Statistical approaches to assessing single and multiple outcome measures in dry eye therapy and diagnosis

Ocular Surface

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 267-284

  Tomlinson, Alan ^a   Hair, Mario ^b   McFadyen, Angus ^b  

^a GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Independent Imaging Consultant   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Dry eye; Outcome measures; Statistical analysis; Tear physiology

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DRY EYE; EVAPORATION; HUMAN; OSMOLARITY; TEAR FILM; TURNOVER TIME;

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANCOVA; ANOVA; DRY EYE; EVAP; EVAPORATION RATE; HPMC; HYDROXYPROPYL METHYLCELLULOSE; KAISER-MEYER-OLKIN (MEASURE OF SAMPLING ADEQUACY); KMO; LIPID FILM QUALITY; OSM; OSMOLARITY; OUTCOME MEASURES; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TEAR PHYSIOLOGY; TEAR TURNOVER RATE; TFI; TTR;

DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DRY EYE SYNDROMES; HUMANS; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); TEARS;

EID: 84893777696     PISSN: 15420124     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Lucca JA, Nunez JN, Farris RL. A comparison of diagnostic tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca: lactoplate, Schirmer, and tear OSM. CLAO J 1990;16:109-12
2. Nichols KK, Mitchell GL, Zadnik K. The repeatability of clinical measurements of dry eye. Cornea 2004;23:272-85
3. Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, et al. The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Report of the diagnosis subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:2006-49
4. Van Bijsterveld OP. Diagnostic tests in the sicca syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1969;82:10-4
5. Goren MB, Goren SB. Diagnostic tests in patients with symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:570-4
6. (No authors listed). Methodologies to diagnose and monitor ry eeye disease: report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007;5:108-52
7. Farris RL, Gilbard JP, Stuchell N, et al. Diagnostic tests in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. CLAO J 1983;9:23-8
8. Khanal S, Tomlinson A, McFadyen A, et al. Dry eye diagnosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:1407-14
9. Craig JP, Tomlinson A. The effect of age on tear OSM. Optom Vis Sci 1995;72:713-7
10. Khanal S, Tomlinson A, Pearce EI, Simmons PA. Effect of an oil-inwater emulsion on the tear physiology of patients with mild to moderate dry eye. Cornea 2007;26:175-81
11. McCann LC, Tomlinson A, Pearce EI, Papa V. Effectiveness of artificial tears in the management of evaporative dry eye. Cornea 2012;31:1-5
12. Trees GR, Tomlinson A. Effect of artificial tear solutions and saline on tear film evaporation. Optom Vis Sci 1990;67:886-90
13. Doane MG. An instrument for in vivo tear film interferometry. Optom Vis Sci 1989;66:383-8
14. McCann LC, Tomlinson A, Pearce EI, et al. A clinical alternative to fluorophotometry for measuring tear production in the diagnosis of dry eye. Cornea 2010;29:745-50
15. Field A. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. ed 3. London, Sage Publications Ltd, 2009
16. Everitt BS, Dunn G. Applied Multivariate Data Analysis. London, Edward Arnold, 1991
17. Daniel WW. Applied Nonparametric Statistics. ed 2. Boston, PWSKENT, 1990
18. Van Breukelen GJP. ANCOVA versus change from baseline had more power in randomized studies and more bias in nonrandomized studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:920-5
19. Senn S. Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited. Stat Med 2006;25:4334-44
20. Sullivan BD, Whitmer D, Nichols KK, et al. An objective approach to dry eye disease severity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:6125-30
21. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. ed 2. New York, Academic Press, 1988
22. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:155-9
23. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. ed 4. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall International, 1995
24. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. ed 5. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 2007
25. Kaiser HF. A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika 1970;35: 401-15
26. Kaiser HF. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 1974;39:35-9
27. Vitali C, Moutsopoulos HM, Bombardieri S. The European Community Study Group on diagnostic criteria for Sjogren's syndrome: sensitivity and specificity of tests for ocular and oral involvement in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:637-47
28. Farris RL. Tear osmolarity: a new gold standard? Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;350:495-503
29. Tomlinson A, Khanal S. Assessment of tear film dynamics: quantification approach. Ocul Surf 2005;3:81-95
30. Tomlinson A, Doane MG, McFadyen A. Inputs and outputs of the lacrimal system: review of production and evaporative loss. Ocul Surf 2009;7:186-98
31. Mathers WD. Why the eye becomes dry: a cornea and lacrimal gland feedback model. CLAO J 2000;26:159-65
32. Xu KP, Yagi Y, Toda I, Tsubota K. Tear function index: a new measure of dry eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:84-8
33. Mathers WD, Lane JA, Sutphin JE, Zimmerman MB. Model for ocular tear film function. Cornea 1996;15:110-9
34. Khanal S, Tomlinson A, Diaper CJ. Tear physiology of aqueous deficiency and evaporative dry eye. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86:1235-40
35. Douglass KH, Links JM, Chen DC, et al. Linear discriminant analysis of regional ejection fractions in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Eur J Nucl Med 1987;12:602-4
36. Detrano R, Leatherman J, Salcedo EE, et al. Bayesian analysis versus discriminant function analysis: their relative utility in the diagnosis of coronary disease. Circulation 1986;73:970-7
37. Lansky A, Fleming PL, Byers Jr RH, et al. A method for classification of HIV exposure category for women without HIV risk information. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50:31-40
38. Ellis G, Goldberg DM. Discriminant function analysis applied to laboratory tests in patients with hepatobiliary disease. Comput Biomed Res 1979;12:483-501
39. Visser PJ, Verhey FR, Ponds RW, Jolles J. Diagnosis of preclinical Alzheimer's disease in a clinical setting. Int Psychogeriatr 2001;13:411-23
40. Ratei R, Karawajew L, Lacombe F, et al. Discriminant function analysis as decision support system for the diagnosis of acute leukemia with a minimal four color screening panel and multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Leukemia 2007;21:1204-11
41. Menard S. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. ed 2. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2001
42. Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1978
43. Kass RA, Tinsley HEA. Factor analysis. J Leisure Res 1979;11: 120-38
44. Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Azar DT, Heyda KG. Effect of punctal occlusion by Freeman silicone plug insertion on tear osmolarity in dry eye disorders. CLAO J 1989;15:216-8
45. Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Heyda KG. Ophthalmic solutions, the ocular surface, and a unique therapeutic artificial tear formulation. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107:348-55
46. Nelson JD, Farris RL. Sodium hyaluronate and polyvinyl alcohol artificial tear preparations. A comparison in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:484-7
47. Bland M. An Introduction to Medical Statistics. ed 3. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
48. Tomlinson A, Khanal S, Ramaesh K, et al. Tear film osmolarity: determination of a referent for dry eye diagnosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:4309-15
49. Gilbard JP, Farris RL. Tear osmolarity and ocular surface disease in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:1642-6
50. Jacobi C, Jacobi A, Kruse FE, Cursiefen C. Tear film osmolarity measurements in dry eye disease using electrical impedance technology. Cornea 2011;30:1289-92
51. (No authors listed). The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007;5:75-92
52. Pflugfelder SC, Tseng SC, Sanabria O, et al. Evaluation of subjective assessments and objective diagnostic tests for diagnosing tear-film disorders known to cause ocular irritation. Cornea 1998;17:38-56