Depression and cardiovascular disease: A clinical review

European Heart Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 21, 2014, Pages 1365-1372

  Hare, David L ^a,b   Toukhsati, Samia R ^b   Johansson, Peter ^c,d   Jaarsma, Tiny ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^c LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Depression; Management; Prognosis; Quality of life; Screening

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADJUSTMENT DISORDER; ANXIETY; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXERCISE; HEART REHABILITATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SOCIAL ISOLATION; ANXIETY DISORDER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; COST OF ILLNESS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; KINESIOTHERAPY; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SELF CARE; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COST OF ILLNESS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; SELF CARE; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 84894501936     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht462     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2008
2. Sullivan M, Simon G, Spertus J, Russo J. Depression-related costs in heart failure care. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1860-1866
3. Egede LE. Major depression in individuals with chronic medical disorders: Prevalence, correlates and association with health resource utilization, lost productivity and functional disability. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007;29:409-416. (Pubitemid 47410305
4. Dickson VV, HoweA, Deal J, McCartyMM. The relationship of work, self-care, and quality of life in a sample of older working adults with cardiovascular disease. Heart Lung 2012;41:5-14
5. Mensah GA, Brown DW. An overview of cardiovascular disease burden in the United States. Health Aff 2007;26:38-48
6. Djärv T, Wikman A, Lagergren P. Number and burden of cardiovascular diseases in relation to health-related quality of life in a cross-sectional population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2012;2:e001554
7. O'Neil A, Stevenson CE, Williams ED, Mortimer D, Oldenburg B, Sanderson K. The health-related quality of life burden of co-morbid cardiovascular disease and major depressive disorder in Australia: Findings from a population-based cross-sectional study. Qual Life Res 2013;22:37-44
8. Johansson P, Lesman-Leegte I, Lundgren J, Hillege HL, Hoes A, Sanderman R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Jaarsma T. Time-course of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure. J Psychosom Res 2013;74:238-243
9. Wynn A. Unwarranted emotional distress in men with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Med J Aust 1967;ii:847-851
10. Cay EL, Vetter N, Philip AE, Dugard P. Psychological status during recovery from an acute heart attack. J Psychosom Res 1972;16:425-435
11. Denollet J, de Jonge P, Kuyper A, Schene AH, van Melle JP, Ormel J,Honig A. (2009). Depression and typeDpersonality represent different forms of distress in the myocardial infarction and Depression-Intervention Trial (MIND-IT). Psychol Med 2009; 39:749-756
12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV).Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994
13. Shapiro PA, Fedoronko DA, Epstein LA, Mirasol EG, Desai CV. Psychiatric aspects of heart and lung disease in critical care. Crit Care Clin 2008;24:921-947
14. Hare DL, Davis CL. Cardiac Depression Scale: Validation of a new depression scale for cardiac patients. J Psychosom Res 1996;40:379-386. (Pubitemid 26150941
15. Maercker A, Einsle F, Kö llner V. Adjustment disorders as stress response syndromes: A new diagnostic concept and its exploration in a medical sample. Psychopathology 2007;40:135-146
16. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ, Czajkowski SM, DeBusk R, Hosking J, Jaffe A, Kaufmann PG, Mitchell P, Norman J, Powell LH, Raczynski JM, Schneiderman N. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: The Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003;289:3106-3116. (Pubitemid 37432886
17. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT Jr, Krishnan KR, van Zyl LT, Swenson JR, Finkel MS, Landau C, Shapiro PA, Pepine CJ, Mardekian J, Harrison WM, Harrison WM, Barton D, Mclvor M. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002;288:701-709. (Pubitemid 34848222
18. Lespérance F, Frasure-Smith N, Koszycki D, Laliberté MA, van Zyl LT, Baker B, Swenson JR, Ghatavi K, Abramson BL, Dorian P, Guertin MC; CREATE Investigators. Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease: The Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) trial. JAMA 2007; 297:367-379. (Pubitemid 46155798
19. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Sheline YI, Weiss ES. Depression and coronary heart disease: A review for cardiologists. Clin Cardiol 1997;20:196-200. (Pubitemid 27120153
20. Lichtman JH, Bigger JT Jr, Blumenthal JA, Frasure-Smith N, Kaufmann PG, Lespérance F, Mark DB, Sheps DS, Taylor CB, Froelicher ES. Depression and coronary heart disease. Recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment. A science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee to the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care Outcomes Research: Endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. Circulation 2008;118:1768-1775
21. Shi WY, Stewart AG, Hare DL. Major depression in cardiac patients is accurately assessed using the Cardiac Depression Scale. Psychother Psychosom 2010;79: 391-392
22. Thombs BD, de Jonge P, Coyne JC, Whooley MA, Frasure-Smith N, Mitchell AJ, Zuidersma M, Eze-Nliam C, Lima BB, Smith CG, Soderlund K, Ziegelstein RC. Depression screening and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care: A systematic review. JAMA 2008;300:2161-2171
23. Colquhoun DM, Bunker SJ, Clarke DM, Glozier N, Hare DL, Hickie IB, Tatoulis J, Thompson DR, Tofler GH, Wilson A, Branagan MG. Screening, referral and treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease. Med J Aust 2013;198: 483-484
24. Cooney MT, Kotseva K, Dudina A, Backer GD,Wood D, Graham I. Determinants of risk factor control in subjects with coronary heart disease: A report from the EUROASPIRE III investigators. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20:686-691
25. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE,Wang PS; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003;289:3095-3105
26. Rutledge T, Reis VA, Linke SE, Greenberg BH, Mills PJ. Depression in heart failure: A meta-Analytic reviewof prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1527-1537. (Pubitemid 44528168
27. Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E, Kuchibhatla M, Gaulden LH, Cuffe MS, Blazing MA, Davenport C, Califf RM, Krishnan RR, O'Connor CM. Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalisation in patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1849-1856. (Pubitemid 32762729
28. SuzukiT, ShigaT, KuwaharaK, Kobayashi S, Suzuki S, Nishimura K, Suzuki A, Ejima K, Manaka T, Shoda M, Ishigooka J, Kasanuki H, Hagiwara N. Prevalence and persistence of depression in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator: A 2-year longitudinal study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:1455-1461
29. Tully PJ, Baker RA. Depression, anxiety, and cardiac morbidity outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: A contemporary and practical review. J Geriatr Cardiol 2012;9:197-208
30. Hare DL. Depression and coronary heart disease. In: Thompson PL (ed), Coronary Care Manual. Churchill Livingstone; 2011, p 641-645
31. Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: A meta-Analysis of 6362 eventsamong 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2763-2774. (Pubitemid 44871461
32. Barefoot JC, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation 1996;93:1976-1980. (Pubitemid 26165560
33. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:937-952. (Pubitemid 39208455
34. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, Blackett KN, Sitthi-Amorn C, Sato H, Yusuf S; INTERHEART investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:953-962
35. de Jonge P, Mangano D, Whooley MA. Differential association of cognitive and somatic symptoms with heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease findings from the Heart and Soul study. Psychosom Med 2007;69: 735-739. (Pubitemid 350287480
36. Ziegelstein RC, Parakh K, Sakhuja A, Bhat U. Depression and coronary artery disease: Is there a platelet link?. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1366-1368
37. Brouwers C, Mommersteeg PMC, Nyklíček I, Pelle AJ, Westerhuis BLWJJM, Szabó BM, Denollet J. Positive affect dimensions and their association with inflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure. Biol Psychol 2013;92: 220-226
38. Parissis JT, Fountoulaki K, Filippatos G, Adamopoulos S, Paraskevaidis I, Kremastinos D. Depression in coronary artery disease: Novel pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Int J Cardiol 2007;116:153-160. (Pubitemid 46241475
39. de Jonge P, Rosmalen JGM, Kema IP, Doornbos B, van Melle JP, PouwerF, Kupper N. Psychophysiological biomarkers explaining the association between depression and prognosis in coronary artery patients: A critical reviewof the literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010;35:84-90
40. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, CroghanTW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-Analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2101-2107
41. de Jonge P, Roest AM. Depression and cardiovascular disease: The end of simple models. Br J Psychiatry 2012;201:337-338
42. Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91:999-1005
43. Meijer A, Conradi HJ, Bos EH, Thombs BD, van Melle JP, de Jonge P. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: A meta-Analysis of 25 years of research. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011; 33:203-216
44. Sherwood A, Blumenthal JA, Trivedi R, Johnson KS, O'Connor CM, Adams KF Jr, Dupree CS, Waugh RA, Bensimhon DR, Gaulden L, Christenson RH, Koch GG, Hinderliter AL. Relationship of depression to death or hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:367-373. (Pubitemid 46333937
45. Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F, Habra M, Talajic M, Khairy P, Dorian P, Roy D; Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Elevated depression symptoms predict long-Term cardiovascular mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Circulation 2009;120:134-140
46. Lespérance F, Frasure-Smith N, Talajic M, Bourassa MG. Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002;105:1049-1053. (Pubitemid 34212612
47. Lespérance F, Frasure-Smith N, Juneau M, Théroux P. Depression and 1-year prognosis in unstable angina. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1354-1360. (Pubitemid 30252784
48. Bankier B, Januzzi JL, Littman AB. The high prevalence of multiple psychiatric disorders in stable outpatients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2004;66: 645-650. (Pubitemid 39332348
49. Denollet J, Strik JJ, Lousberg R, Honig A. Recognizing increased risk of depressive comorbidity after myocardial infarction: Looking for 4 symptoms of anxietydepression. Psychother Psychosom 2006;75:346-352. (Pubitemid 44584032
50. Watkins LL, Koch GG, Sherwood A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson JR, O'Connor C, Sketch MH. Association of anxiety and depression with all-cause mortality in individuals with coronary heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000068
51. Froese A, Hackett TP, Cassem NH, Silverberg EL. Trajectories of anxiety and depression in denying and nondenying acute myocardial infarction patients during hospitalization. J Psychosom Res 1974;18:413-420
52. Celano CM, Mastromauro CA, Lenihan EC, Januzzi JL, Rollman BL, Huffman JC. Association of baseline anxiety with depression persistence at 6 months in patients with acute cardiac illness. Psychosom Med 2012;74:93-99
53. Dekker RL, Lennie TA, Albert NM, Rayens MK, Chung ML, Wu JR, Song EK, Moser DK. Depressive symptom trajectory predicts 1-year health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail 2011;17:755-763
54. Hare DL. Psychosocial factors and ischaemic heart disease. In: Tse H-F, Lip GY, Coats AJS (eds), Oxford Desk Reference Cardiology. Oxford University Press; 2011. p 146-148
55. Müller-Tasch T, Peters-Klimm F, Schellberg D, Holzapfel N, Barth A, Jünger J, Szecsenyi J, Herzog W. Depression is a major determinant of quality of life in patients with chronic systolic heart failure in general practice. J Card Fail 2007;13: 818-824. (Pubitemid 350198935
56. Havranek EP, Spertus JA, Masoudi FA, Jones PG, Rumsfeld JS. Predictors of the onset of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2333-2338. (Pubitemid 39647607
57. RubermanW,Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD,Chaudhary BS. Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984;311:552-559
58. Chung ML, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Frazier SK. Perceived social support predicted quality of life in patients with heart failure, but the effect is mediated by depressive symptoms. Qual Life Res 2013;22:1555-1563
59. Hare DL, Fitzgerald H, Darcy F, Race E, Goble AJ. Cardiac rehabilitation based on group light exercise and discussion: An Australian hospital model. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1995;15:186-192
60. Nicholson NR. A review of social isolation: An important but underassessed condition in older adults. J Prim Prev 2012;33:137-152
61. Luttik ML, Lesman-Leegte I, Jaarsma T. Quality of life and depressive symptoms in heart failure patients and their partners: The impact of role and gender. J Card Fail 2009;15:580-585
62. Stewart AG, Toia D, Hare DL. Core depression symptoms related to mortality in systolic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 2008;99(AbstSuppl):744
63. Dunbar SB, Clark PC, Quinn C, Gary RA, Kaslow NJ. Family influences on heart failure self-care and outcomes. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2008;23:258-265
64. Cherry SB, Benner JS, Hussein MA, Tang SS, Nichol MB. The clinical and economic burden of nonadherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy in hypertensive patients. Value Health 2009;12:489-497
65. Gehi A, Haas D, Pipkin S, Whooley MA. Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2508-2513. (Pubitemid 41720013
66. Eze-Nliam CM, Thombs BD, Lima BB, Smith CG, Ziegelstein RC. The association of depression with adherence to antihypertensive medications: A systematic review. J Hypertens 2010;28:1785-1795
67. Fredericks S, Lapum J, Lo J. Anxiety, depression, and self-management: A systematic review. Clin Nurs Res 2012;21:411-430
68. Bauer LK, Caro MA, Beach SR, Mastromauro CA, Lenihan E, Januzzi JL, Huffman JC. Effects of depression and anxiety improvement on adherence to medication and health behaviors in recently hospitalized cardiac patients. Am J Cardiol 2012;109: 1266-1271
69. Kronish IM, Rieckmann N, Burg MM, Edmondson D, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW. The effect of enhanced depression care on adherence to risk-reducing behaviors after acute coronary syndromes: Findings from the COPES trial. Am Heart J 2012; 164:524-529
70. Garner JB. Problems of nonadherence in cardiology and proposals to improve outcomes. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:1495-1501
71. Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction; combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1988; 260:945-950
72. West RR, Jones DA, Henderson AH. Rehabilitation After Myocardial Infarction Trial (RAMIT): Multi-centre randomised controlled trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients following acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2012;98:637-644
73. Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Ahn DK, HaskellW, DeBusk RF. The effects of exercise training programs on psychosocial improvement in uncomplicated post myocardial infarction patients. J Psychosom Res 1986;30:581-587. (Pubitemid 17195776
74. Worcester MC, Hare DL, Oliver RG, Reid MA, Goble AJ. Early programmes of high and low intensity exercise and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1993;307:1244-1247. (Pubitemid 23330505
75. Lewin B, Robertson IH, Cay EL, Irving JB, Campbell M. Effects of self-help post-myocardial-infarction rehabilitation on psychological adjustment and use of health services. Lancet 1992;339:1036-1040
76. Dalal HM, Evans PH, Campbell JL, Taylor RS, Watt A, Read KL, Mourant AJ, Wingham J, Thompson DR, Pereira Gray DJ. Home-based versus hospital-based rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: A randomized trial with preference arms-Cornwall Heart Attack Rehabilitation Management Study (CHARMS). Int J Cardiol 2007;119:202-211. (Pubitemid 46818532
77. Gellis ZD, Kang-Yi C. Meta-Analysis of the effect of cardiac rehabilitation interventions in depression outcomes in adults 64 years of age and older. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:1219-1224
78. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, Watkins LL, Smith PJ, Hoffman BM, O'Hayer CV, Mabe S, Johnson J, Doraiswamy PM, Jiang W, Schocken DD, Hinderliter AL. Exercise and pharmacological treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease: Results from the UPBEAT (Understanding the Prognostic Benefits of Exercise and Antidepressant Therapy) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1053-1063
79. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, O'Connor C, Keteyian S, Landzberg J, Howlett J, KrausW, Gottlieb S, Blackburn G, Swank A, Whellan DJ. Effects of exercise training on depressive symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure: The HF-ACTION randomised trial. JAMA 2012;308:465-474
80. Beck AT, Dozois DJ. Cognitive therapy: Current status and future directions. Annu Rev Med 2011;62:397-409
81. Dickens C, Cherryington A, Adeyemi I, Roughley K, Bower P, Garrett C, Bundy C, Coventry P. Characteristics of psychological interventions that improve depression in people with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-regression. Psychosom Med 2013;75:211-221
82. Gary RA, Dunbar SB, Higgins MK, Musselman DL, Smith AL. Combined exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy improves outcomes in patients with heart failure. J Psychosom Res 2010;69:119-131
83. Thase ME, Friedman ES, Biggs MM, Wisniewski SR, Trivedi MH, Luther JF, Fava M, Nierenberg AA, McGrath PJ,Warden D, Niederehe G, Hollon SD, Rush AJ. Cognitive therapy versus medication in augmentation and switch strategies as secondstep treatments: A STAR. *D report. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:739-752. (Pubitemid 46808529
84. Gulliksson M, Burell G, Vessby B, Lundin L, Toss H, Svärdsudd K. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy vs standard treatment to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease: Secondary Prevention in Uppsala Primary Health Care Project (SUPRIM). Arch Intern Med 2011;171:134-140
85. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, Schene AH, Kuyper AM, Crijns HJ, Schins A, Tulner D, van den Berg MP, Ormel J; MIND-IT Investigators. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:460-466. (Pubitemid 46868827
86. O'Connor CM, Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, Silva SG, Cuffe MS, Callwood DD, Zakhary B, Stough WG, Arias RM, Rivelli SK, Krishnan R; SADHART-CHF Investigators. Safety and efficacy of sertraline for depression in patients with heart failure: Results of theSADHART-CHF(Sertraline Against Depression and Heart Disease in Chronic Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:692-699
87. Cipriani A, FurukawaTA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R,Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: A multiple-Treatments meta-Analysis. Lancet 2009;373:746-758
88. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, StewartJW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM,Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M; STAR*D Study Team. Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1231-1242
89. Risch N, Herrell R, Lehner T, Liang KY, Eaves L, Hoh J, Griem A, Kovacs M, Ott J, Merikangas KR. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: A meta-Analysis. JAMA 2009;301:2462-2471
90. Anguelova M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: I. affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2003;8:574-591. (Pubitemid 36898017
91. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Mattay VS, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-Amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:828-834. (Pubitemid 43085851
92. Pollock BG, Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR. Evaluation of platelet activation in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease after paroxetine or nortriptyline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:137-140. (Pubitemid 30202354
93. Davidson KW, Bigger JT, Burg MM, Carney RM, Chaplin WF, Czajkowski S, Dornelas E, Duer-Hefele J, Frasure-Smith N, Freedland KE, Haas DC, Jaffe AS, Ladapo JA, Lespérance F, Medina V, Newman JD, Osorio GA, Parsons F, Schwartz JE, Shaffer JA, Shapiro PA, Sheps DS, Vaccarino V, WhangW, Ye S. Centralized, stepped, patient preference-based treatment for patients with post-Acute coronary syndrome depression: CODIACS Vanguard Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:997-1004
94. Krumholz HM, Currie PM, Riegel B, Phillips CO, Peterson ED, Smith R, YancyCW, Faxon DP. A taxonomy for disease management: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Disease Management Taxonomy Writing Group. Circulation 2006;114:1432-1445. (Pubitemid 44454563
95. Postmus D, Pari AA, Jaarsma T, Luttik ML, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL, Buskens E. A trial-based economic evaluation of 2 nurse-led disease management programs in heart failure. Am Heart J 2011;162:1096-1104
96. Savard LA, Thompson DR, Clark AM. A meta-review of evidence on heart failure disease management programs: The challenges of describing and synthesizing evidence on complex interventions. Trials 2011;12:194
97. Vale M, Jelinek MV, Best JD, Dart AM, Grigg LE, Hare DL, Ho BP, Newman RW, McNeil JJ; COACH Study Group. Coaching patients On Achieving Cardiovascular Health (COACH): A multicenter randomized trial in patients with coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2775-2783. (Pubitemid 37517420
98. Jaarsma T, van derWal MH, Lesman-Leegte I, Luttik ML, Hogenhuis J, Veeger NJ, Sanderman R, Hoes AW, van Gilst WH, Lok DJ, Dunselman PH, Tijssen JG, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ. Effect of moderate or intensive disease management program on outcome in patients with heart failure: Coordinating study evaluating outcomes of advising and counseling in heart failure (COACH). Arch Intern Med 2008;168:316-324
99. Jaarsma T, Lesman-Leegte I, Hillege HL, Veeger NJ, Sanderman R, van Veldhuisen DJ. Depression and the usefulness of a disease management program in heart failure: Insights from the COACH (Coordinating study evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counseling in Heart failure) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1837-1843
100. Huffman JC, Mastromauro CA, Sowden G, Fricchione GL, Healy BC, Januzzi JL. Impact of a depression care management program for hospitalized cardiac patients. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2011;4:198-205
101. Morgan MA, Coates MJ, Dunbar JA, Reddy P, Schlicht K, Fuller J. The TrueBlue model of collaborative care using practice nurses as casemanagers for depression alongside diabetes or heart disease: A randomised trial. BMJ Open 2013;3: E002171
102. Beck AT,Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571
103. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-370. (Pubitemid 13098606
104. Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL. Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med 1994;10:77-84. (Pubitemid 24144960
105. McManus D, Pipkin SS, WhooleyMA. Screening for depression in patients with coronary heart disease (data from the Heart and Soul Study). Am J Cardiol 2005;96: 1076-1081. (Pubitemid 41416598
106. Stafford L, Berk M, Jackson HJ. Validity of the HospitalAnxiety and Depression Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007;29:417-424. (Pubitemid 47410308
107. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, Syvänne M, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F. The European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012;33:1635-1701
108. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, BöhmM, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Køber L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Rønnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A; Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology, Bax JJ, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, McDonagh T, Sechtem U, Bonet LA, Avraamides P, Ben Lamin HA, Brignole M, Coca A, Cowburn P, Dargie H, Elliott P, Flachskampf FA, Guida GF, Hardman S, Iung B, Merkely B, Mueller C, Nanas JN, Nielsen OW, Orn S, Parissis JT, Ponikowski P. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The task force for the dgnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14: 803-869
109. Stewart AJG, Driscoll A, Hare DL. National survey of Australian cardiologists' beliefs and practice regarding screening, diagnosis and management of depression. Heart, Lung Circ 2009;18:S5.