Are osseous artefacts a window to perishable material cultureα Implications of an unusually complex bone tool from the Late Pleistocene of East Timor

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 108-119

  O'Connor, S ^a   Robertson, G ^b   Aplin, K P ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Australasia; Hafting; Material culture; Projectile; Wallacea

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; ARCHAEOLOGY; ARTIFACT; BONE; MATERIAL CULTURE; MORPHOLOGY; PLEISTOCENE; STONE AGE; TOOL USE;

AFRICA; AUSTRALASIA; LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS; MELANESIA; SUNDA ISLES; TIMOR; TIMOR-LESTE; WALLACEA;

ANIMAL; ARCHEOLOGY; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND; BONE; EQUIPMENT; FOSSIL; HAFTING; HISTORY; INDONESIA; MATERIAL CULTURE; PROJECTILE; TECHNOLOGY; WALLACEA;

AUSTRALASIA; HAFTING; MATERIAL CULTURE; PROJECTILE; WALLACEA;

ANIMALS; ARCHAEOLOGY; BONE AND BONES; FOSSILS; HISTORY, ANCIENT; INDONESIA; TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84893654310     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.002     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Akerman K., Hartwig M., Borchardt D.W. Notes on the Kimberley stone-tipped spear focusing on the point hafting mechanism. Mankind 1978, 11:486-490.
2. Ambrose S.H. Paleolithic technology and human evolution. Science 2001, 291:1748-1753.
3. Aplin K.P., Helgen K.M. Quaternary murid rodents of Timor. Part I: new material of Coryphomys buehleri Schaub, 1937, and description of a second species of the genus. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2010, 341:1-80.
4. Attenbrow V., Robertson G., Hiscock P. The changing abundance of backed artefacts in south-eastern Australia: a response to Holocene climate changeα. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:2765-2770.
5. Backwell L.R., d'Errico F. Termite gathering by Swartkrans early hominids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2001, 98:1358-1363.
6. Backwell L.R., d'Errico F. Additional evidence on the early hominid bone tools from Swartkrans with reference to spatial distribution of lithic and organic artefacts. S. Afr. J. Sci. 2003, 99:259-267.
7. Backwell L., d'Errico F., Wadley L. Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:1566-1580.
8. Balme J. The maritime colonization of Australia. Quatern. Int. 2013, 285:195.
9. Balme J., O'Connor S. Early modern humans in Island Southeast Asia and Sahul: Adaptive and creative societies with simple lithic industries. East of Africa. Southern Asia, Australia and Human Origins 2014, 164-174. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R. Dennell, M. Porr (Eds.).
10. Balme J., Davidson I., McDonald J., Stern N., Veth P. Symbolic behaviour and the peopling of the southern arc route to Australia. Quatern. Int. 2009, 202:59-68.
11. Baquedano E. El Universo Neanderthal I 2007, Museo Arcqueologico de la Comunidad.
12. Bar-Yosef O., Eren M.I., Yuan J., Cohen D.J., Li Y. Were bamboo tools made in prehistoric Southeast Asiaα An experimental view from South China. Quatern. Int. 2012, 269:9-21.
13. Barham L. Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene central Africa and their evolutionary significance. J. Hum. Evol. 2002, 43:585-603.
14. Barton H., Piper P.J., Rabett R., Reeds I. Composite hunting technologies from the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, Niah Cave, Borneo. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:1708-1714.
15. Bellwood P. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago 1997, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. Revised edition.
16. Bolton J., Fyfe A. Knots, loops & braids: an examination of fibre craft techniques in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea 2009, Available at:, (Downloaded 10/25/2012). http://www.scribd.com/doc/19700418/Knots-Loops-Braids.
17. Boriskovskii P.I. Vietnam in primeval times, Part I. Soviet. Anthropol. Archaeol. 1968, 7:14-32.
18. Bowdler S., Tan D. A comparison of stone industries for Southeast Asia and Australia. Fishbones and Glittering Emblems: Southeast Asian Archaeology 2002 2003, 37-48. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm. A. Karlstrom, A. Kallen (Eds.).
19. Brain C.K., Shipman P. The Swartkrans bone tools. Swartkrans: A Cave's Chronicle of Early Man 1993, 195-215. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. C.K. Brain (Ed.).
20. Brockwell S., Akerman K. Bone points from the Adelaide River, Northern Territory. Aust. Aborig. Stud. 2007, 1:83-97.
21. Bronk Ramsey C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 2009, 51(1):337-360.
22. Brooks A.S., Helgren D.M., Cramer J.S., Franklin A., Hornyak W., Keating J.M., Klein R.G., Rink W.J., Schwarcz H., Smith J.N.L., Stewart K., Todd N., Verniers J., Yellen J.E. Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 1995, 268:548-553.
23. Brumm A., Moore M.W. Symbolic revolutions and the Australian archaeological record. Cambridge Archaeol. J. 2005, 15:157-175.
24. Brumm A., Aziz F., van den Bergh G.D., Morwood M.J., Moore M.W., Kurniawan I., Hobbs D.R., Fullagar R. Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis. Nature 2006, 44:624-628.
25. Buc N. Experimental series and use-wear in bone tools. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2011, 38:546-557.
26. Bush T. Form and decoration of arrows from the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Rec. Aust. Mus. 1985, 37:255-293.
27. Cassoli P.F., Tagliacozzo A. Considerazioni paleontologiche, paleoecologiche e archeozoologiche sui macromammiferi e gli uccelli dei livelli del Pleistoceno Superiore del Riparo di Fumane (VR) Scavi 1988-1991. Boll. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Verona 1994, 18:349-445.
28. Cattelain P. Hunting during the Upper Palaeolithic: bow, spearthrower or bothα. Projectile Technology, Inter-disciplinary Contributions to Archaeology 1997, 213-240. Plenum Press, New York. H. Knecht (Ed.).
29. Christensen M., Valentin B. Armatures de projectiles et outils: de la production à l'abandon. Suppléments à Gallia Préhistoire 2004, vol. 37:107-160. CNRS, Paris. N. Pigeot (Ed.).
30. Clark J.G.D. Australian Stone Age. Liber Iosepho Kostrzewski octogenario a veneratoribus dicatus 1968, 17-28. Ossolineum, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. K. Jazdzewski (Ed.).
31. Clarkson C., Petraglia M., Korisettar R., Haslam M., Boivin N., Crowther A., Ditchfield P., Fuller D., Miracle P., Harris C., Connell K., James H., Koshy J. The oldest and longest enduring microlithic sequence in India: 35 000 years of modern human occupation and change at the Jwalapuram Locality 9 rockshelter. Antiquity 2009, 83:326-348.
32. Cosgrove R. Forty-two degrees south: the archaeology of late Pleistocene Tasmania. J. World Prehist. 1999, 13:357-402.
33. Davidson D.S. Australian spear-traits and their derivations. J. Polynes. Soc. 1934, 43. 41-72, 143-162.
34. Davidson D.S. The spearthrower in Australia. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1936, 76:445-483.
35. d'Errico F., Backwell L.R. Possible evidence of bone tool shaping by Swartkrans early hominids. J. Arch. Sci. 2003, 30:1559-1576.
36. d'Errico F., Henshilwood C. Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African Middle Stone Age. J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 52:142-163.
37. d'Errico F., Giacobini G., Puech P.-F. Varnish replicas. A new method for studying worked bone surfaces. Ossa 1984, 9-10:29-51.
38. d'Errico F., Julien M., Liolios D., Vanhaeren M., Baffier D. Many awls in our argument. Bone tool manufacture and use in the Châtelperronian and Aurignacian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications 2003, 247-271. Instituto Português de Arqueologia, Lisbon. J. Zilhão, F. d'Errico (Eds.).
39. d'Errico F., Henshilwood C., Lawson G., Vanhaeren M., Tillier A., Soressi M., Bresson F., Maureille B., Nowell A., Lakarra J., Backwell L., Julien M. Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music: an alternative multidisciplinary perspective. J. World Prehist. 2003, 17:1-70.
40. d'Errico F., Backwell L.R., Wadley L. Identifying regional variability in Middle Stone Age bone technology: The case of Sibudu Cave. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:2479-2495.
41. Evans F.G. Mechanical properties of bone 1973, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
42. Fullagar R., Furby J., Hardy B. Residues on stone artefacts: state of a scientific art. Antiquity 1996, 70:740-745.
43. Geneste J.M., David B., Plisson H., Clarkson C., Delannoy J.J., Petchey F., Whear R. Earliest evidence for ground-edge axes: 35,400 ± 410 Cal Bp from Jawoyn Country, Arnhem Land. Aust. Archaeol. 2010, 71:66-69.
44. Gilligan I. The prehistoric development of clothing; archaeological implications of a thermal model. J. Archaeol. Method Th. 2010, 17:15-80.
45. Glover I. Archaeology in Eastern Timor, 1966-67. Terra Australis 11 1986, Australian National University, Canberra.
46. Griffin P.B. Technology and variation in arrow design among the Agta of northeastern Luzon. Projectile Technology 1997, 267-286. Plenum Press, New York. H. Knecht (Ed.).
47. Groube L., Chappell J., Muke J., Price D. A 40,000 year-old human occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature 1986, 324:453-455.
48. Guthrie R.D. Osseous projectile points: biological considerations affecting raw material selection and design among Paleolithic and Paleoindian peoples. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1983, vol. 163:273-294. J. Clutton-Brock, C. Grigson (Eds.).
49. Harrnstein R.J. Nature as nurture: Behaviorism and the instinct doctrine. Behavior 1972, 1:23-52.
50. Hayden B. Sticks and stones and ground edge axes: the Upper Palaeolithic in Southeastern Asiaα. Sunda and Sahul 1977, 31-72. Academic Press, London. J. Allen, J. Golson, R. Jones (Eds.).
51. Henshilwood C.S., Marean C.W. The origin of modern human behaviour, critique of the models and their test implications. Curr. Anthropol. 2003, 44:627-651.
52. Henshilwood C.S., Sealy J.C. Bone artefacts from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 1997, 38:890-895.
53. Henshilwood C.S., d'Errico F., Marean C., Milo R.G., Yates R. An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. J. Hum. Evol. 2001, 41:631-678.
54. Hooijer D.A. Note on Coryphomys buhleri Schaub, a gigantic murine rodent from Timor. Isr. J. Zool. 1965, 14:128-133.
55. Hooijer D.A. A giant land tortoise, Geochelone atlas (Falconer and Caytley), from the Pleistocene of Timor. I and II Proc. Koninklijk Nederland. Akad. Wetenschappen Ser. B 1971, 74:504-525.
56. Hughes I. New Guinea Stone Age Trade. Terra Australis 3 1977, ANU Press, Canberra.
57. Indriati E., Swisher C.C., Lepre C., Quinn R.L., Suriyanto R.A., Hascaryo A.T., Grün R., Feibel C.S., Pobiner B.L., Aubert M., Lees W., Antón S.C. The age of the 20 meter Solo River terrace, Java, Indonesia and the survival of Homo erectus in Asia. PLoS One 2011, 6:e21562.
58. Johnson E. Current developments in bone technology. Adv. Archaeol. Method Th. 1985, 8:157-235.
59. Julien M. Les harpons magdaléniens, Paris. Suppléments à Gallia Préhistoire 1982, vol. 17:299. CNRS, Paris.
60. Keeley L.H. Hafting and retooling: Effects on the archaeological record. Am. Antiquity 1982, 47:798-809.
61. Klein R. The Human Career 2009, Chicago University Press, Chicago. Third edition.
62. Knecht H. Early Upper Paleolithic approaches to bone and antler projectile technology. Archaeol. Pap. Am. Anthropol. Assoc. 1993, 4:33-47.
63. Knecht H. Projectile points of bone, antler and stone: experimental explorations of manufacture and use. Projectile Technology 1997, 191-212. Plenum Press, New York. H. Knecht (Ed.).
64. Lampert R.J. An excavation at Durras North, New South Wales. Archaeol. Phys. Anthropol. Oceania 1966, 1:83-118.
65. Lampert R.J. Burrill Lake and Currarong. Terra Australis 1 1971, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra.
66. Langley M.C., Clarkson C., Ulm S. From small holes to grand narratives: the impact of taphonomy and sample size on the modernity debate in Australia and New Guinea. J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 61:197-208.
67. Legrand A., Sidéra I. Methods, means, and results when studying European bone industries. Bones as Tools: Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2007, 1622:2007-2067.
68. Lombard M. Distribution patterns of organic residues on Middle Stone Age points from Sibudu Cave, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 2004, 59:37-44.
69. Lombard M. Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a multianalytical approach. J. Hum. Evol. 2005, 48:279-300.
70. Mazza P.P.A., Martini F., Sala B., Magi M., Colombini M.P., Giachi G., Landucci F., Lemorini C., Modugno F., Ribechini E. A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2006, 33:1310-1318.
71. McBrearty S., Brooks A.S. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. J. Hum. Evol. 2000, 39:453-563.
72. Mithen S. The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for the Origin of Art, Science and Religion 1996, Thames & Hudson, London.
73. Moore M.W., Sutikna T., Jatmiko, Morwood M., Brumm A. Continuities in stone flaking technology at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia. J. Hum. Evol. 2009, 57:503-526.
74. Morwood M.J., Seojono R.P., Roberts R.G., Sutikna T., Turney C.S.M., Westaway K.E., Rink W.J., Zhao J.-X., van den Bergh G.D., Due R.A., Hobbs D.R., Moore M.W., Bird M.I., Fifield L.K. Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in Eastern Indonesia. Nature 2004, 431:1087-1091.
75. Movius H.L. The Lower Palaeolithic cultures of southern and eastern Asia. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1948, 38:329-420.
76. Naiman J. How Societies Work: Class, Power, and Change in a Canadian Context 2004, Thomson Publishers, Toronto. Third edition.
77. O'Connor S. New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of earliest modern human colonisation east of the Sunda Shelf. Antiquity 2007, 81:523-535.
78. O'Connor S., Aplin K.P. A matter of balance: an overview of Pleistocene occupation history and the impact of the Last Glacial Phase in East Timor and the Aru Islands, eastern Indonesia. Archaeol. Oceania 2007, 42:82-90.
79. O'Connor S., Spriggs M., Veth P. Excavation at Lene Hara establishes occupation in East Timor at least 30,000-35,000 years on: results of recent fieldwork. Antiquity 2002, 76:45-50.
80. O'Connor S., Spriggs M., Veth P. Direct dating of shell beads from Lene Hara Cave, East Timor. Aust. Archaeol. 2003, 55:18-21.
81. O'Connor S., Barham A., Spriggs M., Veth V., Aplin K.P., St.Pierre E. Cave archaeology and sampling issues in the Tropics: A case study from Lene Hara Cave, a 42,000 year old occupation site in East Timor, Island Southeast Asia. Aust. Archaeol. 2010, 71:29-40.
82. O'Connor S., Ono R., Clarkson C. Pelagic fishing at 42,000 BP and the maritime skills of modern humans. Science 2011, 334:117-1121.
83. Palter J.L. Design and construction of Australian spear-thrower projectiles and hand-thrown spears. Archaeol. Phys. Anthropol. Oceania 1977, 12:161-172.
84. Pasveer J.M. The Djief Hunters: 26,000 Years of Rainforest Exploitation on the Bird's Head of Papua, Indonesia. Mod. Quatern. Res. Southeast Asia 2004, vol. 17. A.A. Balkema, Lisse.
85. Pasveer J.M., Bellwood P. Prehistoric bone artefacts from the northern Moluccas, Indonesia. Mod. Quatern. Res. Southeast Asia 2004, vol. 18:301-359. A.A. Balkema, Leiden. S.G. Keates, J.M. Pasveer (Eds.).
86. Perera N., Kourampas N., Simpson I.A., Deraniyagala S.U., Bulbeck D., Kamminga J., Perera J., Fuller D.Q., Szabó K., Oliveira N.V. People of the ancient rainforest: Late Pleistocene foragers at the Batadomba-lena rockshelter, Sri Lanka. J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 61:254-269.
87. Pétillon J.M. Tir experimental de pointes à base fourchue en bois de renne. Soc. Préhist. Paris Mem. 2005, vol. 34:243-256. V. Dujardin (Ed.).
88. Pétillon J.-M. What are these barbs forα Preliminary study on the function of the Upper Magdalenian barbed weapon tips. Palethnologie 2008, vol. 1:66-97. J.-M. Pétillon, M.-H. Dias-Meirinho, P. Cattelain, M. Honegger, C. Normand, N. Valdeyron (Eds.).
89. Pétillon J.M., Ducasse S. From flakes to grooves: A technical shift in antlerworking during the last glacial maximum in southwest France. J. Hum. Evol. 2012, 62:435-465.
90. Phillipson D.W. Lowasera. Azania 1977, 12:1-32.
91. Pokines J.T. Experimental replication and use of Cantabrian lower Magdalenian antler projectile points. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1998, 25:875-886.
92. Pokines J.T., Krupa M. Self-barbed antler spearpoints and evidence of fishing in the late Upper Paleolithic of Cantabrian Spain. Projectile Technology 1997, 241-262. Plenum Press, New York. H. Knecht (Ed.).
93. Rabett R.J., Piper P.J. The emergence of bone technologies at the end of the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia: Regional and evolutionary implications. Cambridge Archaeol. J. 2012, 22:37-56.
94. Read D., van der Leeuw S. Biology is only part of the story . . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2008, 363:1959-1968.
95. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwell P.G., Bronk Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr G.S., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A., Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S.W., Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2009, 51(4):1111-1150.
96. Rosell J., Blasco R., Campeny G., Díez J.C., Alcalde R.A., Menéndez L., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. Bone as a technological raw material at the Gran Dolina site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 61:125-131.
97. Rots V. Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France). J. Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 40:497-506.
98. Rots V., Van Peer P., Vermeersch P.M. Aspects of tool production, use, and hafting in Palaeolithic assemblages from Northeast Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 60:637-664.
99. Sillitoe P. Made in Niugini. Technology in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea 2008, British Museum, London.
100. Swisher C.C., Rink W.J., Antón S.C., Schwarcz H.P., Curtis G., Widiasmoro A.S. Latest Homo erectus, in Java: potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia. Science 1996, 274:1870-1874.
101. Spriggs M., O'Connor S., Veth P. Vestiges of early pre-agricultural economy in the landscape of East Timor: recent research. Fishbones and Glittering Emblems: Proceedings from the EurASEEA Sigtuna Conference 2003, 49-58. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm. A. Kallen, A. Karlstrom (Eds.).
102. Tartar E. The recognition of a new type of bone tools in Early Aurignacian assemblages: implications for understanding the appearance of osseous technology in Europe. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:2348-2360.
103. Tartar E., White R. The manufacture of Aurignacian split-based points: an experimental challenge. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40:2723-2745.
104. Tejero J.M., Christensen M., Bodu P. Red deer antler technology and early modern humans in Southeast Europe: an experimental study. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:332-346.
105. Thieme H. Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 1997, 385:769-771.
106. Thompson T.J.U., Islam M., Piduru K., Marcel A. An investigation into the internal and external variables acting on crystallinity index using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy on unaltered and burned bone. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2011, 299:168-174.
107. van Heekeren H.R. The Stone Age of Indonesia 1972, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. Revised edition.
108. Villa P., d'Errico F. Bone and ivory points in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Europe. J. Hum. Evol. 2001, 41:69-112.
109. Wadley L., Hodgskiss T., Grant M. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age. South Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106:9590-9594.
110. Waguespack N.M., Surovell T.A., Denoyer A., Dallow A., Savage A., Hyneman J., Tapster D. Making a point: wood-versus stone-tipped projectiles. Antiquity 2009, 83:786-800.
111. Webb C., Allen J. A functional analysis of bone tools from two sites in southwest Tasmania. Archaeol. Oceania 1990, 25:75-78.
112. West J.A., Louys J. Differentiating bamboo from stone tool cut marks in the zooarchaeological record, with a discussion on the use of bamboo knives. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2007, 34:512-518.
113. White C. Early stone axes in Arnhem Land. Antiquity 1967, 41:149-152.
114. Yellen J.E. Barbed bone points: Tradition and continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 1998, 15:173-198.
115. Yellen J.E., Brooks A.S., Cornelissen E., Mehlman M.J., Stewart K. A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki, Zaire. Science 1995, 268:553-556.
116. Zhilin M.G. Technology of the manufacture of Mesolithic bone arrowheads on the Upper Volga. Eur. J. Archaeol. 1998, 1:149-176.