Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: Results of a systematic review and analysis

Stroke

Volumn 40, Issue 10, 2009, Pages

  Abbott, Anne L ^a  

^a BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Asymptomatic carotid stenosis; Carotid endarterectomy; Endovascular treatment; Health policy; Stroke prevention

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPYRIDAMOLE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; STATIN; TICLOPIDINE; WARFARIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ANGIOPLASTY; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; CAROTID STENOSIS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; STROKE;

EID: 70349659460     PISSN: 00392499     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556068     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Abbott A, Bladin C, Levi C, Chambers B. What should we do with asymptomatic carotid stenosis? Int J Stroke. 2007;2:27-39.
2. Chambers BR, Norris JW. Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:860-865.
3. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, Sharpe BL, Chan RK, Meldrum HE, Barnett HJ. The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342: 1693-1700.
4. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, Culebras A, Degraba TJ, Gorelick PB, Guyton JR, Hart RG, Howard G, Kelly-Hayes M, Nixon JV, Sacco RL. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke. 2006;37:1583-1633.
5. The European Stroke Organisation Guidelines 2009; Prophylaxis and Treatment-Information for doctors in hospitals and practice-Update 2003/2004 (European Stroke Initiative Recommendations 2003); page 15 of 18 pages. www.eso-stroke.org/recommendations.php?cid- 9&sid-1. Last accessed May 28, 2009.
6. The National Stroke Foundation of Australia. Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management. 2007.
7. Klein A, Solomon CG, Hamel MB. Clinical decisions. Management of carotid stenosis-polling results. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:e23.
8. Karp HR, Flanders WD, Shipp CC, Taylor B, Martin D. Carotid endarterectomy among Medicare beneficiaries: A statewide evaluation of appropriateness and outcome. Stroke. 1998;29:46-52.
9. The Melbourne Vascular Surgery Quality Initiative. Vascular surgery in Victorian public hospitals 2003. 2005.
10. Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Fields WS, Goldstone J, Moore WS, Towne JB, Wright CB. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:221-227.
11. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421-1428.
12. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, Peto C, Peto R, Potter J, Thomas D. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1491-1502.
13. Chambers BR, Donnan GA. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD001923.
14. Abbott AL, Donnan GA. Does the 'high risk' patient with asymptomatic carotid stenosis really exist? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35: 524-533.
15. Janssen MP, de Borst GJ, Mali WP, Kappelle LJ, Moll FL, Ackerstaff RG, Rothwell PM, Brown MM, van Sambeek MR, Buskens E. Carotid stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: Evidence basis and cost implications. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36:258-264;discussion 265-1256
16. Naylor AR. Where next after SPACE and EVA-3s: "the good, the bad and the ugly!" Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:44-47.
17. Barr JD, Connors JJ III, Sacks D, Wojak JC, Becker GJ, Cardella JF, Chopko B, Dion JE, Fox AJ, Higashida RT, Hurst RW, Lewis CA, Matalon TA, Nesbit GM, Pollock JA, Russell EJ, Seidenwurm DJ, Wallace RC. Quality improvement guidelines for the performance of cervical carotid angioplasty and stent placement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:2020-2034.
18. Neter J, Wasserman W, Kutner MH. Applied Linear Statistical Models: Regression, Analysis of Variance and Experimental Designs (III edition). Irwin; 1990.
19. Ludbrook J. Multiple comparison procedure updated. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998;25:1032-1037.
20. Altman DG, Machin D, Bryant TN, Gardner MJ. Statistics With Confidence. BMJ Books; 2000.
21. Levin SM, Sondheimer FK, Levin JM. The contralateral diseased but asymptomatic carotid artery: To operate or not? An update. Am J Surg. 1980;140:203-205.
22. Kroener JM, Dorn PL, Shoor PM, Wickbom IG, Bernstein EF. Prognosis of asymptomatic ulcerating carotid lesions. Arch Surg. 1980; 115:1387-1392.
23. Podore PC, DeWeese JA, May AG, Rob CG. Asymptomatic contralateral carotid artery stenosis: A five-year follow-up study following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery. 1980;88:748-752.
24. Durward QJ, Ferguson GG, Barr HW. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid bifurcation plaques. Stroke. 1982;13:459-464.
25. Lindblad CJ, Link H. Asymptomatic internal carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions-to treat or not to treat? Lancet. 1982;1:274.
26. Grotta JC, Bigelow RH, Hu H, Hankins L, Fields WS. The significance of carotid stenosis or ulceration. Neurology. 1984;34:437-442.
27. Levien LJ, Fritz VU, Lithgow-Jolly P. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid disease. A preliminary report. S Afr J Surg. 1984;22: 249-253.
28. Roederer GO, Langlois YE, Jager KA, Primozich JF, Beach KW, Phillips DJ, Strandness DE Jr. The natural history of carotid arterial disease in asymptomatic patients with cervical bruits. Stroke. 1984;15: 605-613.
29. Moore DJ, Miles RD, Gooley NA, Sumner DS. Noninvasive assessment of stroke risk in asymptomatic and nonhemispheric patients with suspected carotid disease. Five-year follow-up of 294 unoperated and 81 operated patients. Ann Surg. 1985;202:491-504.
30. Moore DJ, Sheehan MP, Kolm P, Russell JB, Sumner DS. Are strokes predictable with noninvasive methods: A five-year follow-up of 303 unoperated patients. J Vasc Surg. 1985;2:654-660.
31. Ford CS, Frye JL, Toole JF, Lefkowitz D. Asymptomatic carotid bruit and stenosis. A prospective follow-up study. Arch Neurol. 1986;43: 219-222.
32. Hertzer NR, Flanagan RA Jr, Beven EG, O'Hara PJ. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment of asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: 290 patients documented by intravenous angiography. Ann Surg. 1986;204: 163-171.
33. Bogousslavsky J, Despland PA, Regli F. Asymptomatic tight stenosis of the internal carotid artery: Long-term prognosis. Neurology. 1986;36: 861-863.
34. O'Holleran LW, Kennelly MM, McClurken M, Johnson JM. Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque. Five year follow-up study. Am J Surg. 1987;154:659-662.
35. Schroeder T, Helgstrand UJ, Egeblad MR, Engell HC. Asymptomatic carotid lesions after endarterectomy of contralateral carotid artery. Five-year follow-up study and prognosis. Arch Surg. 1987;122: 795-801.
36. Donaldson MC, Sabine C, Showah AT, Bucknam CA. Recent experience with the asymptomatic cervical bruit. Arch Surg. 1987;122: 893-896.
37. Aldoori MI, Benveniste GL, Baird RN, Horrocks M, Fairgrieve J. Asymptomatic carotid murmur: Ultrasonic factors influencing outcome. Br J Surg. 1987;74:496-499.
38. Autret A, Pourcelot L, Saudeau D, Marchal C, Bertrand P, de Boisvilliers S. Stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis. Lancet. 1987;1: 888-890.
39. Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus RJ. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis on the side contralateral to endarterectomy. A comparison between patients with and those without operation. J Vasc Surg. 1988; 8:453-459.
40. Satiani B, Porter RM Jr, Biggers KM, Das BM. Natural history of nonoperated, significant carotid stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 1988;2: 271-278.
41. Caracci BF, Zukowski AJ, Hurley JJ, Naunheim KS, Auer AI. Asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:361-366.
42. Langsfeld M, Gray-Weale AC, Lusby RJ. The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:548-557.
43. AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA. Prospective clinicopathophysiologic follow-up study of asymptomatic neck bruit. Am Surg. 1990;56: 108-113.
44. Hatsukami TS, Healy DA, Primozich JF, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE Jr. Fate of the carotid artery contralateral to endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 1990;11:244-250; discussion 250-1241
45. Endean ED, Steffen G, Chmura C, Gupta SR, Littooy FN. Outcome of asymptomatic cervical bruits in a veteran population. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1991;32:620-626.
46. The CASANOVA Study Group. Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The CASANOVA study group. Stroke. 1991;22:1229-1235.
47. Norris JW, Zhu CZ, Bornstein NM, Chambers BR. Vascular risks of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 1991;22:1485-1490.
48. Ellis MR, Franks PJ, Cuming R, Powell JT, Greenhalgh RM. Prevalence, progression and natural history of asymptomatic carotid stenosis: is there a place for carotid endarterectomy? Eur J Vasc Surg. 1992;6: 172-177.
49. Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarectomy Study Group. Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1992;67:513-518.
50. Mess W, Steinke W, Rautenberg W, Hennerici H. Asymptomatic extracranial arterial disease-a twelve year follow-up. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1992;2:199. Abstract.
51. Matzsch T, Bergqvist D, Lindh M, Maly P, Takolander R. Natural history of patients with unoperated atherosclerotic carotid artery disease-results from a retrospective study. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1993;7: 166-170.
52. Bock RW, Gray-Weale AC, Mock PA, App Stats M, Robinson DA, Irwig L, Lusby RJ. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 1993;17:160-169; discussion 170-1161
53. Mansour MA, Mattos MA, Faught WE, Hodgson KJ, Barkmeier LD, Ramsey DE, Sumner DS. The natural history of moderate (50% to 79%) internal carotid artery stenosis in symptomatic, nonhemispheric, and asymptomatic patients. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:346 -356; discussion 356-1347
54. Naylor AR, John T, Howlett J, Gillespie I, Allan P, Ruckley CV. Fate of the non-operated carotid artery after contralateral endarterectomy. Br J Surg. 1995;82:44-48.
55. Shanik GD, Moore DJ, Leahy A, Grouden MC, Colgan MP. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: A benign lesion? Eur J Vasc Surg. 1992;6: 10-15.
56. Gur AY, Bova I, Bornstein NM. Is impaired cerebral vasomotor reactivity a predictive factor of stroke in asymptomatic patients? Stroke. 1996;27:2188-2190.
57. Tong Y, Royle J. Outcome of patients with symptomless carotid bruits: A prospective study. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4:174-180.
58. Rockman CB, Riles TS, Lamparello PJ, Giangola G, Adelman MA, Stone D, Guareschi C, Goldstein J, Landis R. Natural history and management of the asymptomatic, moderately stenotic internal carotid artery. J Vasc Surg. 1997;25:423-431.
59. Lewis RF, Abrahamowicz M, Cote R, Battista RN. Predictive power of duplex ultrasonography in asymptomatic carotid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:13-20.
60. Polak JF, Shemanski L, O'Leary DH, Lefkowitz D, Price TR, Savage PJ, Brant W, Reid C. Hypoechoeic plaque at US of the carotid artery: An independent risk factor for incident stroke in adults aged 65 years or older. Radiology. 1998;208:649-654.
61. Olin JW, Fonseca C, Childs MB, Piedmonte MR, Hertzer NR, Young JR. The natural history of asymptomatic moderate internal carotid artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound. Vasc Med. 1998;3:101-108.
62. Mansour MA, Littooy FN, Watson WC, Blumofe KA, Heilizer TJ, Steffen GF, Chmura C, Kang SS, Labropoulos N, Greisler HP, Fisher SG, Baker WH. Outcome of moderate carotid artery stenosis in patients who are asymptomatic. J Vasc Surg. 1999;29:217-225;discussion 225-1217
63. Silvestrini M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Matteis M, Passarelli F, Troisi E, Caltagirone C. Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 2000;283: 2122-2127.
64. Liapis CD, Kakisis JD, Kostakis AG. Carotid stenosis: Factors affecting symptomatology. Stroke. 2001;32:2782-2786.
65. Mineva PP, Manchev IC, Hadjiev DI. Prevalence and outcome of asymptomatic carotid stenosis: A population-based ultrasonographic study. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9:383-388.
66. Nadareishvili ZG, Rothwell PM, Beletsky V, Pagniello A, Norris JW. Long-term risk of stroke and other vascular events in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1162-1166.
67. AbuRahma AF, Thiele SP, Wulu JT Jr. Prospective controlled study of the natural history of asymptomatic 60% to 69% carotid stenosis according to ultrasonic plaque morphology. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36: 437-442.
68. Erzurum VZ, Littooy FN, Steffen G, Chmura C, Mansour MA. Outcome of nonoperative management of asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:663-667.
69. AbuRahma AF, Cook CC, Metz MJ, Wulu JT Jr, Bartolucci A. Natural history of carotid artery stenosis contralateral to endarterectomy: Results from two randomized prospective trials. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38: 1154-1161.
70. AbuRahma AF, Metz MJ, Robinson PA. Natural history of- or-60% asymptomatic carotid stenosis in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion. Ann Surg. 2003;238:551-561; discussion 561-1552
71. Dick P, Sherif C, Sabeti S, Amighi J, Minar E, Schillinger M. Gender differences in outcome of conservatively treated patients with asymptomatic high grade carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2005;36:1178-1183.
72. Sherif C, Dick P, Sabeti S, Mlekusch W, Amighi J, Ahmadi R, Lalouschek W, Minar E, Schillinger M. Neurological outcome of conservative versus endovascular treatment of patients with asymptomatic high-grade carotid artery stenosis: A propensity score-adjusted analysis. J Endovasc Ther. 2005;12:145-155.
73. Spence JD, Tamayo A, Lownie SP, Ng WP, Ferguson GG. Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2005;36:2373-2378.
74. Takahashi W, Ohnuki T, Ide M, Takagi S, Shinohara Y. Stroke risk of asymptomatic intra-and extracranial large-artery disease in apparently healthy adults. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22:263-270.
75. Sabeti S, Schlager O, Exner M, Mlekusch W, Amighi J, Dick P, Maurer G, Huber K, Koppensteiner R, Wagner O, Minar E, Schillinger M. Progression of carotid stenosis detected by duplex ultrasonography predicts adverse outcomes in cardiovascular high-risk patients. Stroke. 2007;38:2887-2894.
76. Johnson JM, Kennelly MM, Decesare D, Morgan S, Sparrow A. Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque. Arch Surg. 1985;120: 1010-1012.
77. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet. 1995;345: 209-212.
78. Mackey AE, Abrahamowicz M, Langlois Y, Battista R, Simard D, Bourque F, Leclerc J, Cote R. Outcome of asymptomatic patients with carotid disease. Asymptomatic cervical bruit study group. Neurology. 1997;48:896-903.
79. Nicolaides AN, Kakkos S, Griffin M, Sabetai M, Dhanjil S, Tegos T, Thomas DJ, Giannoukas A, Geroulakos G, Georgiou N, Francis S, Ioannidou E, Dore for the Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke (ACSRS) Study Group. Severity of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischaemic events: Results from the ACSRS Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30:275-284.
80. Abbott AL, Chambers BR, Stork JL, Levi CR, Bladin CF, Donnan GA. Embolic signals and prediction of ipsilateral stroke or transient ischemic attack in asymptomatic carotid stenosis: A multicenter prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2005;36:1128-1133.
81. Goessens BM, Visseren FL, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, van der Graaf Y. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest arterial disease: The SMART study. Stroke. 2007;38:1470-1475.
82. Longstreth WT Jr, Shemanski L, Lefkowitz D, O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Wolfson SK Jr. Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis defined by ultrasound and the risk of subsequent stroke in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1998;29:2371-2376.
83. Abbott AL. Natural history of high-grade asymptomatic carotid stenosis and identification of high ipsilateral stroke or TIA risk using microembolus detection. Thesis, Melbourne University (Medicine). 2004:438.
84. The Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. 2007:673.
85. Warlow C. Surgical treatment of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 1996;6:7-14.
86. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, Howard SC, Silver LE, Bull LM, Gutnikov SA, Edwards P, Mant D, Sackley CM, Farmer A, Sandercock PA, Dennis MS, Warlow CP, Bamford JM, Anslow P. Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet. 2004;363:1925-1933.
87. Unal B, Critchley JA, Fidan D, Capewell S. Life-years gained from modern cardiological treatments and population risk factor changes in England and Wales, 1981-2000. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:103-108.
88. World Health Organization (WHO). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes and its complications. Part 1. 1999:59.
89. The World Health Organization International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1983-1992.
90. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
91. The Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. 2003:420.
92. The Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. 2008.
93. Lonn E, Gerstein H, Smieja M, Mann J, Yusuf S. Mechanisms of cardiovascular risk reduction with ramipril: Insights from HOPE and HOPE sub-studies. Eur Heart J. 2003;5:A43-A48.
94. Furberg CD, Adams HP Jr, Applegate WB, Byington RP, Espeland MA, Hartwell T, Hunninghake DB, Lefkowitz DS, Probstfield J, Riley WA, et al. Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation. 1994;90:1679-1687.
95. Bennett SA, Magnus P. Trends in cardiovascular risk factors in Australia. Results from the National Heart Foundation's Risk Factor Prevalence Study, 1980-1989. Med J Aust. 1994;161:519-527.
96. Thompson JE, Patman RD, Talkington CM. Asymptomatic carotid bruit: Long term outcome of patients having endarterectomy compared with unoperated controls. Ann Surg. 1978;188:308-316.
97. Rijbroek A, Wisselink W, Vriens EM, Barkhof F, Lammertsma AA, Rauwerda JA. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Past, present and future. How to improve patient selection? Eur Neurol. 2006;56: 139-154.
98. Fields WS. The asymptomatic carotid bruit-operate or not? Stroke. 1978;9:269-271.
99. Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE, Fayad P, Katzen BT, Mishkel GJ, Bajwa TK, Whitlow P, Strickman NE, Jaff MR, Popma JJ, Snead DB, Cutlip DE, Firth BG, Ouriel K. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351: 1493-1501.
100. Moussa I, Rundek T, Mohr JE. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Risk Stratification and Management. London: Informa Healthcare; 2007.