A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: Theory, research, and practice

Psychotherapy Research

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 117-131

  Gelso, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

countertransference; real relationship; therapeutic relationship; transference; tripartite model; working alliance

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COUNTER TRANSFERENCE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; METHODOLOGY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; STANDARD;

COUNTERTRANSFERENCE (PSYCHOLOGY); HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PROFESSIONAL-PATIENT RELATIONS; PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY; TRANSFERENCE (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 84893734733     PISSN: 10503307     EISSN: 14684381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.845920     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Ain, S. C. & Gelso, C. J. (2008). Chipping away at the blank screen: Therapist self-disclosure and the real relationship. Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the North American Society for Psychotherapy Research, New Haven, CT.
2. Ain, S. C., & Gelso, C. J. (2011). Client and therapist perceptions of the real relationship and therapist self-disclosure: A study of psychotherapy dyads. Paper presented at the 2011 Convention of the North American Society for Psychotherapy Research, Banff, Canada.
3. Andersen, S. M., & Przybylinski, E. (2012). Experiments on transference in interpersonal relations: Implications for treatment. Psychotherapy, 49, 364-369. doi:10.1037/a0029116
4. Beach, K., & Power, M. (1996). Transference: An empirical investigation across a range of cognitive-behavioural and psychoanalytic therapies. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 1-14. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199603)3:1%3C1::AID-CPP74%3E3.0.CO;2-8
5. Bhatia, A., & Gelso, C. J. (2013). A test of the tripartite model of the therapy relationship from the therapist perspective. Paper presented at the North American Society for Psychotherapy Research, Memphis, TN.
6. Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 252-260. doi:10.1037/h0085885
7. Bordin, E. S. (1980). Of human bonds that bind or free. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Pacific Grove, CA.
8. Bordin, E. S. (1994). Theory and research on the therapeutic working alliance: New directions. In A. Horvath & L. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 13-37). New York: Wiley.
9. Brody, E. M., & Farber, B. A. (1996). The effects of therapist experience and patient diagnosis on countertransference. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 33, 372-380. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.33.3.372
10. Crits-Chistoph, P., & Luborsky, L. L. (1998). Understanding transference: The CCRT Method (2nd ed.). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Epstein, L., & Feiner, A. H. (1988). Countertransference: the therapist's contribution to treatment. In B. wolstein (Ed.), Essential papers on countertransference (pp. 282-303). New York: New York University Press.
12. Eugster, S. L., & Wampold, B. E. (1996). Systematic effects of participant role of evaluation of the psychotherapy session. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1020-1028. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.1020
13. Freud, S. (1912/1953). The dynamics of transference. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 97-108). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1912.)
14. Freud, S. (1937/1964). Analysis terminable and interminable. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 23, pp. 216-253). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1937.)
15. Fuertes, J., Gelso, C., Owen, J., & Cheng, D. (in press). Real relationship, working alliance, transference/countertransference and outcome in time-limited counseling and psychotherapy. Counseling Psychology Quarterly.
16. Fuertes, J. N., Mislowack, A., Brown, S., Gur-Arie, S., Wilkinson, S., & Gelso, C. J. (2007). Correlates of the real relationship in psychotherapy: A study of dyads. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 423-430. doi:10.1080/10503300600789189
17. Gelso, C. J. (2009). The real relationship in a postmodern world: Theoretical and empirical explorations. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 253-264. doi:10.1080/10503300802389242
18. Gelso, C. J. (2011). The real relationship in psychotherapy: The hidden foundation of change. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Gelso, C. J., & Bhatia, A. (2012). Crossing theoretical lines: the role and effect of transference in nonanalytic psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49, 384-390. doi:10.1037/a0028802
20. Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985). The real relationship in counseling and psychotherapy: Components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 155-244. doi:10.1177/0011000085132001
21. Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 296-306. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.296
22. Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (1998). The psychotherapy relationship: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Wiley.
23. Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (2007). Countertransference and the therapist's inner experience: Perils and possibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Gelso, C. J., Hill, C. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (1991). Transference, insight, and the counselor's intentions during a counseling hour. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 428-433. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01539.x
25. Gelso, C. J., Kelley, F. A., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., Holmes, S., Costa, C., & Hancock, G. (2005). Measuring the real relationship in psychotherapy: Initial validation of the Therapist Form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 640-649. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.640
26. Gelso, C. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Wine, B., Jones, A., & Friedman, S. (1997). Transference, insight, and the course of time-limited psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 209-217. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.2.209
27. Gelso, C. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Busa-Kneoo, J., Spiegel, E. B., Ain, S., Hummel, A. M., Ma, Y. E., & Markin, R. D. (2012). The unfolding of the real relationship and the outcome of brief psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 395-406. doi:10.1037/a0029838
28. Gelso, C. J., & Palma, B. (2011). Directions for research on self-disclosure and immediacy: Moderation, mediation, and the inverted U. Psychotherapy, 48, 342-348. doi:10.1037/a0025909
29. Gelso, C. J., & Samstag, L. W. (2008). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship. In S. Brown & R. Lent (Eds), Handbook of counseling psychology (4th ed, pp. 267-283). New York: Wiley.
30. Graff, H., & Luborsky, L. L. (1977). Long-term trends in transference and resistance: A report of a quantitative-analytic method applied to four psychoanalyses. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 25, 471-490. doi:10.1177/000306517702500210
31. Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis (Vol. 1). New York: International Universities Press.
32. Gullo, S., LoCoco, G., & Gelso, C. (2012). Early and later predictors of outcome in brief therapy: The role of real relationship. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 614-619.
33. Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., & Hummel, A. M. (2011). Managing countertransference. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 239-258). New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Hayes, J. A., McCracken, J. E., McClanahan, M. K., Hill, C. E., Harp, J. S., & Carozzoni, P. (1998). Therapist perspectives on countertransference: Qualitative data in search of a theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 468-482. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.468
35. Holmqvist, R. (1998). The influence of patient diagnosis and self-image on therapists' feelings. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 186, 455-461. doi:10.1097/00005053-199808000-00002
36. Horvath, A. O. (2009). How real is the real relationship? Psychotherapy Research, 19, 273-277. doi:10.1080/10503300802592506
37. Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flukiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in adult psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 25-69). New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223-232.
39. Johansson, P., Hogland, P., Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bogwald, K., Hyerdahl, O. (2010). The mediating role of insight for long-term improvements in psychodynamic therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 438-448. doi:10.1037/a0019245
40. Kelley, F. A., Gelso, C. J., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., & Lanier, S. (2010). The real relationship inventory: Development and psychometric investigation of the client form. Psychotherapy, 47, 540-553. doi:10.1037/a0022082
41. Levy, K. N., & Scala, J. W. (2012). Transference, transference interpretations, and transference-focused psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49, 391-403. doi:10.1037/a0029371
42. Ligiero, D. P., & Gelso, C. J. (2002). Countertransference, attachment, and the working alliance: The therapist's contribution. Psychotherapy, 39, 3-11. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.3
43. LoCoco, G. Gullo, S., Prestano, C., & Gelso, C. J. (2011). Relation of the real relationship and the working alliance to the outcome of brief psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 49, 359-367. doi:10.1037/a0022426
44. Markin, R. D., McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. (2013). Transference, countertransference, emotional expression, and session quality over the course of supportive-expressive therapy: The raters' perspective. Psychotherapy Research, 23, 152-168. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.747013
45. Marmarosh, C., L., Gelso, C. J., Markin, R. D., Majors, R., Mallery, C., & Choi, J. (2009). The real relationship in psychotherapy: Relationships to adult attachment, working alliance, negative transference, and therapy outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 337-350. doi:10.1037/a0015169
46. Martin, A., Buchheim, A., Berger, U., & Strauss, B. (2007). The impact of attachment organization on potential countertransference reactions. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 46-58. doi:10.1080/10503300500485565
47. McIntyre, S., & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Therapists' differential countertransference reactions toward clients with major depression or borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 923-931. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199811)54:7%3C923::AID-JCLP6%3E3.0.CO;2-F
48. Moore, S. R., & Gelso, C. J. (2011). Recollections of a secure base in psychotherapy: Considerations of the real relationship. Psychotherapy, 48, 368-373. doi:10.1037/a0022421
49. Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (2002). Psychotherapy relationships that work. New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 3-24). New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Owen, J. J., Tao, K., Leach, M. M., & Rodolfa, E. (2011). Clients' perceptions of their psychotherapists' multicultural orientation. Psychotherapy, 48, 274-282. doi:10.1037/a0022065
53. Palma, B., & Gelso, C. J. (2013). Being genuine and real or getting in the way? Looking at the relations among the real relationship, therapists' attachment style, and therapists' countertransference behavior. Paper presented at the North American Society for Psychotherapy Research, Memphis, TN.
54. Patton, M. J., Kivlighan, D. M., & Multon, K. D. (1997). The Missouri psychoanalytic counseling research project: Relation to changes in counseling process to client outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 189-208. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.2.189
55. Rossberg, K. I., Katerud, S., Pedersen, G., & Friis, S. (2007). An empirical investigation of countertransference reactions toward patients with personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 225-230. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.02.002
56. Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (1996). The resolution of ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 447-458 doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.447
57. Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York: Guilford Press.
58. Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Repairing alliance ruptures. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 224-238). New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Samstag, L. W., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2004). Defining alliance ruptures. In D. P. Charman (Ed.), Core processes in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (pp. 187-214). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
60. Schaeffer, J. A. (2007). Transference and countertransference in non-analytic therapy: Double-edged swords. New York: University Press of America.
61. Stiles, W. B., Glick, M. J., Osatuke, K., Hardy, G. E., Shapiro, D. A., & Agnew-Davies, R. (2004). Patterns of alliance development and the rupture-repair hypothesis: Are productive relationships U-shaped or V-shaped? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 81-92. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.81
62. Wampold, B. E., & Budge, S. L. (2012). The relationship - and its relationship to the common and specific factors of psychotherapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 40, 601-623. doi:10.1177/0011000011432709