Reflective function as a mediator between childhood adversity, personality disorder and symptom distress

Personality and Mental Health

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 52-66

  Chiesa, Marco ^a   Fonagy, Peter ^b  

^a Cassel Hospital   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR; THEORY OF MIND; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; THEORY OF MIND; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84894243280     PISSN: 19328621     EISSN: 1932863X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1245     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Allen, J. G. (2012). Restoring mentalizing in attachment relationships: Treating trauma with plain old therapy. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1995). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (IVth ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
3. Barone, L. (2003). Developmental protective and risk factors in borderline personality disorder: A study using the Adult Attachment Interview. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 64-77.
4. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2008). 8-Year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 631-638.
5. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of outpatient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1355-1364.
6. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry, 9, 11-15.
7. Battle, C. L., Shea, M. T., Johnson, D. M., Yen, S., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M. C., Sanislow, C. A., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., & Morey, L. C. (2004). Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: Findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 193-211.
8. Bifulco, A., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1994). Childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA): A retrospective interview measure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1419-1435.
9. Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1335-1353.
10. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1989). Life events and illness. London: Unwin Hyman.
11. Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O., & Bifulco, A. (1986). Long-term effects of early loss of parent. In C. E. I. M. Rutter, & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives. New York: Guilford.
12. Carlson, E. A., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (2009). A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1311-1334.
13. Chiesa, M., & Fonagy, P. (2000). Cassel personality disorder study: Methodology and treatment effects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 485-491.
14. Chiesa, M., Fonagy, P., & Holmes, J. (2006). Six-year follow-up of three treatment programs to personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 493-509.
15. Chiesa, M., Fonagy, P., Holmes, J., & Drahorad, C. (2004). Residential versus community treatment of personality disorder: A comparative study of three treatment programs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1463-1470.
16. Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P. R., Chen, H., Anglin, D. M., & Ehrensaft, M. (2009). Early maternal separation and the trajectory of borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1013-1030.
17. Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, E., Smith, C. J., Stevens, A. L., & Sylvers, P. (2005). Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicide among adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1105-1127.
18. Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-90-R. Administration, scoring and procedures. Manual-II. Towson (MD): Clinical Psychometric Research.
19. Distel, M. A., Hottenga, J. J., Trull, T. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). Chromosome 9: Linkage for borderline personality disorder features. Psychiatric Genetics, 18, 302-307.
20. Dozier, M. K., Stowall-McColough, C., & Albus, K. E. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 718-744). New York: Guilford Publications.
21. Fertuck, E. A., Mergenthaler, E., Target, M., Levy, K. N., & Clarkin, J. F. (2012). Development and criterion validity of a computerized text analysis measure of reflective functioning. Psychotherapy Research, 22, 298-305.
22. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-II Personality Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
23. Fonagy, P. (2000). Attachment and borderline personality disorder. Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association, 48, 1129-1146.
24. Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder-A mentalizing model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 4-21.
25. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1996). The relationship of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 22-31.
26. Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1355-1381.
27. Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Target, M. (1998). Reflective-function manual: Version 5.0 for application to the Adult Attachment Interview. Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London. Unpublished manuscript.
28. Fonagy, P., Target, M., & Gergely, G. (2000). Attachment and borderline personality disorder. A theory and some evidence. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 103-122, vii-viii.
29. George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The Adult Attachment Interview. Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley.
30. Ghiassi, V., Dimaggio, G., & Brune, M. (2010). Dysfunctions in understanding other minds in borderline personality disorder: A study using cartoon picture stories. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 657-667.
31. Gunderson, J. G. (1996). The borderline patient intolerance of aloness: Insecure attachment and therapist availability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 752-758.
32. Gunderson, J. G., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). BPD's interpersonal hypersensitivity phenotype: A gene-environment-developmental model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 22-41.
33. Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., Choi-Kain, L. W., Mitchell, K. S., Jang, K. L., & Hudson, J. I. (2011). Family study of borderline personality disorder and its sectors of psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 753-762.
34. Harari, H., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Ravid, M., & Levkovitz, Y. (2010). Double dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 175, 277-279.
35. Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 924-936.
36. Hesse, E. (2008). The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 552-558). New York: Guilford Publications.
37. Hill, J., Stepp, S. D., Wan, M. W., Hope, H., Morse, J. Q., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2011). Attachment, borderline personality, and romantic relationship dysfunction. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 789-805.
38. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Chen, H., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 579-587.
39. Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Czajkowski, N., Roysamb, E., Tambs, K., Torgersen, S., Neale, M. C., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2008). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for DSM-IV personality disorders: A multivariate twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1438-1446.
40. Kernberg, O. F., & Caligor, E. (2005). A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders. In M. F. Lenzenweger, & J. F. Clarkin (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (2nd ed., pp. 114-156). New York: The Guilford Press.
41. Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Kelly, K. M., Reynoso, J. S., Weber, M., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1027-1040.
42. Linehan, M. M. (1987). Dialectical behavioural therapy: A cognitive behavioural approach to parasuicide. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 328-333.
43. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
44. Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., Lowyck, B., & Vermote, R. (2012). The assessment of mentalization. In A. W. Bateman, & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Mentalizing in mental health practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
45. Lyons-Ruth, K., Yellin, C., Melnick, S., & Atwood, G. (2005). Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother-infant communication and infant disorganization. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1-23.
46. Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART)-Test Manual. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.
47. Paris, J. (2000). Childhood precursors of borderline personality disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 77-88.
48. Paris, J. (2003). Personality disorders over time: Precursors, course and outcome. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
49. Paris, J. (2004). Sociocultural factors in the treatment of personality disorders. In J.J. Magnavita (Ed.), Handbook of personality disorders: Theory and practice (pp. 135-147). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
50. Paris, J. (2005). The development of impulsivity and suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1091-1104.
51. Patrick, M., Hobson, R. P., Castle, D., Howard, R., & Maughan, B. (1994). Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience. Developmental Psychopathology, 6, 375-388.
52. Preissler, S., Dziobek, I., Ritter, K., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2010). Social cognition in borderline personality disorder: Evidence for disturbed recognition of the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 182.
53. Rossouw, T. I., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-based treatment for self-harm in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 1304-1313 e1303.
54. Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443-458.
55. Sharp, C., Pane, H., Ha, C., Venta, A., Patel, A. B., Sturek, J., & Fonagy, P. (2011). Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 563-573 e561.
56. Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 349-367.
57. Stalker, C. A., & Davies, F. (1995). Attachment organization and adaptation in sexually-abused women. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 234-240.
58. Steele, H. (2003). Unrelenting catastrophic trauma within the family: When every secure base is abusive. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 353-366; discussion 409-314.
59. Steele, H., & Siever, L. (2010). An attachment perspective on borderline personality disorder: Advances in gene-environment considerations. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 61-67.
60. Steele, H., Steele, M., & Murphy, A. (2009). Use of the Adult Attachment Interview to measure process and change in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 633-643.
61. Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Cloitre, M. (2003). Reorganization of unresolved childhood traumatic memories following exposure therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1008, 297-299.
62. Torgersen, S., Czajkowski, N., Jacobson, K., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Roysamb, E., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2008). Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: A multivariate study. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1617-1625.
63. Tyrer, P., Crawford, M., & Mulder, R. (2011). Reclassifying personality disorders. Lancet, 377, 1814-1815.
64. Walter, M., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Morey, L. C., Yen, S., Stout, R. L., & Skodol, A. E. (2009). New onsets of substance use disorders in borderline personality disorder over 7years of follow-ups: Findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Addiction, 104, 97-103.
65. White, C. N., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., & Hudson, J. I. (2003). Family studies of borderline personality disorder: A review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11, 8-19.
66. Winsper, C., Zanarini, M., & Wolke, D. (2012). Prospective study of family adversity and maladaptive parenting in childhood and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical population at 11years. Psychological Medicine, 42, 2405-2420.
67. Zanarini, M. C. (2000). Childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 89-101.
68. Zanarini, M. C., & Frankenburg, F. R. (2007). The essential nature of borderline psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 518-535.
69. Zittel, C., & Westen, D. (1998). Conceptual issues and research findings on borderline personality disorder: What every clinician should know. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 4, 5-20.