Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of extracranial carotid artery stenosis from the Italian Society for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 119-131

  Setacci, C ^a   Argenteri, A ^b   Cremonesi, A ^c   De Donato, G ^a   Galzerano, G ^a   Lanza, G ^d   Navarretta, F ^e   Pulli, R ^f   Ricci, S ^g   Sbarigia, E ^h   Setacci, F ^h   Sirignano, P ^a   Peinetti, F ^e   Speziale, F ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^c MARIA CECILIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d IRCCS MULTIMEDICA   (Italy)

^e Aosta Hospital   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^g Operative Unit of Neurology   (Italy)

^h SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894181790     PISSN: 00219509     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Gibbons RJ, Smith S, Antman E. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Practice Guidelines: Part I. Where Do They Come From? Circulation 2003; 107: 2979-298.
2. Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton J.D., Fayad PB, Mohr JP, Saver JL et al.; TIA Working Group. Transient ischemic attack-proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1713-6.
3. Albers GW. Acute cerebrovascular syndrome: time for new terminology for acute brain ischemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006; 3: 521.
4. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner W.S., Sidney S. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TLA. JAMA 2000; 284: 2901-6.
5. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, Fox A.J., Ferguson GG, Haynes RB et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1415-25.
6. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Lancet 1998; 351: 1379-87.
7. Alexandrov AV, Brodie DS, McLean A, Hamilton P., Murphy J, Burns PN. Correlation of peak systolic velocity and angiographic measurement of carotid stenosis revisited. Stroke 1997; 28: 339-42.
8. Faught WE, Mattos MA, van Bemmelen PS, Hodgson KJ, Barkmeier LD, Ramsey DE, Sumner DS. Color-flow duplex scanning of carotid arteries: new velocity criteria based on receiver operator characteristic analysis for threshold stenoses used in the symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid trials. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19: 818-27.
9. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Chitwood R.W., Taylor LM Jr, Lee RW, Cummings CA et al. Correlation of North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) angiographic definition of 70% to 99% internal carotid artery stenosis with duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 152-7.
10. Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Papanicolaou G, Hatsukami T., Taylor LM Jr, Strandness DE Jr et al. Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis: duplex criteria for discriminating 60% to 99% stenosis. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21: 989-94.
11. Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT. Determination of Duplex Doppler ultrasound criteria appropriate to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 1996; 27: 695-9.
12. Jahromi AS, Cinà CS, Liu Y, Clase CM. Sensitivity and specificity of color Duplex ultrasound measurement in the estimation of internal carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 962-72.
13. Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Best J.J., Wartolowska K., Berry E; NHS Research and Development Health Technology Assessment Carotid Stenosis Imaging Group. Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006; 367: 1503-12.
14. Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Stevenson M, De Nigris E, Thomas S, Gillard J et al. Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: l-182.
15. Moratto R, Veronesi J, Silingardi R., Nicolosi E, Gennai S, Coppi G. How to simplify the approach to the supra-aortic trunks. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2013; 54: 23-31.
16. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G., Burell G, Cifkova R et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2375-414.
17. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G., Burell G, Cifkova R et al. A. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2375-414.
18. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R., Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373: 1849-60.
19. A randomised, blinded, trial of Clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996; 348: 1329-39.
20. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger P.B., Black HR, Boden WE et al. CHARISMA Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1706-17.
21. Cacoub PP, Bhatt DL, Steg P.G., Topoi EJ, Creager MA. Patients with peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 192-201.
22. European Stroke Organisation, Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML, Baumgartner I, Clément D, Collet JP et al. on behalf of ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2851-906.
23. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 549-59.
24. Sillesen H, Amarenco P, Hennerici M.G., Callahan A., Goldstein LB, Zivin J et al. Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: a secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke 2008; 39: 3297-302.
25. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R., Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373: 1849-60.
26. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P., Sharpe BL, Chan RK, Meldrum HE et al. The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid- artery stenosis. North American symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1693-700.
27. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J., Peto C, Peto R, Potter J et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 1491-502.
28. McKevitt FM, Randall MS, Cleveland T.J., Gaines PA, Tan KT, Venables GS. The benefits of combined anti-platelet treatment in carotid artery stenting. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29: 522-7.
29. Dalainas I, Nano G, Bianchi P., Stegher S, Malacrida G, Tealdi DG. Dual antiplatelet regime versus acetyl-acetic acid for carotid artery stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 29: 519-21.
30. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-8.
31. Lewis SC, Warlow CP, Bodenham A.R., Colam B., Rothwell PM, Torgerson D et al. General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 2132-42.
32. Bond R, Rerkasem K, AbuRahma A.F., Naylor AR, Rothwell PM. Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 2: CD000160.
33. Mannheim D, Weiler B, Vahadim E., Karmeli R. Carotid endarterectomy with a polyurethane patch versus primary closure: a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 403-7; discussion 407-8
34. Cao PG, de Rango P, Zannetti S, Giordano G., Ricci S, Celani MG. Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy for preventing stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 1: CD001921.
35. Aburahma AF, Mousa AY, Stone PA. Shunting during carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54: 1502-10.
36. Knight BC, Tait WF. Dacron patch infection following carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 37: 140-8.
37. Roffi M, Sievert H, Gray WA, White CJ, Torsello G, Cao P et al. Carotid artery stenting versus surgery: adequate comparisons? Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 339-41.
38. Theiss W, Hermanek P, Mathias K., Brückmann H, Dembskt J., Hoffmann FJ et al. Predictors of death and stroke after carotid angioplasty and stenting: a subgroup analysis of the Pro-CAS data. Stroke 2008; 39: 2325-30.
39. Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1729-37.
40. Fiehler J, Jansen O, Berger J., Eckstein HH, Ringleb PA, Stingele R. Differences in complication rates among the centres in the SPACE study. Neuroradiology 2008; 50: 1049-53.
41. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B., Branchereau A, Moulin T, Becquemin JP et al. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1660-71.
42. Ederle J, Dobson J, Featherstone R.L., Bonati LH, van der Worp HB, de Borst GJ et al. Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 985-97.
43. Cremonesi A, Setacci C, Bignamini A., Bolognese L, Briganti F, Di Sciascio G et al. Carotid artery stenting: first consensus document of the ICCS-SPREAD Joint Committee. Stroke 2006; 37: 2400-9.
44. Park KY, Kim DI, Kim B.M., Nam HS, Kim YD, Heo JH et al. Incidence of embolism associated with carotid artery stenting: open-cell versus closed-cell stents. J Neurosurg 2013 [Epub ahead of print].
45. de Donato G., Setacci F, Sirignano P., Galzerano G, Cappelli A, Setacci C. Optical coherence tomography after carotid stenting: rate of stent malapposition, plaque prolapse and fibrous cap rupture according to stent design. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 45: 579-87.
46. Bosiers M, de Donato G, Deloose K, Verbist J., Peeters P, Castriota F et al. Does free cell area influence the outcome in carotid artery stenting? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33: 135-41; discussion 142-3
47. Schillinger M, Gschwendtner M, Reimers B., Trenkler J, Stockx L, Mair J et al. Does carotid stent cell design matter? Stroke 2008; 39: 905-9.
48. Sahin M, Yazicioglu MV, Acar G, Demir S., Kalkan ME, Ozkan B et al. Safety of balloon pre-dilatation in the treatment of severe carotid artery stenosis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17: 788-93.
49. Cotroneo AR, Iezzi R. Cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA) versus conventional balloon angioplasty (PTA) in the pre-dilatation of carotid artery stenosis: our preliminary experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30: 1210-7.
50. Setacci F, Sirignano P, de Donato G, Chisci E, Galzerano G., Iacoponi F et al. Carotid highly-calcified de novo stenosis and cutting-balloon angioplasty: a tool to prevent haemodynamic depression? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2009; 50: 357-64.
51. Barbato JE, Dillavou E, Horowitz M.B., Jovin TG, Kanal E, David S et al. A randomized trial of carotid artery stenting with and without cerebral protection. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47: 760-5.
52. Macdonald S, Evans DH, Griffiths P.D., McKevitt FM, Venables GS, Cleveland TJ et al. Filter-protected versus unprotected carotid artery stenting: a randomised trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 29: 282-9.
53. Jansen O, Fiehler J, Hartmann M., Brückmann H. Protection or nonprotection in carotid stent angioplasty: the influence of interventional techniques on outcome data from the SPACE Trial. Stroke 2009; 40: 841-6.
54. Bonati LH, Jongen LM, Haller S, Flach H.Z., Dobson J., Nederkoorn PJ et al. New ischaemic brain lesions on MRI after stenting or endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a substudy of the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS). Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 353-62.
55. Massop D, Dave R, Metzger C., Bachinsky W, Solis M, Shah R et al. Stenting and angioplasty with protection in 2,001 patients patients at high-risk for endarterectomy: SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry first. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 73: 129-36.
56. Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 11-23.
57. Kastrup A, Nagele T, Groschel K., Schmidt F, Vogler E, Schulz J et al. Incidence of new brain lesions after carotid stenting with and without cerebral protection. Stroke 2006; 37: 2312-6.
58. Garg N, Karagiorgos N, Pisimisis G.T., Sohal DP, Longo GM, Johanning JM et al. Cerebral protection devices reduce periprocedural strokes during carotid angioplasty and stenting: a systematic review of the current literature. J Endovasc Ther 2009; 16: 412-27.
59. Bijuklic K, Wandler A, Hazizi F., Schofer J. The PROFI study (prevention of cerebral embolization by proximal balloon occlusion compared to filter protection during carotid artery stenting): a prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59: 1383-9.
60. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J., Peto C, Peto R, Potter J et al. Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 1491-502.
61. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J., Peto C, Peto R, Potter J et al. Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 1491e502.
62. ACST Writing Committee, on behalf of the ACST Collaborative Group. ACST: which subgroups will benefit most from carotid endarterectomy? Authors' reply. Lancet 2004; 364: 125e1126.
63. Abbott al. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke 2009; 40: 573-83.
64. Raman G, Moorthy D, Hadar N., Dahabreh IJ, O'Donnell TF, Thaler DE et al. Management strategies for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 676-85.
65. Naylor AR. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: state of the art management. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2013; 54(1 Suppl 1): l-7.
66. Brooks WH, McClure RR, Jones M.R., Coleman TC, Breathitt L. Carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: randomized trial in a community hospital. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001; 38: 1589-95.
67. Bonati LH, Lyrer P, Ederle J., Featherstone R, Brown MM. Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD000515.
68. Roffi M, Mukherjee D, Clair DG. Carotid artery stenting vs. endarterectomy. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2693-704.
69. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov S.A., Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003; 361: 107-16.
70. Mayberg MR, Wilson SE, Yatsu, Weiss DG, Messina L, Hershey LA et al. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group. JAMA 1991; 266: 3289-94.
71. Eckstein HH, Ringleb P, Allenberg J.R., Berger J., Fraedrich G, Hacke W et al. Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 893-902.
72. Mas JL, Trinquart L, Leys D., Albucher JF, Rousseau H, Viguier A et al. Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) trial: results up to 4 years from a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 885-92.
73. Ouriel K, Green RM. Clinical and Technical factors influencing recurrent carotid stensosis and occlusion after endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1987; 5: 702-6.
74. Clagett GP, Rich NM, McDonald P.T., Salander JM, Youkey JR, Olson DW et al. Etiologic factors for recurrent carotid artery stenosis. Surgery 1983; 93: 313-8.
75. al BK, Beach KW, Roubin G.S., Lutsep HL, Lutsep HL, Moore WS, Malas MB et al. Restenosis after carotid artery stenting and endarterectomy: a secondary analysis of CREST, a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 755-63.
76. Beebe HG. Scientific evidence demonstrating the safety of carotid angioplasty and stenting: do we have enough to draw conclusions yet? J Vasc Surg 1998; 27: 788-90.
77. Lattimer CR, Burnand KG. Recurrent carotid stenosis after carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg 1997; 84: 1206-19.
78. Healy DA, Zierler RE, Nicholls S.C., Clowes AW, Primozich JF, Bergelin RO et al. Long-term follow-up and clinical outcome of carotid restenosis. J Vasc Surg 1989; 10: 662-8; discussion 668-9.
79. Zhou W, Lin PH, Bush R.L., Peden EK, Guerrero MA, Kougias P et al. Management of in-sent restenosis after carotid artery stenting in high-risk patients. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43: 305-12.
80. Leger AR, Neale M, Harris JP. Poor durability of carotid angioplasty and stenting for treatment of recurrent artery stenosis after carotid endarterectomy: an institutional experience. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: 1008-14.
81. Zhou W, Lin PH, Bush R.L., Peden EK, Guerrero MA, Kougias P et al. Management of in-stent restenosis after carotid artery stenting in high-risk patients. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43: 305-12.
82. Reichmann BL, van Laanen JH, de Vries JP, Hendriks JM, Verhagen HJ, Moll FL et al. Carotid endarterectomy for treatment of in-stent restenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54: 87-92.
83. Gonzalez A, Drummond M, McCord S., Garrett HE Jr. Carotid endarterectomy for treatment of in-stent restenosis. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54: 1167-9.
84. Takigawa T, Matsumaru Y, Hayakawa M., Nemoto S, Matsumura A. Cilostazol reduces restenosis after carotid artery stenting. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51: 51-6.
85. Setacci C, Castelli P, Chiesa R, Grego F, Simoni GA, Stella A et al. Restenosis: a challenge for vascular surgeon. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2012; 53: 735-46.