The myth of the mild declaratory judgment

Duke Law Journal

Volumn 63, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1091-1152

  Bray, Samuel L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894309663     PISSN: 00127086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 467 (1974)
2. see also, e.g., Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 33 (2008)
3. See OWEN M. FISS, THE CIVIL RIGHTS INJUNCTION 107 n.39 (1978)
4. Owen M. Fiss, Dombrowski, 86 YALE L.J. 1103, 1122 (1977)
5. See PETER H. SCHUCK, SUING GOVERNMENT: CITIZEN REMEDIES FOR OFFICIAL WRONGS 14-15 (1983).
6. See, e.g., RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 33 cmt. c (1982)
7. See, e.g., Cass R. Sunstein, Judicial Relief and Public Tort Law, 92 YALE L.J. 749, 751 (1983) (book review).
8. See David P. Currie, Res Judicata: The Neglected Defense, 45 U. CHI. L. REV. 317, 346 n.199 (1978)
9. Doug Rendleman, Prospective Remedies in Constitutional Adjudication, 78 W. VA. L. REV. 155, 168 (1976)
10. David L. Shapiro, State Courts and Federal Declaratory Judgments, 74 NW. U. L. REV. 759, 763-64 (1979).
11. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008).
12. Cf. Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 517 (1969)
13. See Younger v. Harris, Nos. 4, 11, 20 (U.S. June 1970)
14. Steffel, 415 U.S. at 455.
15. Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971).
16. Steffel, 415 U.S. at 459.
17. Younger, 401 U.S. at 41.
18. see RICHARD H. FALLON, JR., JOHN F. MANNING, DANIEL J. MELTZER & DAVID L. SHAPIRO, HART AND WECHSLER'S THE FEDERAL COURTS AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 1091-1100 (6th ed. 2009).
19. See Samuels v. Mackell, 401 U.S. 66, 69-73 (1971).
20. Steffel, 415 U.S. at 463-64.
21. Steffel, 415 U.S. at 465 (quoting Perez v. Ledesma, 401 U.S. 82, 107 (1971) (Brennan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)).
22. Steffel, 415 U.S. at 466.
23. See generally ERIC FONER, RECONSTRUCTION: AMERICA'S UNFINISHED REVOLUTION, 1863-1877 (1988).
24. See Michael W. McConnell, The Forgotten Constitutional Moment, 11 CONST. COMMENT. 115 (1994)
25. see also Eric Foner, The Strange Career of the Reconstruction Amendments, 108 YALE L.J. 2003, 2007-09 (1999)
26. E.g., Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
27. ANDREW KULL, THE COLOR-BLIND CONSTITUTION 113-30 (1992)
28. Cheryl I. Harris, In the Shadow of Plessy, 7 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 867 (2005).
29. E.g., Giles v. Harris, 189 U.S. 475, 487 (1903)
30. Cumming v. Richmond Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 175 U.S. 528, 545 (1899).
31. For discussion of Giles, see generally Richard H. Pildes, Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon, 17 CONST. COMMENT. 295 (2000).
32. For discussion of Cumming, see generally Michael J. Klarman, The Plessy Era, 1998 SUP. CT. REV. 303, 383-87
33. J. Morgan Kousser, Separate but Not Equal: The Supreme Court's First Decision on Racial Discrimination in Schools, 46 J. S. HIST. 17 (1980).
34. Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
35. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
36. See John Harrison, Ex Parte Young, 60 STAN. L. REV. 989, 1014 (2008)
37. see also David L. Shapiro, Ex Parte Young and the Uses of History, 67 N.Y.U. ANN. SURV. AM. L. 69, 90-94 (2011)
38. EDWIN BORCHARD, DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS xvii (2d. ed. 1941).
39. BRUCE LINCOLN, THEORIZING MYTH: NARRATIVE, IDEOLOGY, AND SCHOLARSHIP xii (1999) (emphasis omitted).
40. Steffel, 415 U.S. at 471.
41. Caitlin E. Borgmann, Legislative Arrogance and Constitutional Accountability, 79 S. CAL. L. REV. 753, 792 (2006).
42. Matthew D. Adler, Rights Against Rules: The Moral Structure of American Constitutional Law, 97 MICH. L. REV. 1, 143 (1998).
43. Octavio Luiz Motta Ferraz, Harming the Poor Through Social Rights Litigation: Lessons from Brazil, 89 TEX. L. REV. 1643, 1649 n.22 (2011).
44. Stuart Buck & Mark L. Rienzi, Federal Courts, Overbreadth, and Vagueness: Guiding Principles for Constitutional Challenges to Uninterpreted State Statutes, 2002 UTAH L. REV. 381, 440.
45. See, e.g., Alli v. Decker, 650 F.3d 1007, 1014 (3d Cir. 2011)
46. Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 1 F.3d 1274, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 1993)
47. Dickinson v. Ind. State Election Bd., 933 F.2d 497, 503 (7th Cir. 1991)
48. Ulstein Mar., Ltd. v. United States, 833 F.2d 1052, 1055 (1st Cir. 1987)
49. Morrow v. Harwell, 768 F.2d 619, 627 (5th Cir. 1985)
50. Familias Unidas v. Briscoe, 544 F.2d 182, 188 (5th Cir. 1976).
51. See, e.g., Donaldson v. State, 292 P.3d 364, 391-92 (Mont. 2012) (Nelson, J., dissenting).
52. See 3 CHARLES H. KOCH, JR., ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PRACTICE § 8:31[6] (3d ed. 2010)
53. Kathryn Smith, Declaratory Judgments, in 10 FEDERAL PROCEDURE, LAWYERS' EDITION § 23:3, at 12
54. See, e.g., James L. Lovsin, Note, A Constitutional Door Ajar: Applying the Ex Parte Young Doctrine to Declaratory Judgment Actions Seeking State Patent Invalidity, 2010 U. ILL. L. REV. 265, 301 n.311
55. I. Zamir, The Declaratory Judgment Revisited, 30 CURRENT LEGAL PROBS. 43, 52 (1977).
56. Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105, 1120 (9th Cir. 2010)
57. See Samuel L. Bray, Preventive Adjudication, 77 U. CHI. L. REV. 1275, 1282-85 (2010)
58. See, e.g., Edwin M. Borchard, Declaratory Judgments and Insurance Litigation, 34 ILL. L. REV. 245, 245 (1939)
59. George B. Fraser, A Survey of Declaratory Judgment Actions in the United States, 39 IOWA L. REV. 639, 651-55 (1954)
60. William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, The Economics of Anticipatory Adjudication, 23 J. LEGAL STUD. 683, 700 (1994)
61. Joseph Rossman, Declaratory Judgments, 17 J. PAT. OFF. SOC'Y 3, 4-5
62. See generally Lorelei Ritchie de Larena, Re-evaluating Declaratory Judgment Jurisdiction in Intellectual Property Disputes, 83 IND. L.J. 957 (2008)
63. John M. Golden, Principles for Patent Remedies, 88 TEX. L. REV. 505 (2010)
64. Mark A. Lemley & Carl Shapiro, Patent Holdup and Royalty Stacking, 85 TEX. L. REV. 1991 (2007).
65. Thome v. Alexander & Louisa Calder Found., 890 N.Y.S.2d 16, 24 (N.Y. App. Div. 2009) (validity of foreign divorce)
66. Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 471 (1974)
67. cf. Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105, 1120
68. Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 1 F.3d 1274, 1289
69. See O.W. Holmes, The Path of the Law, 10 HARV. L. REV. 457, 459-61 (1897).
70. see also Heartland By-Prods., Inc. v. United States, 568 F.3d 1360, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
71. Heights Cmty. Cong. v. Hilltop Realty, Inc., 774 F.2d 135, 144 (6th Cir. 1985)
72. See Landry v. Daley, 288 F. Supp. 189, 194 (N.D. Ill. 1968)
73. Vt. Structural Slate Co. v. Tatko Bros. Slate Co., 149 F. Supp. 139, 140 (N.D.N.Y. 1957)
74. See Carter v. Jury Comm'n of Greene Cnty., 396 U.S. 320, 327-28 & n.4 (1970)
75. see, for example, DOUG RENDLEMAN, COMPLEX LITIGATION: INJUNCTIONS, STRUCTURAL REMEDIES, AND CONTEMPT 625-29 (2010).
76. Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 650 & n.2, 651 & n.3 (1982)
77. see Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho, 521 U.S. 261, 305-06 (1997)
78. See Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc., 422 U.S. 922, 931 (1975).
79. See Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 480-84 (1974)
80. See Doran, 422 U.S. at 931
81. See Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 73 & n.2 (1985)
82. See Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Huffman, 319 U.S. 293, 299 (1943)
83. See Vincent Blasi, Holmes and the Marketplace of Ideas, 2004 SUP. CT. REV. 1, 1
84. See, e.g., Chester S. Chuang, Offensive Venue: The Curious Use of Declaratory Judgment To Forum Shop in Patent Litigation, 80 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 1065, 1074-77 (2012)
85. Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 489 (1969).
86. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 100 (1968)
87. Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 484-85 (1955).
88. See Akhil Reed Amar, Law Story, 102 HARV. L. REV. 688, 718 n.156 (1989) (book review)
89. Lawrence B. Solum, Procedural Justice, 78 S. CAL. L. REV. 181, 220 & n.93 (2004)
90. cf. Thurman W. Arnold, Trial by Combat and the New Deal, 47 HARV. L. REV. 913, 928 (1934)
91. Andrew Bradt, "Much To Gain and Nothing To Lose": Implications of the History of the Declaratory Judgment for the (b)(2) Class Action, 58 ARK. L. REV. 767, 774-81 (2006)
92. Donald L. Doernberg & Michael B.Mushlin, The Trojan Horse: How the Declaratory Judgment Act Created a Cause of Action and Expanded Federal Jurisdiction While the Supreme Court Wasn't Looking, 36 UCLA L. REV. 529, 554-61, 566-69 (1989).
93. Justice Black would later raise the same objection in South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301, 357-58 (1966)
94. Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 466 (1974).
95. Perez v. Ledesma, 401 U.S. 82, 111-15 (1971).
96. Abram Chayes, The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation, 89 HARV. L. REV. 1281, 1298-1302 (1976)
97. Theodore Eisenberg & Stephen C. Yeazell, The Ordinary and the Extraordinary in Institutional Litigation, 93 HARV. L. REV. 465, 481-94 (1980)
98. Judith Resnik, Managerial Judges, 96 HARV. L. REV. 374, 386-414 (1982).
99. See Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, From Swift to Stotts and Beyond: Modification of Injunctions in the Federal Courts, 64 TEX. L. REV. 1101, 1101 (1986)
100. Cf. Developments in the Law-Injunctions, 78 HARV. L. REV. 994, 1085 (1965)
101. See Tracy A. Thomas, The Prophylactic Remedy: Normative Principles and Definitional Parameters of Broad Injunctive Relief, 52 BUFF. L. REV. 301, 314 (2004)
102. see also Tracy A. Thomas, The Continued Vitality of Prophylactic Relief, 27 REV. LITIG. 99, 100 (2007)
103. See Harlan F. Stone, Book Review, 18 COLUM. L. REV. 97, 98 (1918)
104. Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 155-56 (1967).
105. See Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 239- 40 (1937).
106. See Gene R. Nichol, Jr., Ripeness and the Constitution, 54 U. CHI. L. REV. 153, 155 (1987)
107. N.H. Hemp Council, Inc. v. Marshall, 203 F.3d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir. 2000) (Boudin, J.)
108. G. Heileman Brewing Co. v. Anheuser- Busch Inc., 676 F. Supp. 1436, 1480 (E.D. Wis. 1987)
109. Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 320 (1982)
110. Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240 (1937).
111. Joshua Getzler, Patterns of Fusion, in THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS 157, 175 (Peter Birks ed., 1997).
112. E.g., Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 255 (1993)
113. For critique, see John H. Langbein, What ERISA Means by "Equitable": The Supreme Court's Trail of Error in Russell, Mertens, and Great-West, 103 COLUM. L. REV. 1317, 1348-55 (2003).
114. Mark P. Gergen, John M. Golden & Henry E. Smith, The Supreme Court's Accidental Revolution? The Test for Permanent Injunctions, 112 COLUM. L. REV. 203, 206 (2012).
115. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)
116. See DAVID P. CURRIE, FEDERAL COURTS: CASES AND MATERIALS 63 n.4 (4th ed. 1990)
117. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court and Disputes Between States, 103 WORLD AFF. 197, 201-02 (1940).
118. MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 132 n.11 (2007)
119. Duane Reade, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 411 F.3d 384, 388 (2d Cir. 2005)
120. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Res. Conservation & Dev. Comm'n, 461 U.S. 190 (1983).
121. Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. 738, 819 (1824).
122. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 33 (2008)