Chlorhexidine substantivity on salivary flora and plaque-like biofilm: An In situ model

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

  García Caballero, Lucía ^a   Quintas, Victor ^a   Prada López, Isabel ^a   Seoane, Juan ^a   Donos, Nikos ^b   Tomás, Inmaculada ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; BIOFILMS; CHLORHEXIDINE; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; HUMANS; MICROBIAL VIABILITY; MOUTH; MOUTHWASHES; SALIVA;

EID: 84893563772     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083522     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Palmer RJ. Jr (2010) Supragingival and subgingival plaque: paradigm of biofilms. Compend Contin Educ Dent 31: 104-106, 108, 110 passim; quiz 124, 138.
2. Auschill TM, Hellwig E, Sculean A, Hein N, Arweiler NB (2004) Impact of the intraoral location on the rate of biofilm growth. Clin Oral Investig 8: 97-101.
3. Auschill TM, Hein N, Hellwig E, Follo M, Sculean A, et al. (2005) Effect of two antimicrobial agents on early in situ biofilm formation. J Clin Periodontol 32: 147-152. (Pubitemid 40341847)
4. Watson PS, Pontefract HA, Devine DA, Shore RC, Nattress BR, et al. (2005) Penetration of fluoride into natural plaque biofilms. J Dent Res 84: 451-455. (Pubitemid 43827878)
5. Al-Ahmad A, Wunder A, Auschill TM, Follo M, Braun G, et al. (2007) The in vivo dynamics of Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella spp. in dental plaque biofilm as analysed by five-colour multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Med Microbiol 56: 681-687. (Pubitemid 46717495)
6. Al-Ahmad A,Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Faust J, Bachle M, Follo M, et al. (2010) Biofilm formation and composition on different implant materials in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 95: 101-109.
7. Palmer RJ. Jr., Wu R, Gordon S, Bloomquist CG, Liljemark WF, et al. (2001) Retrieval of biofilms from the oral cavity. Methods Enzymol 337: 393-403. (Pubitemid 32691311)
8. Hannig C, Hannig M (2009) The oral cavity - a key system to understand substratum-dependent bioadhesion on solid surfaces in man. Clin Oral Investig 13: 123-139.
9. Daneshmand N, Jorgensen MG, Nowzari H, Morrison JL, Slots J (2002) Initial effect of controlled release chlorhexidine on subgingival microorganisms. J Periodontal Res 37: 375-379.
10. Sreenivasan PK, Mattai J, Nabi N, Xu T, Gaffar A (2004) A simple approach to examine early oral microbial biofilm formation and the effects of treatments. Oral Microbiol Immunol 19: 297-302. (Pubitemid 39223025)
11. Tomas I, Garcia-Caballero L, Cousido MC, Limeres J, Alvarez M, et al. (2009) Evaluation of chlorhexidine substantivity on salivary flora by epifluorescence microscopy. Oral Dis 15: 428-433.
12. Netuschil L (1983) [Vital staining of plaque microorganisms using fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 38: 914-917.
13. Arweiler NB, Boehnke N, Sculean A, Hellwig E, Auschill TM (2006) Differences in efficacy of two commercial 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse solutions: a 4-day plaque re-growth study. J Clin Periodontol 33: 334-339. (Pubitemid 43549766)
14. van der Mei HC, White DJ, Atema-Smit J, van de Belt-Gritter E, Busscher HJ (2006) A method to study sustained antimicrobial activity of rinse and dentifrice components on biofilm viability in vivo. J Clin Periodontol 33: 14-20. (Pubitemid 43423565)
15. Al-Ahmad A, Roth D, Wolkewitz M, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Follo M, et al. (2010) Change in diet and oral hygiene over an 8-week period: effects on oral health and oral biofilm. Clin Oral Investig 14: 391-396.
16. Loivukene K, Pahkla ER, Koppel T, Saag M, Naaber P (2005) The microbiological status of patients with periodontitis in southern Estonia after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Stomatologija 7: 45-47.
17. Wood SR, Kirkham J, Marsh PD, Shore RC, Nattress B, et al. (2000) Architecture of intact natural human plaque biofilms studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Dent Res 79: 21-27. (Pubitemid 32501318)
18. Dige I, Nyengaard JR, Kilian M, Nyvad B (2009) Application of stereological principles for quantification of bacteria in intact dental biofilms. Oral Microbiol Immunol 24: 69-75.
19. Wecke J, Kersten T, Madela K, Moter A, Gobel UB, et al. (2000) A novel technique for monitoring the development of bacterial biofilms in human periodontal pockets. FEMS Microbiol Lett 191: 95-101.
20. Arweiler NB, Hellwig E, Sculean A, Hein N, Auschill TM (2004) Individual vitality pattern of in situ dental biofilms at different locations in the oral cavity. Caries Res 38: 442-447. (Pubitemid 39194319)
21. Netuschil L, Reich E, Unteregger G, Sculean A, Brecx M (1998) A pilot study of confocal laser scanning microscopy for the assessment of undisturbed dental plaque vitality and topography. Arch Oral Biol 43: 277-285. (Pubitemid 28255707)
22. Auschill TM, Arweiler NB, Netuschil L, Brecx M, Reich E, et al. (2001) Spatial distribution of vital and dead microorganisms in dental biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 46: 471-476. (Pubitemid 32289677)
23. Gu F, Lux R, Du-Thumm L, Stokes I, Kreth J, et al. (2005) In situ and non-invasive detection of specific bacterial species in oral biofilms using fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies. J Microbiol Methods 62: 145-160. (Pubitemid 40991435)
24. Palmer RJ. Jr., Diaz PI, Kolenbrander PE (2006) Rapid succession within the Veillonella population of a developing human oral biofilm in situ. J Bacteriol 188: 4117-4124. (Pubitemid 43825415)
25. Arweiler NB, Lenz R, Sculean A, Al-Ahmad A, Hellwig E, et al. (2008) Effect of food preservatives on in situ biofilm formation. Clin Oral Investig 12: 203-208.
26. Dige I, Nilsson H, Kilian M, Nyvad B (2007) In situ identification of streptococci and other bacteria in initial dental biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Eur J Oral Sci 115: 459-467.
27. Zaura-Arite E. vMJ, ten Cate J.M. (2001) Confocal microscopy study of undisturbed and chlorhexidine-treated dental biofilm. J Dent Res 80: 1436-1440.
28. von Ohle C, Gieseke A, Nistico L, Decker EM, DeBeer D, et al. (2010) Real-time microsensor measurement of local metabolic activities in ex vivo dental biofilms exposed to sucrose and treated with chlorhexidine. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 2326-2334.
29. (1997) Oral health surveys, Basic methods. In: Organization WH, editor. 4th ed. Geneva.
30. Tomás I HB, Diz P, Donos N (2010) In vivo oral biofilm analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy: methodological approaches. In: A M-V, editor. Microscopy Science, technology, applications and education. Badajoz (Spain): Formatex. pp. 597-606.
31. Navazesh M, Christensen CM (1982) A comparison of whole mouth resting and stimulated salivary measurement procedures. J Dent Res 61: 1158-1162.
32. Roberts SK BC, Brading M, Lappin-Scott H, Stoodley P (1999) Biofilm formation and structure; What's new? In: Newman HN WM, editor. Dental plaque revisited-oral biofilms in health and disease. Cardiff: BioLine.pp. 1-36.
33. Cousido MC, Tomas Carmona I, Garcia-Caballero L, Limeres J, Alvarez M, et al. (2010) In vivo substantivity of 0.12% and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses on salivary bacteria. Clin Oral Investig 14: 397-402.
34. Tomas I, Cousido MC, Garcia-Caballero L, Rubido S, Limeres J, et al. (2010) Substantivity of a single chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary flora: influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. J Dent 38: 541-546.
35. Jenkins S, Addy M, Wade W, Newcombe RG (1994) The magnitude and duration of the effects of some mouthrinse products on salivary bacterial counts. J Clin Periodontol 21: 397-401.
36. Elworthy A, Greenman J, Doherty FM, Newcombe RG, Addy M (1996) The substantivity of a number of oral hygiene products determined by the duration of effects on salivary bacteria. J Periodontol 67: 572-576. (Pubitemid 126573337)
37. Balbuena L, Stambaugh KI, Ramirez SG, Yeager C (1998) Effects of topical oral antiseptic rinses on bacterial counts of saliva in healthy human subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118: 625-629. (Pubitemid 28222204)
38. Auschill TM, Arweiler NB, Brecx M, Reich E, Sculean A, et al. (2002) The effect of dental restorative materials on dental biofilm. Eur J Oral Sci 110: 48-53.
39. Diaz PI, Chalmers NI, Rickard AH, Kong C, Milburn CL, et al. (2006) Molecular characterization of subject-specific oral microflora during initial colonization of enamel. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 2837-2848.
40. Jung DJ, Al-Ahmad A, Follo M, Spitzmuller B, Hoth-Hannig W, et al. (2010) Visualization of initial bacterial colonization on dentine and enamel in situ. J Microbiol Methods 81: 166-174.
41. Wood S, Nattress B, Kirkham J, Shore R, Brookes S, et al. (1999) An in vitro study of the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of natural oral plaque biofilms formed in vivo. J Photochem Photobiol B 50: 1-7. (Pubitemid 29360960)
42. Robinson C, Strafford S, Rees G, Brookes SJ, Kirkham J, et al. (2006) Plaque biofilms: the effect of chemical environment on natural human plaque biofilm architecture. Arch Oral Biol 51: 1006-1014. (Pubitemid 44442095)
43. Robinson C, Kirkham J, Percival R, Shore RC, Bonass WA, et al. (1997) A method for the quantitative site-specific study of the biochemistry within dental plaque biofilms formed in vivo. Caries Res 31: 194-200. (Pubitemid 127520155)
44. Palmer RJ. Jr., Gordon SM, Cisar JO, Kolenbrander PE (2003) Coaggregation-mediated interactions of streptococci and actinomyces detected in initial human dental plaque. J Bacteriol 185: 3400-3409. (Pubitemid 36617753)
45. Chalmers NI, Palmer RJ. Jr., Du-Thumm L, Sullivan R, Shi W, et al. (2007) Use of quantum dot luminescent probes to achieve single-cell resolution of human oral bacteria in biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 630-636. (Pubitemid 46147595)
46. Stewart PS (2003) Diffusion in biofilms. J Bacteriol 185: 1485-1491.
47. Wilson M (1996) Susceptibility of oral bacterial biofilms to antimicrobial agents. J Med Microbiol 44: 79-87.
48. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284: 1318-1322. (Pubitemid 29289651)
49. Aparna MS, Yadav S (2008) Biofilms: microbes and disease. Braz J Infect Dis 12: 526-530.