Enclosure landscapes: Historical reflections on palestinian geography

Historical Geography

Volumn 39, Issue , 2011, Pages 182-207

  Fields, Gary ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893777648     PISSN: 10916458     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Said explains how he developed this concept in Orientalism (London: Kegan Paul, 1978)
2. Culture and Imperialism (New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 1993).
3. Edward W. Said, "Invention, Memory and Place," Critical Inquiry 26 (2000): 175-92.
4. On these influences, see Derek Gregory, "Imaginative Geographies," Progress in Human Geography 19 (1995): 447-85;
5. Andrew N. Rubin; "Edward W. Said (1935-2003)," Arab Studies Quarterly 26 (2004): 37-52.
6. For a critical summary of Said's geographical thought, see Karen M. Morin, "Edward Said," in Phil Hubbard and Rob Kitchin, eds., Key Thinkers on Space and Place, Second Edition (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2010), 337-344.
7. Said, "Invention, Memory and Place," 182-83.
8. See Brian Harley, "Deconstructing the Map," Cartographica 26 (1989): 1-20.
9. See Nicholas Blomley, "Law, Property, and the Geography of Violence: The Frontier, the Survey, and the Grid," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 (2003): 121-41;
10. Nicholas Blomley, "Making Private Property: Enclosure, Common Right and the Work of Hedges," Rural History 18 (2007): 1-21;
11. Cole Harris, "How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94 (2004): 165-82.
12. This section draws from Karen M. Morin, "Landscape: Representing and Interpreting the World," in Nicholas Clifford et al, eds., Key Concepts in Geography, 2nd edition (London: Sage Publications, 2009), 286-99.
13. "The cultural landscape is fashioned out of a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, and the cultural landscape is the result." Carl O. Sauer, "The Morphology of Landscape," in John Agnew et al, eds., Human Geography: An Essential Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 296-315.
14. D.W. Meinig, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), 34.
15. Denis Cosgrove, "Modernity, Community and the Landscape Idea," Journal of Material Culture 11 (2006): 49-66.
16. Edward Said, "Invention, Memory and Place," 182-83.
17. Andrew McCrae, God Speed the Plough: The Representation of Agrarian England, 1500-1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 135-97;
18. Sarah Tarlow, The Archaeology of Improvement in Britain, 1750-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 10-20.
19. Andrew McCrae, God Speed the Plough, 133, 136;
20. Joan Thirsk, "Plough and Pen: Agricultural Writers in the Seventeenth Century," in T. H. Aston et al., eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 295-318.
21. P. D. A. Harvey, Maps in Tudor England (London: British Library, 1993), 15-17.
22. J. B. Harley, "Maps, Knowledge, and Power," in Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, eds., The Iconography of Landscape, Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 277-312.
23. Andrew McRae, "To Know One's Own: Estate Surveying and the Representation of Land in Early Modern England," Huntington Library Quarterly 56 (1993): 333-57.
24. P. D. A. Harvey, "Estate Surveyors and the Spread of the Scale-Map in England 1550-80," Landscape History 15 (1993): 37-49.
25. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Civil Government, C.B. MacPherson, ed. (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1980), 22.
26. Jeanette M. Neeson, Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
27. Arthur Young, "The Farmer's Tour Through the East of England [1771]," in G.E. Mingay, ed., Arthur Young and His Times (London: Macmillan, 1975), 67.
28. Donald N. McCloskey, "The Economics of Enclosure: A Market Analysis," in William N. Parker and Eric L. Jones, eds., European Peasants and Their Markets (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 123-160.
29. Robert Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman: The Agricultural Development of the South Midlands (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
30. E.A. Wrigley, "Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period," People, Cities and Wealth: The Transformation of Traditional Society (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 157-193.
31. Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman.
32. Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman, 85.
33. Oliver Rackham, The History of the Countryside (London: J.M. Dent, 1986), 190-91.
34. "Making Private Property," 5.
35. Neeson, Commoners, 5.
36. J.M. Neeson, "The Opponents of Enclosure in Eighteenth-Century Northamptonshire," Past and Present 105 (1984): 114-39.
37. Jess Edwards, "Between 'Plain Wilderness' and 'Goodly Corn Fields': Representing Land Use in Early Virginia," in Robert Appelbaum and John W. Sweet, eds., Envisioning an Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 217-235.
38. David Armitage, "John Locke, Carolina and the Two Treatises of Government," Political Theory 32 (2004): 602-27.
39. See also Barbara Arneil, John Locke and America: The Defense of English Colonialism (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996).
40. David Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 97.
41. From William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill & Wang, 2003), 130.
42. J. B. Harley, "New England Cartography," in Paul Laxton, ed., The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 168-195. References in this paragraph are to this article.
43. Quoted in The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 180.
44. See a facsimile of Butcher's map in the collection of the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center of the Boston Public Library http://maps.bpl.org/details- 11100/?mhid=5 (date last accessed November 11, 2010).
45. James H. Hutson, "Benjamin Franklin and the West," The Western Historical Quarterly 4 (1973): 425-34;
46. Jeffery Ostler, The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 13.
47. Robert J. Miller, Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 130.
48. For the remainder of this paragraph, see John Rennie Short, Representing the Republic: Mapping the United States, 1600-1900 (London: Reaktion Books, 2001), 132-36.
49. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), 55-77.
50. Cronon, Changes in the Land, 128, 159-170.
51. Mahmud Darwish et al., Victims of a Map (London, Al Saqi Books/Zed Press, 1984).
52. Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 13-22.
53. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern Solution to the Jewish Question (London: Central Office of the Zionist Organization, 1934).
54. Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), 3-4.
55. Nadia Abu el-Haj, Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 18.
56. Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 45-90.
57. Yoram Bar-Gal, "The Blue Box and JNF Propaganda Maps, 1930-1947," Israel Studies 8 (2003): 1-19. Devised in 1904 to draw donations for JNF land purchases in Palestine, the Blue Box emerged in the next two decades as a fixture in Jewish homes and synagogues worldwide, becoming the largest source of funds for the JNF.
58. Yoram Bar-Gal, Propaganda and Zionist Education: The Jewish National Fund 1924-1947 (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2003), 137.
59. Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948 (Washington: Institute for Palestinian Studies, 1992).
60. Benny Morris, "Revisiting the Palestinian Exodus of 1948," in Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, eds., The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 37-59.
61. Geremy Forman and Alexandre Kedar, "From Arab Land to 'Israeli Lands': The Legal Dispossession of Palestinians Displaced by Israel in the Wake of 1948," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22 (2004): 809-830;
62. Alexandre (Sandy) Kedar, "On the Legal Geography of Ethnocratic Settler States: Notes Towards a Research Agenda," Current Legal Issues 5 (2003): 401-441.
63. Ghazi-Walid Falah, "The 1948 Israeli-Palestinian War and its Aftermath: The Transformation and De-Signification of Palestine's Cultural Landscape," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1995): 256-85;
64. Arnon Golan, "Zionism, Urbanism, and the 1948Wartime Transformation of the Arab Urban System in Palestine," Historical Geography 27 (1999): 152-166.
65. Irus Braverman, Planted Flags: Trees, Land and Law in Israel/Palestine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 59-114.
66. For what follows, see B'Tselem, Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank (Jerusalem, 2002), 30-49.
67. Author interview, August 5, 2005.
68. Dror Etkes and Hagit Ofran, Breaking the Law in the West Bank: Israeli Settlement Building on Private Palestinian Property (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Peace Now, 2006), 4.
69. Author interview, August 16, 2005.
70. The author was with Salimwhen this incident occurred on December 12, 2004, and spoke with him again on July 17, 2008, when Salim revealed that as a result of his loss, he was no longer farming.
71. I use the designation "Wall" following the protocol of the International Court of Justice.
72. Author interview, Jayyous, July 16, 2010. The U.N. estimated that in Jayyous the aggregate impact of the permit system in conjunction with the Wall was a 20 percent reduction in cultivated land while total output of fruits and vegetables from 2002-2008 declined by more than 50 percent. United Nations, The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier, Update No. 8 (2008), 18. http://unispal.un.org/pdfs/BR-Update8July2008.pdf (date last accessed November 11, 2010).
73. Author interview, Beit Jala, July 31, 2005.
74. Oren Yiftachel, Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
75. See J. B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
76. Said, Culture and Imperialism, 78.
77. Jess Edwards, "Between 'Plain Wilderness' and 'Goodly Corn Fields.'"