Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among patients and health care workers in são tomé and príncipe

Microbial Drug Resistance

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 57-66

  Conceição, Teresa ^a   Santos Silva, Isabel ^b   De Lencastre, Hermínia ^a,c   Aires De Sousa, Marta ^b  

^a INSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA QUÍMICA E BIOLÓGICA   (Portugal)

^b Edifício UrbiCeuta ^*  (Portugal)

^c ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL TOXIN; ENTEROTOXIN; HEMOLYSIN; LEUKOCIDIN; PANTON VALENTINE LEUKOCIDIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING; NOSE SMEAR; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSED FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; RISK FACTOR; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

AFRICA; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; BACTERIAL TYPING TECHNIQUES; CARRIER STATE; CLONE CELLS; ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, PULSED-FIELD; EXOTOXINS; GENETIC VARIATION; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT; ISLANDS; LEUKOCIDINS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; NASAL CAVITY; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS;

EID: 84893790389     PISSN: 10766294     EISSN: 19318448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0136     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Aires-de-Sousa M., I. Santos Sanches, M.L. Ferro, and H. De Lencastre. 2000. Epidemiological study of staphylococcal colonization and cross-infection in two West African Hospitals. Microb. Drug. Resist. 6:133-141.
2. Aires-de-Sousa M., K. Boye, H. de Lencastre, A. Deplano, M.C. Enright, J. Etienne, A. Friedrich, D. Harmsen, A. Holmes, X.W. Huijsdens, A.M. Kearns, A. Mellmann, H. Meugnier, J.K. Rasheed, E. Spalburg, B. Strommenger, M.J. Struelens, F.C. Tenover, J. Thomas, U. Vogel, H. Westh, J. Xu, and W. Witte. 2006. High interlaboratory re-producibility of DNA sequence-based typing of bacteria in a multicenter study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:619-621.
3. Aires-de-Sousa M., T. Conceicao, and H. de Lencastre. 2006. Unusually high prevalence of nosocomial Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Cape Verde Islands. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3790-3793.
4. Aires-de-Sousa M., B. Correia, and H. de Lencastre. 2008. Changing patterns in frequency of recovery of five methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Portuguese hospitals: surveillance over a 16-year period. J. Clin. Micro-biol. 46:2912-2917.
5. Albrich W.C., and S. Harbarth. 2008. Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA? Lancet Infect. Dis. 8:289-301.
6. Amorim M.L., C. Vasconcelos, D.C. Oliveira, A. Azevedo, E. Calado, N.A. Faria, M. Pereira, A.P. Castro, A. Moreira, E. Aires, J.M. Cabeda, M.H. Ramos, J.M. Amorim, and H. de Lencastre. 2009. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization among patients and healthcare workers in a Portuguese hospital: a pre-intervention study toward the control of MRSA. Microb. Drug Resist. 15:19-26.
7. Ateba Ngoa U., F. Schaumburg, A.A. Adegnika, K. Kosters, T. Moller, J.F. Fernandes, A. Alabi, S. Issifou, K. Becker, M.P. Grobusch, P.G. Kremsner, and B. Lell. 2012. Epidemiology and population structure of Staphylococcus aureus in various population groups from a rural and semi urban area in Gabon, Central Africa. Acta Trop. 124:42-47.
8. Bagheri Nejad S., B. Allegranzi, S.B. Syed, B. Ellis, and D. Pittet. 2011. Health-care-associated infection in Africa: a systematic review. Bull. World Health Organ. 89:757-765.
9. Breurec S., C. Fall, R. Pouillot, P. Boisier, S. Brisse, F. Diene-Sarr, S. Djibo, J. Etienne, M.C. Fonkoua, J.D. Perrier-Gros-Claude, C.E. Ramarokoto, F. Randrianirina, J.M. Thiberge, S.B. Zriouil, B. Garin, and F. Laurent. 2011. Epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aure-us lineages in five major African towns: high prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17:633-639.
10. Breurec S., S.B. Zriouil, C. Fall, P. Boisier, S. Brisse, S. Djibo, J. Etienne, M.C. Fonkoua, J.D. Perrier-Gros-Claude, R. Pouillot, C.E. Ramarokoto, F. Randrianirina, A. Tall, J.M. Thiberge, F. Laurent, and B. Garin. 2010. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages in five major African towns: emergence and spread of atypical clones. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17:160-165.
11. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Available at www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html, accessed February 11, 2013. (Online.)
12. Chung M., H. de Lencastre, P. Matthews, A. Tomasz, I. Adamsson, M. Aires de Sousa, T. Camou, C. Cocuzza, A. Corso, I. Couto, A. Dominguez, M. Gniadkowski, R. Goering, A. Gomes, K. Kikuchi, A. Marchese, R. Mato, O. Melter, D. Oliveira, R. Palacio, R. Sa-Leao, I. Santos Sanches, J.H. Song, P.T. Tassios, and P. Villari. 2000. Molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: comparison of results obtained in a multilaboratory effort using identical protocols and MRSA strains. Microb. Drug Resist. 6:189-198.
13. Cirkovic I., S. Djukic, D. Vukovic, G. Stevanovic, M. Svabic-Vlahovic, and S. Stepanovic. 2013. [Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant among medical students of Belgrade University]. Srp. Arh. Celok. Lek. 141:349-353.
14. [CLSI] Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. 2009. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Nineteenth Informational Supplement M100-S19. Wayne, Pennsylvania.
15. Crisóstomo M.I., H. Westh, A. Tomasz, M. Chung, D.C. Oliveira, and H. de Lencastre. 2001. The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and-resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:9865-9870.
16. de Lencastre H., and A. Tomasz. 2011. The CEM-NET initiative: molecular biology and epidemiology in alliance-tracking antibiotic-resistant staphylococci and pneumo-cocci in hospitals and in the community. Int. J. Med. Mi-crobiol. 301:623-629.
17. Enright M.C., N.P. Day, C.E. Davies, S.J. Peacock, and B.G. Spratt. 2000. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1008-1015.
18. Espadinha D., N.A. Faria, M. Miragaia, L.M. Lito, J. Melo-Cristino, H. de Lencastre, and N. Medicos Sentinela. 2013. Extensive dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus (MRSA) between the hospital and the community in a country with a high prevalence of nosocomial MRSA. PLoS One 8:e59960.
19. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. EARSS annual report 2011. Available at www.ecdc.europa.eu/. Stockholm, Sweden: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 2012, pp. 55-57, accessed March 01, 2013. (Online.)
20. Faria N.A., J.A. Carrico, D.C. Oliveira, M. Ramirez, and H. de Lencastre. 2008. Analysis of typing methods for epide-miological surveillance of both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:136-144.
21. Ghebremedhin B., M.O. Olugbosi, A.M. Raji, F. Layer, R.A. Bakare, B. Konig, and W. Konig. 2009. Emergence of a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain with a unique resistance profile in Southwest Nigeria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:2975-2980.
22. Gilot P., G. Lina, T. Cochard, and B. Poutrel. 2002. Analysis of the genetic variability of genes encoding the RNA III-activating components Agr and TRAP in a population of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cows with mastitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4060-4067.
23. Grundmann H., D.M. Aanensen, C.C. van den Wijngaard, B.G. Spratt, D. Harmsen, and A.W. Friedrich. 2010. Geographic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus causing invasive infections in Europe: a molecular-epidemiological analysis. PLoS Med. 7:e1000215.
24. Hochedez P., A. Canestri, M. Lecso, N. Valin, F. Bricaire, and E. Caumes. 2009. Skin and soft tissue infections in returning travelers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80:431-434.
25. Hososaka Y., H. Hanaki, H. Endo, Y. Suzuki, Z. Nagasawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Nakae, and K. Sunakawa. 2007. Characterization of oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylo-coccus aureus: a new type of MRSA. J. Infect. Chemother. 13:79-86.
26. Kateete D.P., S. Namazzi, M. Okee, A. Okeng, H. Baluku, N.L. Musisi, F.A. Katabazi, M.L. Joloba, R. Ssentongo, and F.C. Najjuka. 2011. High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the surgical units of Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Res. Notes 4:326.
27. Kejela T., and K. Bacha. 2013. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among primary school children and prisoners in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Ann. Clin. Micro-biol. Antimicrob. 12:11.
28. Klevens R.M., M.A. Morrison, J. Nadle, S. Petit, K. Gershman, S. Ray, L.H. Harrison, R. Lynfield, G. Dumyati, J.M. Townes, A.S. Craig, E.R. Zell, G.E. Fosheim, L.K. McDougal, R.B. Carey, and S.K. Fridkin. 2007. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 298:1763-1771.
29. Kumar V.A., K. Steffy, M. Chatterjee, M. Sugumar, K.R. Dinesh, A. Manoharan, S. Karim, and R. Biswas. 2013. Detection of oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylo-coccus aureus isolates by use of chromogenic medium MRSA ID. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51:318-319.
30. Kurt K., J.P. Rasigade, F. Laurent, R.V. Goering, H. Zemlickova, I. Machova, M.J. Struelens, A.E. Zautner, S. Holtfreter, B. Broker, S. Ritchie, S. Reaksmey, D. Limmathurotsakul, S.J. Peacock, C. Cuny, F. Layer, W. Witte, and U. Nubel. 2013. Subpopulations of Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 121 are associated with distinct clinical entities. PLoS One 8:e58155.
31. Maina E.K., C. Kiiyukia, C.N. Wamae, P.G. Waiyaki, and S. Kariuki. 2013. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin and soft tissue infections in patients in Nairobi, Kenya. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 17:e115-e119.
32. Mandomando I., B. Sigauque, L. Morais, M. Espasa, X. Valles, J. Sacarlal, E. Macete, P. Aide, L. Quinto, T. Nhampossa, S. Machevo, Q. Bassat, C. Menendez, J. Ruiz, A. Roca, and P.L. Alonso. 2010. Antimicrobial drug resistance trends of bacteremia isolates in a rural hospital in southern Mozambique. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83:152-157.
33. McDougal L.K., C.D. Steward, G.E. Killgore, J.M. Chai-tram, S.K. McAllister, and F.C. Tenover. 2003. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:5113-5120.
34. Mellmann A., T. Weniger, C. Berssenbrugge, J. Rothganger, M. Sammeth, J. Stoye, and D. Harmsen. 2007. Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP): an algorithm to characterize the long-term evolution of Staphylococcus aureus populations based on spa polymorphisms. BMC Microbiol. 7:98.
35. Milheiriço C., D.C. Oliveira, and H. de Lencastre. 2007. Multiplex PCR strategy for subtyping the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: ''SCCmec IV multiplex''. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60:42-48.
36. Milheiriço C., D.C. Oliveira, and H. de Lencastre. 2007. Update to the multiplex PCR strategy for assignment of mec element types in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:3374-3377.
37. Monday S.R., and G.A. Bohach. 1999. Use of multiplex PCR to detect classical and newly described pyrogenic toxin genes in staphylococcal isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3411-3414.
38. Odonkor S.T., M.J. Newman, and K.K. Addo. 2012. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Accra, Ghana. Microbiol. Res. 2012 3:e20:84-87.
39. Okuma K., K. Iwakawa, J.D. Turnidge, W.B. Grubb, J.M. Bell, F.G. O'Brien, G.W. Coombs, J.W. Pearman, F.C. Tenover, M. Kapi, C. Tiensasitorn, T. Ito, and K. Hiramatsu. 2002. Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J. Clin. Mi-crobiol. 40:4289-4294.
40. Otter J.A., and G.L. French. 2010. Molecular epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10:227-239.
41. Petinaki E., F. Kontos, and A.N. Maniatis. 2002. Emergence of two oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylococcus aureus clones in a Greek hospital. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50:1090-1091.
42. Poulsen A.B., R. Skov, and L.V. Pallesen. 2003. Detection of methicillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci and in staphylococci directly from simulated blood cultures using the EVIGENE MRSA Detection Kit. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:419-421.
43. Ramdani-Bouguessa N., M. Bes, H. Meugnier, F. Forey, M.E. Reverdy, G. Lina, F. Vandenesch, M. Tazir, and J. Etienne. 2006. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus strains resistant to multiple antibiotics and carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in an Algiers hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:1083-1085.
44. Randrianirina F., J.L. Soares, E. Ratsima, J.F. Carod, P. Combe, P. Grosjean, V. Richard, and A. Talarmin. 2007. In vitro activities of 18 antimicrobial agents against Staphy-lococcus aureus isolates from the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 6:5.
45. Rasamiravaka T., S. Rasoanandrasana, N.J. Zafindraibe, A.O. Rakoto Alson, and A. Rasamindrakotroka. 2013. Evaluation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Malagasy patients. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 7:318-322.
46. Rasigade J.P., F. Laurent, G. Lina, H. Meugnier, M. Bes, F. Vandenesch, J. Etienne, and A. Tristan. 2010. Global distribution and evolution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, 1981-2007. J. Infect. Dis. 201:1589-1597.
47. Rolo J., M. Miragaia, A. Turlej-Rogacka, J. Empel, O. Bouchami, N.A. Faria, A. Tavares, W. Hryniewicz, A.C. Fluit, H. de Lencastre, and C.W. Group. 2012. High genetic diversity among community-associated Staphylococcus aure-us in Europe: results from a multicenter study. PLoS One 7:e34768.
48. Ruimy R., A. Maiga, L. Armand-Lefevre, I. Maiga, A. Diallo, A.K. Koumare, K. Ouattara, S. Soumare, K. Gaillard, J.C. Lucet, A. Andremont, and E.J. Feil. 2008. The carriage population of Staphylococcus aureus from Mali is composed of a combination of pandemic clones and the divergent Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive genotype ST152. J. Bacteriol. 190:3962-3968.
49. Schaumburg F., R. Kock, A.W. Friedrich, S. Soula-noudjingar, U.A. Ngoa, C. von Eiff, S. Issifou, P.G. Kremsner, M. Herrmann, G. Peters, and K. Becker. 2011. Population structure of Staphylococcus aureus from remote African Babongo Pygmies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5:e1150.
50. Schaumburg F., U.A. Ngoa, K. Kosters, R. Kock, A.A. Adegnika, P.G. Kremsner, B. Lell, G. Peters, A. Mellmann, and K. Becker. 2011. Virulence factors and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus from infection and carriage in Gabon. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17:1507-1513.
51. Schleucher R.D., M. Gaessler, and J. Knobloch. 2008. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus as a cause for recurrent, contagious skin infections in young, healthy travelers returned from a tropical country: a new worldwide public health problem? J Travel. Med. 15:137-139.
52. Seni J., F. Bwanga, C.F. Najjuka, P. Makobore, M. Okee, S.E. Mshana, B.R. Kidenya, M.L. Joloba, and D.P. Kateete. 2013. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from patients with surgical site infections at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One 8:e66153.
53. Shittu A.O., and J. Lin. 2006. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and characterization of clinical isolates of Staphylo-coccus aureus in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. BMC Infect. Dis. 6:125.
54. Shittu A.O., K. Okon, S. Adesida, O. Oyedara, W. Witte, B. Strommenger, F. Layer, and U. Nubel. 2011. Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria. BMC Microbiol. 11:92.
55. Stenhem M., A. Ortqvist, H. Ringberg, L. Larsson, B. Olsson Liljequist, S. Haeggman, M. Kalin, and K. Ekdahl. 2010. Imported methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Sweden. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16:189-196.
56. Tavares A., M. Miragaia, J. Rolo, C. Coelho, H. de Len-castre, and CA-MRSA/MSSA working group. 2013. High prevalence of hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Sta-phylococcus aureus in the community in Portugal: evidence for the blurring of community-hospital boundaries. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1872-2.
57. Urassa W.K., E.A. Haule, C. Kagoma, and N. Langeland. 1999. Antimicrobial susceptibillty of Staphylococcus aureus strains at Muhimbili Medical Centre, Tanzania. East Afr. Med. J. 76:693-695.
58. Vandenesch F., T. Naimi, M.C. Enright, G. Lina, G.R. Nimmo, H. Heffernan, N. Liassine, M. Bes, T. Greenland, M.E. Reverdy, and J. Etienne. 2003. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:978-984.
59. Wertheim H.F., D.C. Melles, M.C. Vos, W. van Leeuwen, A. van Belkum, H.A. Verbrugh, and J.L. Nouwen. 2005. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5:751-762.
60. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5:751-762. 60. Zanger P., D. Nurjadi, R. Schleucher, H. Scherbaum, C. Wolz, P.G. Kremsner, and B. Schulte. 2012. Import and spread of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-positive Staphylo-coccus aureus through nasal carriage and skin infections in travelers returning from the tropics and subtropics. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54:483-492.