Masur, Kate. An Example for All the Land: Emancipation and the Struggle over Equality in Washington, D.C. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
157. Matthews, Victoria Earle. "The Value of Race Literature." 1895. In With Pen and Voice: A Critical Anthology of Nineteenth-Century African-American Women, edited by Shirley Wilson Logan, 126-48. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995.
158. McCaskill, Barbara, and Caroline Gebhard, eds. Post-Bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1887-1919. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
159. McHenry, Elizabeth. Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African American Literary Societies. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.
160. McMillen, Neil R. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
161. McMurry, Linda O. To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
162. McNeil, Genna Rae. "Charles Hamilton Houston." Black Law Journal 3.2 (1974): 123-31.
163. Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. "Attorneys Black and White: A Case Study of Race Relations within the NAACP." In Along the Color Line: Explorations in the Black Experience (1976), edited by August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, 128-73. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
164. Mitchell, Koritha. "(Anti-)Lynching Plays: Angelina Weld Grimké, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, and the Evolution of Black Drama." In McCaskill and Gebhard, Post-Bellum, 210-30.
165. Mitchell, Loften [no relation]. Black Drama: The Story of the American Negro in the Theatre. New York: Hawthorn, 1967.
166. Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage, 1992.
167. Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and Literary Manipulations of a Religious Myth. Rev. ed. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.
168. Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. The Wings of Ethiopia: Studies in African-American Life and Letters. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990.
169. [Moynihan, Daniel P.] United States Department of Labor Office of Policy Planning and Research. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Washington, D.C.: Department of Labor, 1965.
170. Oliver, Kelly. "Witnessing and Testimony." Parallax 10.1 (Winter 2004): 78-87.
171. Patterson, Orlando. Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. Washington, D.C.: Civitas/CounterPoint, 1998.
172. Perkins, Kathy. Black Women Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays. New York: Routledge, 1998.
173. Perkins, Kathy A., and Judith L. Stephens, eds. Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
174. Peterson, Carla. "Doers of the Word": African-American Women Speakers and Writers in the North (1830-1880). New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
175. Postlewait, Thomas. "The Hieroglyphic Stage: American Theatre and Society, Post-Civil War to 1945." In The Cambridge History of American Theatre, vol. 2., edited by Don B. Wilmeth and Christopher Bigsby, 107-95. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
176. Reid-Pharr, Robert. Conjugal Union: The Body, the House, and the Black American. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
177. Rice, Anne P. Witnessing Lynching: American Writers Respond. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2003.
178. Rice, Anne P. "White Islands of Safety and Engulfing Blackness: Remapping Segregation in Angelina Weld Grimké's 'Blackness' and 'Goldie.'" African American Review 42.1 (2008): 75-90.
179. Richardson, Willis. "The Hope of a Negro Drama." In Lost Plays of the Harlem Renaissance 1920-1940, edited by James Hatch and Leo Hamalian, 437-39. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
180. Riis, Thomas. Just before Jazz: Black Musical Theater in New York, 1890-1915. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.
181. Roach, Joseph. Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
182. Rosen, Hannah. Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
183. Ross, Marlon. Manning the Race: Reforming Black Men in the Jim Crow Era. New York: New York University Press, 2004.
184. Royster, Jacqueline Jones. "Introduction: Equity and Justice for All." In Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900, edited by Jacqueline Jones Royster, 1-46. New York: Bedford, 1997.
185. Rucker, Walter, and James Upton, eds. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots. New York: Greenwood, 2007.
186. Russell, Thaddeus. "The Color of Discipline: Civil Rights and Black Sexuality." American Quarterly 60.1 (March 2008): 101-28.
187. Sanders, Leslie Catherine. The Development of Black Theater in America: From Shadows to Selves. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988.
188. Savage, Kirk. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.
189. Smith, J. Clay. Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
190. Smith, Shawn Michelle. Photography on the Color Line: W. E. B. DuBois, Race, and Visual Culture. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004.
191. Smith, Susan Harris. Plays in American Periodicals, 1890-1918. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
192. Smyth, John Henry. "Negro Criminality." In Twentieth Century Negro Literature; Or, a Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro, edited by D. W. Culp, 434-41. Naperville, Ill.: J. L. Nichols and Company,1902. Available at http://aabd.chadwyck.com/toc/htxview?template=basic.htx&content=title071.htx; accessed January 28, 2011.
193. Spillers, Hortense. "Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe: An American Grammar Book." 1987. In Black, White, and in Color: Essays on American Literature and Culture, 203-29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
194. Stansell, Christine. American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000.
195. Stephens, Judith L. "Lynching Dramas and Women: History and Critical Context." In Perkins and Stephens, Strange Fruit, 3-14.
196. Stephens, Judith L, ed. The Plays of Georgia Douglas Johnson: From the "New Negro" Renaissance to the Civil Rights Movement. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005.
197. Stephens, Judith L. "Racial Violence and Representation: Performance Strategies in Lynching Dramas of the 1920s." African American Review 33.4 (1999): 655-71.
198. Stewart, Jacqueline. "Negroes Laughing at Themselves? Black Spectatorship and the Performance of Urban Modernity." Critical Inquiry 29 (Summer 2003): 650-77.
199. Tate, Claudia. Domestic Allegories of Political Desire: The Black Heroine's Text at the Turn of the Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
200. Taylor, Diana. The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003.
201. Terrell, JoAnne. Power in the Blood? The Cross in the African American Experience. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1998.
202. Terrell, Mary Church. "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View." North American Review 178 (June 1904): 853-68.
203. Thompson, M. F. "The Lafayette Players, 1917-1932." In The Theater of Black Americans, Volume II-The Presenters: Companies of Players; The Participators: Audiences and Critics. A Collection of Critical Essays, Edited by Errol Hill, 13-32. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
204. Toll, Robert. Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
205. Tolnay, Stewart E., and E. M. Beck. A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
206. Tylee, Claire. "Womanist Propaganda, African-American Great War Experience, and Cultural Strategies of the Harlem Renaissance: Plays by Alice Dunbar-Nelson and Mary P. Burrill." Women's Studies International Forum 20.1 (1997): 153-63.
207. Vogel, Shane. The Scene of Harlem Cabaret: Race, Sexuality, Performance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
208. Waldrep, Christopher. "Word and Deed: The Language of Lynching, 1820-1953." In Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History, edited by Michael Bellesiles, 229-60. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
209. Walker, Ethel Pitts. "Krigwa, a Theatre By, For, and About Black People." Theatre Journal 40.3 (October 1988): 347-56.
210. Wall, Cheryl. Women of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
211. Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly. Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008.
212. Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Citizens All? Citizens Some! The Making of the Citizen." Comparative Studies in Society and History 45.4 (October 2003): 650-79.
213. Walton, Lester. "Music and the Stage." Column in New York Age,1908-23. Becames "Dramatics and Athletics" in 1915. In-text citations by date.
214. Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells.1930. Edited by Alfreda Duster. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
215. Wells, Ida B. A Red Record. 1895. In Royster, Southern Horrors, 73-157.
216. Wells, Ida B. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. 1892. In Royster, Southern Horrors, 49-72.
217. Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860."American Quarterly 18.2 (Summer 1966): 151-74.
218. Whalan, Mark. The Great War and the Culture of the New Negro. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008.
219. White, Deborah Gray. Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994. New York: Norton, 1999.
220. White, Walter. Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch. 1927. New York: Arno, 1969.
221. White, Walter. "The Work of the Mob." Crisis (September 1923): 221-23.
222. Wiegman, Robyn. American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995.
223. Williams, Chad. Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
224. Williams, Chad. "Vanguards of the New Negro: African American Veterans and Post-World War I Racial Militancy." Journal of African American History 92.3 (2007): 347-70.
225. Wilmeth, Don B. "Introduction." Staging the Nation: Plays from the American Theater, 1787-1909. Edited by Don B. Wilmeth. Boston: Bedford, 1998.
226. Woll, Allen. Black Musical Theatre: From Coontown to Dreamgirls. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
227. Wood, Amy. Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
228. Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. 2nd rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.
229. Young, Harvey. "The Black Body as Souvenir in American Lynching." Theatre Journal 57 (2005): 639-57.
230. Zangrando, Robert. The NAACP Campaign Against Lynching, 1909-1950. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.