Epidemiology of myopia

Eye (Basingstoke)

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 202-208

  Foster, P J ^a,b   Jiang, Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

epidemiology; incidence; myopia; prevalence; risk factors

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASIA; CATARACT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; EDUCATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNICITY; GENDER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GROUPS BY AGE; HEALTH CARE COST; HIGH MYOPIA; INCIDENCE; INCOME; LATTICE DEGENERATION; LIFESTYLE; MICROCYSTOID DEGENERATION; MYOPIA; OPTIC NERVE CRESCENT; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REFRACTION ERROR; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMICS; SUBCAPSULAR CATARACT; SUBRETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; WHITE WITHOUT PRESSURE; WORKLOAD;

DISEASE PROGRESSION; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MYOPIA; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84894155013     PISSN: 0950222X     EISSN: 14765454     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.280     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Praveen MR, Vasavada AR, Jani UD, Trivedi RH, Choudhary PK. Prevalence of cataract type in relation to axial length in subjects with high myopia and emmetropia in an Indian population. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145(1): 176-181.
2. Polkinghorne PJ, Craig JP. Northern New Zealand Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Study: epidemiology and risk factors. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004; 32(2): 159-163.
3. Li X. Incidence and epidemiological characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Beijing, China. Ophthalmology 2003; 110(12): 2413-2417.
4. Vongphanit J, Mitchell P, Wang JJ. Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population. Ophthalmology 2002; 109(4): 704-711.
5. Mitchell P, Hourihan F, Sandbach J, Wang JJ. The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1999; 106(10): 2010-2015.
6. Wong TY, Foster PJ, Johnson GJ, Seah SKL. Education, socioeconomic status, and ocular dimensions in Chinese adults: the Tanjong Pagar Survey. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86(9): 963-968.
7. Wen G, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Cotter SA, Borchert M, Lin J et al. Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in non-Hispanic white and Asian children: multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2013; 120(10): 2109-2116.
8. Lee JH, Jee D, Kwon JW, Lee WK. Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in a rural korean population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54(8): 5466-5471.
9. French AN, Morgan IG, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, Rose KA. Prevalence and 5-to 6-year incidence and progression of myopia and hyperopia in Australian schoolchildren. Ophthalmology 2013; 120(7): 1482-1491.
10. Sun J, Zhou J, Zhao P, Lian J, Zhu H, Zhou Y et al. High prevalence of myopia and high myopia in 5060 Chinese university students in Shanghai. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53(12): 7504-7509.
11. Parssinen O. The increased prevalence of myopia in Finland. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90(6): 497-502.
12. Pan CW, Zheng YF, Wong TY, Lavanya R, Wu RY, Gazzard G et al. Variation in prevalence of myopia between generations of migrant indians living in Singapore. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154(2): 376-381; e1.
13. Lam CS, Lam CH, Cheng SC, Chan LY. Prevalence of myopia among Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: changes over two decades. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012; 32(1): 17-24.
14. Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Jafarzadehpur E, Yekta AA, Emamian MH, Shariati M et al. High prevalence of myopia in an adult population, Shahroud, Iran. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89(7): 993-999.
15. Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Peckham CS. Myopia over the lifecourse: prevalence and early life influences in the 1958 British birth cohort. Ophthalmology 2011; 118(5): 797-804.
16. Charman N. Myopia: its prevalence, origins and control. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 31(1): 3-6.
17. Rudnicka AR, Owen CG, Nightingale CM, Cook DG, Whincup PH. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia and ocular biometry in 10-and 11-year-old children: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51(12): 6270-6276.
18. Park DJ, Congdon NG. Evidence for an 'epidemic' of myopia. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004; 33(1): 21-26.
19. Morgan I, Rose K. How genetic is school myopia? Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24(1): 1-38
20. Angle J, Wissmann DA. The epidemiology of myopia. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 111(2): 220-228
21. Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group. Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in 6-to 72-month-old african american and Hispanic children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2010; 117(1): 140-147; e3.
22. Zhao J, Pan X, Sui R, Munoz SR, Sperduto RD, Ellwein LB. Refractive Error Study in Children: results from Shunyi District, China. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129(4): 427-435.
23. He M, Zeng J, Liu Y, Xu J, Pokharel GP, Ellwein LB. Refractive error and visual impairment in urban children in southern china. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45(3): 793-799.
24. Fan DS, Lam DS, Lam RF, Lau JT, Chong KS, Cheung EYet al. Prevalence, incidence, and progression of myopia of school children in Hong Kong. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45(4): 1071-1075.
25. Saw SM, Zhang MZ, Hong RZ, Fu ZF, Pang MH, Tan DT. Near-work activity, night-lights, and myopia in the Singapore-China study. Arch Ophthalmol 2002; 120(5): 620-627.
26. Morgan A, Young R, Narankhand B, Chen S, Cottriall C, Hosking S. Prevalence rate of myopia in schoolchildren in rural Mongolia. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83(1): 53-56.
27. Pokharel GP, Negrel AD, Munoz SR, Ellwein LB. Refractive Error Study in Children: results from Mechi Zone, Nepal. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129(4): 436-444.
28. Wang Q, Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Refractive status in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35(13): 4344-4347.
29. Katz J, Tielsch JM, Sommer A. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in an adult inner city population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38(2): 334-340.
30. Wong TY, Foster PJ, Hee J, Ng TP, Tielsch JM, Chew SJ et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41(9): 2486-2494.
31. Mutti DO, Zadnik K. Age-related decreases in the prevalence of myopia: longitudinal change or cohort effect? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41(8): 2103-2107
32. Lin LL, Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Chen CJ. Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004; 33(1): 27-33.
33. Vitale S, Sperduto RD, Ferris 3rd, FL. Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004. Arch Ophthalmol 2009; 127(12): 1632-1639.
34. Jacobsen N, Jensen H, Goldschmidt E. Prevalence of myopia in Danish conscripts. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007; 85(2): 165-170.
35. Sangtam T, Maheshwar B, Eong KG. Prevalence of myopia in Danish conscripts: a response. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 87(8): 914 (author reply 913-4).
36. Saw SM, Hong CY, Chia KS, Stone RA, Tan D. Nearwork and myopia in young children. Lancet 2001; 357(9253): 390.
37. Wong TY, Foster PJ, Johnson GJ, Klein BE, Seah SK. The relationship between ocular dimensions and refraction with adult stature: the Tanjong Pagar Survey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42(6): 1237-1242.
38. Ahmed I, Mian S, Mudasir S, Andrabi KI. Prevalence of myopia in students of srinagar city of kashmir, India. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2008; 2(1): 77-81.
39. Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Moeschberger ML, Jones LA, Zadnik K. Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43(12): 3633-3640.
40. Ip JM, Huynh SC, Robaei D, Rose KA, Morgan IG, Smith W et al. Ethnic differences in the impact of parental myopia: findings from a population-based study of 12-year-old Australian children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48(6): 2520-2528.
41. Lam DS, Fan DS, Lam RF, Rao SK, Chong KS, Lau JT et al. The effect of parental history of myopia on children's eye size and growth: results of a longitudinal study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49(3): 873-876.
42. Xiang F, He M, Morgan IG. The impact of parental myopia on myopia in Chinese children: population-based evidence. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89(10): 1487-1496.
43. Xiang F, He M, Morgan IG. The impact of severity of parental myopia on myopia in Chinese children. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89(6): 884-891.
44. Wong TY, Foster PJ, Johnson GJ, Seah SK. Refractive errors, axial ocular dimensions, and age-related cataracts: the Tanjong Pagar survey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44(4): 1479-1485.
45. Lim HT, Yoon JS, Hwang SS, Lee SY. Prevalence and associated sociodemographic factors of myopia in Korean children: the 2005 third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012; 56(1): 76-81.
46. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY, Wu HM, Chan WY, Chia KS et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43(2): 332-339.
47. Low W, Dirani M, Gazzard G, Chan YH, Zhou HJ, Selvaraj P et al. Family history, near work, outdoor activity, and myopia in Singapore Chinese preschool children. Br J Ophthalmol 2010; 94(8): 1012-1016.
48. French AN, Morgan IG, Mitchell P, Rose KA. Risk factors for incident myopia in Australian schoolchildren: the Sydney Adolescent Vascular and Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2013; 120(10): 2100-2108.
49. Woodman EC, Read SA, Collins MJ, Hegarty KJ, Priddle SB, Smith JM et al. Axial elongation following prolonged near work in myopes and emmetropes. Br J Ophthalmol 2011; 95(5): 652-656.
50. Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W et al. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology 2008; 115(8): 1279-1285.
51. Sherwin JC, Reacher MH, Keogh RH, Khawaja AP, Mackey DA, Foster PJ. The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2012; 119(10): 2141-2151.
52. Megaw PL, Boelen MG, Morgan IG, Boelen MK. Diurnal patterns of dopamine release in chicken retina. Neurochem Int 2006; 48(1): 17-23.
53. Megaw P, Morgan I, Boelen M. Vitreal dihydroxy phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as an index of retinal dopamine release. J Neurochem 2001; 76(6): 1636-1644.
54. McCarthy D, Lueras P, Bhide PG. Elevated dopamine levels during gestation produce region-specific decreases in neurogenesis and subtle deficits in neuronal numbers. Brain Res 2007; 1182: 11-25.
55. Lu B, Congdon N, Liu X, Choi K, Lam DS, Zhang M et al. Associations between near work, outdoor activity, and myopia among adolescent students in rural China: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study report no. 2. Arch Ophthalmol 2009; 127(6): 769-775.
56. Machida S, Hasegawa Y, Kondo M, Fujiwara T, Asano T, Murai K et al. High prevalence of myopia in Japanese patients with idiopathic focal subretinal neovascularization. Retina 2006; 26(2): 170-175.
57. Fricke TR, Holden BA, Wilson DA, Schlenther G, Naidoo KS, Resnikoff S et al. Global cost of correcting vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90(10): 728-738.
58. Javitt JC, Chiang YP. The socioeconomic aspects of laser refractive surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112(12): 1526-1530.
59. Lim MC, Gazzard G, Sim EL, Tong L, Saw SM. Direct costs of myopia in Singapore. Eye (Lond) 2009; 23(5): 1086-1089.
60. Rose K, Harper R, Tromans C, Waterman C, Goldberg D, Haggerty C et al. Quality of life in myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84(9): 1031-1034.
61. Takashima T, Yokoyama T, Futagami S, Ohno-Matsui K, Tanaka H, Tokoro T et al. The quality of life in patients with pathologic myopia. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2001; 45(1): 84-92.
62. Yokoi T, Moriyama M, Hayashi K, Shimada N, Tomita M, Yamamoto N et al. Predictive factors for comorbid psychiatric disorders and their impact on vision-related quality of life in patients with high myopia. Int Ophthalmol; e-pub ahead of print 21 June 2013; doi:10.1007/s10792-013-9805-8.
63. Cheng SC, Lam CS, Yap MK. Prevalence of myopia-related retinal changes among 12-18 year old Hong Kong Chinese high myopes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33(6): 652-660.