Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: A review

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 476-477, Issue , 2014, Pages 705-717

  Ali, Usman ^a   Syed, Jabir Hussain ^a   Malik, Riffat Naseem ^a   Katsoyiannis, Athanasios ^b   Li, Jun ^c   Zhang, Gan ^c   Jones, Kevin C ^d  

^a QUAID I AZAM UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY   (China)

^d LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atmospheric transport; Distribution; Environmental legislation; Organochlorine pesticides; South Asia; Status

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; DIGITAL STORAGE; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES; RISK ASSESSMENT; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; DISTRIBUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; SOUTH ASIA; STATUS;

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS;

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; LONG RANGE TRANSPORT; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; ORGANOCHLORINE; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; BANGLADESH; BIOTA; CHINA; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT; GLACIER; HISTORY; INDIA; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; POLLUTANT; POLLUTION; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEDIMENT; SOIL POLLUTION; SOUTH ASIA; SRI LANKA; STORAGE; WATER POLLUTION;

HIMALAYAS; SOUTH ASIA;

ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; DISTRIBUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; SOUTH ASIA; STATUS;

ASIA, WESTERN; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED; PESTICIDES;

EID: 84893532203     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.107     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Abhilash P., Singh N. Pesticide use and application: an Indian scenario. J Hazard Mater 2009, 165:1-12.
2. Agusa T., Kunito T., Nakashima E., Minh T.B., Tanabe S., Subramanian A., et al. Preliminary on trace element contamination in dumping sites of municipal wastes in India and Vietnam. J Physique (IV) 2003, 107:21-24.
3. Ahad K., Anwar T., Ahmad I., Mohammad A., Tahir S., Aziz S., et al. Determination of insecticide residues in groundwater of Mardan Division, NWFP, Pakistan: a case study. WATER SA-PRETORIA 2000, 26:409-412.
4. Ahad K., Hayat Y., Ahmad I., Soomro M. Capillary chromatographic determination of pesticides residues in groundwater of Multan Division. Nucleus 2001, 38:145-149.
5. Ahad K., Mohammad A., Khan H., Ahmad I., Hayat Y. Monitoring results for organochlorine pesticides in soil and water from selected obsolete pesticide stores in Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2010, 166:191-199.
6. Aktar W., Sengupta D., Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisp Toxicol 2009, 2:1-12.
7. Alamdar A., Syed J.H., Malik R.N., Katsoyiannis A., Liu J., Li J., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from obsolete pesticide dumping ground in Hyderabad City, Pakistan: contamination levels and their potential for air-soil exchange. Sci Total Environ 2014, 470:733-741.
8. Ali M., Jabbar A. Effect of pesticides and fertilizers on shallow groundwater quality. Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources. Final Technical Report 1991.
9. Ali N., Eqani S.A.M.A.S., Malik R.N., Neels H., Covaci A. Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings. Sci Total Environ 2013, 461:655-662.
10. Ali N., Malik R.N., Mehdi T., Eqani S.A.M.A.S., Javeed A., Neels H., et al. Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in the serum and hair of pet cats and dogs: biosentinels of indoor pollution. Sci Total Environ 2013, 449:29-36.
11. Amaraneni S.R., Pillala R. Concentrations of pesticide residues in tissues of fish from Kolleru Lake in India. Environ Toxicol 2001, 16:550-556.
12. Amaraneni S.R. Distribution of pesticides, PAHs and heavy metals in prawn ponds near Kolleru lake wetland, India. Environ Int 2006, 32:294-302.
13. Asi M., Hussain A., Muhmood S. Solid phase extraction of pesticide residues in water samples: DDT and its metabolites. Int J Environ Res 2008, 2:43-48.
14. Atapattu S.S., Kodituwakku D.C. Agriculture in South Asia and its implications on downstream health and sustainability: a review. Agric Water Manag 2009, 96:361-373.
15. Azmi M.A., Naqvi S., Azmi M.A., Aslam M. Effect of pesticide residues on health and different enzyme levels in the blood of farm workers from Gadap (rural area) Karachi-Pakistan. Chemosphere 2006, 64:1739-1744.
16. Babu Rajendran R., Venugopalan V., Ramesh R. Pesticide residues in air from coastal environment South India. Chemosphere 1999, 39:1699-1706.
17. Bahadur J., Prasar V. Himalayan glaciers 1998, Vigy Pras, New Delhi.
18. Baloch U, Pesticide monitoring program. Final Unpublished Report WWF-Pakistan 1995.
19. Bano A., Siddique S., Pinowski J., Kavanagh B., Gorski W., Pankun S., et al. Chlorinated hydrocarbons [DDT, HCH, Heptachlor, DDE and dieldrin] in the sediments from the coastal waters of Karachi [Pakistan]. Pak J Sci Indus Res 1991, 34.
20. Barra R., Popp P., Quiroz R., Bauer C., Cid H., Tümpling W.v Persistent toxic substances in soils and waters along an altitudinal gradient in the Laja River Basin, Central Southern Chile. Chemosphere 2005, 58:905-915.
21. Battu R., Gupta S., Chawla R., Kalra R. Residues of DDT and BHC in market samples of meat of various animals. Ind J Ecol 1984, 11.
22. Behera B., Singh G.S. Studies on weed management in monsoon season crop of tomato. Ind J Weed Sci 1999, 31:67-70.
23. Bhambhro S.A. Use of spurious pesticides on cotton crop rampant 2004.
24. Bhattacharya B., Sarkar S.K., Mukherjee N. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments of a tropical mangrove estuary, India: implications for monitoring. Environ Int 2003, 29:587-592.
25. Bolognesi C., Morasso G. Genotoxicity of pesticides: potential risk for consumers. Trends Food Sci Technol 2000, 11:182-187.
26. Buccini J. The development of a global treaty on persistent organic pollutants. Part O; persistent organic pollutants 2003, 3:123-201. H. Fiedler (Ed.).
27. CEJ Country situation report on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Sri Lanka 2006, Centre for Environmental Justice, Sri Lanka.
28. Chakraborty P., Zhang G., Li J., Xu Y., Liu X., Tanabe S., et al. Selected organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of major Indian cities: levels, regional versus local variations, and sources. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44:8038-8043.
29. Dahal L. A study on pesticide pollution in Nepal: National Conservation Strategy Implementation Project 1995, National Planning Commission, HMG Nepal, [in collaboration with IUCN-The World Conserv Union1995a].
30. Danida Executive summary 1996, Danida/UNIDO Ecotoxicology Research Centre, Pakistan.
31. Devi N.L., Qi S., Chakraborty P., Zhang G., Yadav I.C. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state of India Manipur. J Environ Sci 2011, 23:808-815.
32. Dua V., Kumari R., Johri R., Ojha V., Shukla R., Sharma V. Organochlorine insecticide residues in water from five lakes of Nainital (UP), India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1998, 60:209-215.
33. El Nemr A., Moneer A.A., Khaled A., El-Sikaily A. Levels, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorines in surficial sediments of the Red Sea coast, Egypt. Environ Monit Assess 2012, 1-19.
34. Eqani S.A.M.A.S., Malik R.N., Mohammad A. The level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in sediments from River Chenab Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 2011, 33:33-47.
35. Eqani S.A.-M.-A.-S., Malik R.N., Cincinelli A., Zhang G., Mohammad A., Qadir A., et al. Uptake of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by river water fish: the case of River Chenab. Sci Total Environ 2013, 450:83-91.
36. ESCO Country situation report on persistent organic pollutants in Bangladesh 2005, Environment and Social Development Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
37. Farooq S., Eqani S.A.-M.-A.-S., Malik R., Katsoyiannis A., Zhang G., Zhang Y., et al. Occurrence, finger printing and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chenab River Pakistan. J Environ Monit 2011, 13:3207-3215.
38. Flury M., Flühler H., Jury W.A., Leuenberger J. Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water: a field study. Water Resourc Res 1994, 30:1945-1954.
39. Galassi S., Valsecchi S., Tartari G. The distribution of PCB's and chlorinated pesticides in two connected Himalayan lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut 1997, 99:717-725.
40. Gaston C.P. Pesticide usage, registration and regulatory practices among selected countries in Asia 1986.
41. Gong P., Wang X., Sheng J., Yao T. Variations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau: role of the monsoon system. Atmos Environ 2010, 44:2518-2523.
42. GoP Prior consent of pesticides 1999, Pakistan Mission to the United Nation. Pakistan Mission, 8 East 65th Street, New York NY 10021.
43. Guan Y.-F., Wang J.-Z., Ni H.-G., Zeng E.Y. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China: assessment of mass loading, input source and environmental fate. Environ Pollut 2009, 157:618-624.
44. Gupta P.K. Pesticide exposure-Indian scene. Toxicology 2004, 198:83-90.
45. Guruge K., Tanabe S. Contamination by persistent organochlorines and butyltin compounds in the west coast of Sri Lanka. Mar Pollut Bull 2001, 42:179-186.
46. Guzzella L., Poma G., De Paolis A., Roscioli C., Viviano G. Organic persistent toxic substances in soils, waters and sediments along an altitudinal gradient at Mt. Sagarmatha, Himalayas, Nepal. Environ Pollut 2011, 159:2552-2564.
47. Guzzella L., Roscioli C., Vigano L., Saha M., Sarkar S., Bhattacharya A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India. Environ Int 2005, 31:523-534.
48. Harner T., Bidleman T.F., Jantunen L.M., Mackay D. Soil-air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the United States cotton belt. Environ Toxicol Chem 2001, 20:1612-1621.
49. Iram S., Ahmad I., Ahad K., Muhammad A., Anjum S. Analysis of pesticide residues of Rawal and Simly Lakes. Pak J Bot 2009, 41:1981-1987.
50. Iwata H., Tanabe S., Sakai N., Nishimura A., Tatsukawa R. Geographical distribution of persistent organochlorines in air, water and sediments from Asia and Oceania, and their implications for global redistribution from lower latitudes. Environ Pollut 1994, 85:15-33.
51. Jabbar A., Mallick S. Pesticides and environment situation in Pakistan: Sustainable Development Policy Institute 1994.
52. Jabbar A., Masud S.Z., Parveen Z., Ali M. Pesticide residues in cropland soils and shallow groundwater in Punjab Pakistan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1993, 51:268-273.
53. Jabber S., Khan Y.S.A., Saifur Rahman M. Levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in some organs of the Ganges Perch, Lates calcarifer, from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna estuary, Bangladesh. Mar Pollut Bull 2001, 42:1291-1296.
54. Jan M.R., Shah J., Khawaja M.A., Gul K. DDT residue in soil and water in and around the abandoned DDT manufacturing factory. Environ Monit Assess 2009, 155:31-38.
55. Jaward F.M., Zhang G., Nam J.J., Sweetman A.J., Obbard J.P., Kobara Y., et al. Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine compounds, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers across Asia. Environ Sci Technol 2005, 39:8638-8645.
56. Jiang Q., Lee T., Chen K., Wong H., Zheng J., Giesy J., et al. Human health risk assessment of organochlorines associated with fish consumption in a coastal city in China. Environ Pollut 2005, 136:155-165.
57. Kannan K., Tanabe S., Ramesh A., Subramanian A., Tatsukawa R. Persistent organochlorine residues in foodstuffs from India and their implications on human dietary exposure. J Agric Food Chem 1992, 40:518-524.
58. Kannan K., Tanabe S., Tatsukawa R., Sinha R. Biodegradation capacity and residue pattern of organochlorines in Ganges river dolphins from India. Toxicol Environ Chem 1994, 42:249-261.
59. Kannan K., Tanabe S., Tatsukawa R. Geographical distribution and accumulation features of organochlorine residues in fish in tropical Asia and Oceania. Environ Sci Technol 1995, 29:2673-2683.
60. Kaur M., Sharma J.K., Gill J.P., Aulakh R.S., Bedi J.S., Joia B.S. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in freshwater fish species in Punjab, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008, 80:154-157.
61. Kang J.-H., Choi S.-D., Park H., Baek S.-Y., Hong S., Chang Y.-S. Atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the East Rongbuk Glacier in the Himalayas. Sci Total Environ 2009, 408:57-63.
62. Kaushik C., Pillai M., Raman A., Agarwal H. Organochlorine insecticide residues in air in Delhi, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 1987, 32:63-67.
63. Kaushik A., Sharma H., Jain S., Dawra J., Kaushik C. Pesticide pollution of river Ghaggar in Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess 2010, 160:61-69.
64. Kaushik C., Sharma H., Jain S., Dawra J., Kaushik A. Pesticide residues in river Yamuna and its canals in Haryana and Delhi, India. Environ Monit Assess 2008, 144:329-340.
65. Khan M.A., Iqbal M., Ahmad I., Soomro M.H., Chaudhary M.A. Economic evaluation of pesticide use externalities in the cotton zones of Punjab, Pakistan [with comments]. Pakistan Devel Rev 2002, 683-698.
66. Khan M.J., Zia M.S., Qasim M. Use of pesticides and their role in environmental pollution. Proc World Acad Sci, Eng Technol 2010, 72:122-128.
67. Khan N., Muller J., Khan S.H., Amjad S., Nizamani S., Bhanger M.I. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contaminants in sediments from Karachi Harbour, Pakistan. Pak J Chem Soc 2010, 32:542-549.
68. Khwaja M.A., Jan M., Gul K. Study of contamination of soil in surrounding of abandoned persistent organic pollutant (DDT) Nowshera factory in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan 2007, Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad Jan, Pakistan.
69. Khwaja M.A., Jan M.R., Gul K. Physical verification and study of contamination in and around an abandoned DDT factory in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan 2006.
70. Kumari B., Madan V., Kathpal T. Pesticide residues in rain water from Hisar, India. Environ Monit Assess 2007, 133:467-471.
71. Kumari B., Singh R., Madan V., Kumar R., Kathpal T. DDT and HCH compounds in soils, ponds, and drinking water of Haryana, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1996, 57:787-793.
72. Kumari A., Sinha R., Gopal K. Quantitative estimation of DDT residues in some freshwater fishes of river Ganga at Patna, Bihar. Environ Ecol 2001, 19:396-399.
73. Kusky T.M. Encyclopedia of earth science: Infobase Publishing 2009.
74. Latif Y., Sherazi S.T.H., Bhanger M.I., Nizamani S. Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Human Blood Samples of Agro Professionals and Non-Agro Professionals. Am J Anal Chem 2012, 3:587-595.
75. Link T. Country situation on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India 2006, New Delhi, India.
76. Malik A., Ojha P., Singh K.P. Levels and distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments of Gomti River (India)-a tributary of the Ganges River. Environ Monit Assess 2009, 148:421-435.
77. Malik M.A. District government fails to monitor sale of fake pesticides 2003.
78. Malik R.N., Moeckel C., Jones K.C., Hughes D. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in feathers of colonial water-bird species from Pakistan. Environ Pollut 2011, 159:3044-3050.
79. Malik R.N., Rauf S., Mohammad A., Ahad K. Organochlorine residual concentrations in cattle egret from the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2011, 173:325-341.
80. Matin M., Malek M., Amin M., Rahman S., Khatoon J., Rahman M., et al. Organochlorine insecticide residues in surface and underground water from different regions of Bangladesh. Agri Ecosys Environ 1998, 69:11-15.
81. Merrington G., Nfa L.W., Parkinson R., Redman M., Winder L. Agricultural pollution: environmental problems and practical solutions: Taylor Francis 2004.
82. Minh N.H., Minh T.B., Watanabe M., Kunisue T., Monirith I., Tanabe S., et al. Open dumping site in Asian developing countries: A potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 2003, 37:1493-1502.
83. Minh N.H., Minh T.B., Kajiwara N., Kunisue T., Subramanian A., Iwata H., Tana T.S., et al. Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants in Dumping Sites of Asian Developing Countries: Implication of Emerging Pollution Sources. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2006, 50:474-481.
84. Mishra K., Sharma R.C., Kumar S. Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2012, 76:215-225.
85. Munshi A., Detlef S.-B., Schneider R., Zuberi R. Organochlorine concentrations in various fish from different locations at Karachi Coast. Mar Pollut Bull 2004, 49:597-601.
86. Muralidharan S. Aldrin poisoning of Sarus cranes (Grus antigone) and a few granivorous birds in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Ecotoxicology 1993, 2:196-202.
87. Nair A., Pillai M. Monitoring of hexachlorobenzene residues in Delhi and Faridabad, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1989, 42:682-686.
88. Nayak A., Raha R., Das A. Organochlorine pesticide residues in middle stream of the Ganga River, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1995, 54:68-75.
89. Naqvi S., Jahan M. Pesticide residues in serum and blood samples of the people of Karachi. J Environ Biol 1999, 20:241-244.
90. Pandit G., Mohan Rao A., Jha S., Krishnamoorthy T., Kale S., Raghu K., et al. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in the Indian marine environment. Chemosphere 2001, 44:301-305.
91. Pandey P., Khillare P., Kumar K. Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in the surface sediments of River Yamuna in Delhi, India. J Environ Protect 2011, 2:511-524.
92. Parveen S., Nakagoshi N. An analysis of pesticide use for rice pest management in Bangladesh. J Int Develop Cooper 2001, 8:107-126.
93. Parveen Z., Masud S. Organochlorine pesticide residues in cattle drinking water. Pak J Sci Ind Res 1988, 31:53-56.
94. Pozo K., Harner T., Lee S.C., Sinha R.K., Sengupta B., Loewen M., Volpi V., et al. Assessing seasonal and spatial trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Indian agricultural regions using PUF disk passive air samplers. Environ Pollut 2011, 159:646-653.
95. Parveen Z., Masud S. Studies on pesticide residues in human blood. Pak J Sci Ind Res 2001, 44:137-141.
96. Sanpera C., Ruiz X., Llorente G., Jover L., Jabeen R. Persistent organochlorine compounds in sediment and biota from the Haleji Lake: a wildlife sanctuary in south Pakistan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2002, 68:237-244.
97. Rahman M., Malek M., Matin M. Trend of pesticide usage in Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 1995, 159:33-39.
98. Rahman S. Environmental impacts of technological change in Bangladesh agriculture: farmers' perceptions, determinants, and effects on resource allocation decisions. Agri Eco 2005, 33:107-116.
99. Rahman S., Thapa G.B. Environmental impacts of technological change in Bangladesh agriculture: farmers' perceptions and empirical evidence. Outlook Agri 1999, 28:233-238.
100. Rajendran R.B., Imagawa T., Tao H., Ramesh R. Distribution of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs, and their ecotoxicological implications in Bay of Bengal, India. Environ Int 2005, 31:503-512.
101. Ramesh A., Tanabe S., Tatsukawa R., Subramanian A., Palanichamy S., Mohan D., et al. Seasonal variations of organochlorine insecticide residues in air from Porto Novo, South India. Environ Pollut 1989, 62:213-222.
102. Ramesh A., Tanabe S., Kannan K., Subramanian A., Kumaran P., Tatsukawa R. Characteristic trend of persistent organochlorine contamination in wildlife from a tropical agricultural watershed, South India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1992, 23:26-36.
103. Rehana Z., Malik A., Ahmad M. Mutagenic activity of the Ganges water with special reference to the pesticide pollution in the river between Kachla to Kannauj (UP), India. Mutat Res/Genet Toxicol 1995, 343:137-144.
104. Ross G. Risks and benefits of DDT. Lancet 2005, 366:1771-1772.
105. Salerno F., Buraschi E., Bruccoleri G., Tartari G., Smiraglia C. Glacier surface-area changes in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, in the second half of the 20th century, by comparison of historical maps. J Glaciol 2008, 54:738-752.
106. Sarkar A., Nagarajan R., Chaphadkar S., Pal S., Singbal S. Contamination of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India. Water Res 1997, 31:195-200.
107. Sarkar A., Sen Gupta R. DDT residues in sediments from the Bay of Bengal. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1988, 41:664-669.
108. Sarkar S., Bhattacharya B., Bhattacharya A., Chatterjee M., Alam A., Satpathy K., et al. Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticide residues in tropical coastal environment of India: an overview. Environ Int 2008, 34:1062-1071.
109. Sanpera C., Ruiz X., Jover L., Llorente G., Jabeen R., Muhammad A., et al. Persistent organic pollutants in little egret eggs from selected wetlands in Pakistan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2003, 44:360-368.
110. Saqib T.A., Naqvi S., Siddiqui P., Azmi M. Detection of pesticide residues in muscles, liver and fat of 3 species of Labeo found in Kalri and Haleji lakes. J Environ Biol 2005, 26:433.
111. Shailaja M., Nair M. Seasonal differences in organochlorine pesticide concentrations of zooplankton and fish in the Arabian Sea. Mar Environ Res 1997, 44:263-274.
112. Shailaja M., Singbal S. Organochlorine pesticide compounds in organisms from the Bay of Bengal. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 1994, 39:219-226.
113. Sethi P., Bhattacharyya A., Sarkar A. Current trends of some organochlorinated pesticides in Yamuna River sediments around Delhi. Environ Pollut Control 1999.
114. Senthilkumar K., Kannan K., Subramanian A., Tanabe S. Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments, aquatic organisms, birds, bird eggs and bat collected from south India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2001, 8:35-47.
115. Singh P.B., Singh V. Pesticide bioaccumulation and plasma sex steroids in fishes during breeding phase from north India. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2008, 25:342-350.
116. SHELGA Nepal country situation report on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Society for Human Rights, Environment, Law and Governance Activities 2006, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal.
117. Singh K.P., Malik A., Sinha S. Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and surface water of northern Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. Environ Monit Assess 2007, 125:147-155.
118. Sujatha C., Nair S., Chacko J. Determination and distribution of endosulfan and malathion in an Indian estuary. Water Res 1999, 33:109-114.
119. Syed J.H., Malik R.N. Occurrence and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding surface soils of the Ittehad Chemical Industries Kalashah Kaku, Pakistan. Environ Earth Sci 2011, 62:1311-1321.
120. Syed J.H., Malik R.N., Liu D., Xu Y., Wang Y., Li J., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in air and soil and estimated air soil exchange in Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2013, 444:491-497.
121. Syed J.H., Malik R.N., Muhammad A. Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils and sediments from obsolete pesticides dumping site near Lahore City, Pakistan: contamination status and their distribution. Chem Ecol 2013, 10.1080/02757540.2013.829051.
122. Syed J.H., Malik R.N., Li J., Chaemfa C., Zhang G., Jones K.C. Status, distribution and ecological risk of organochlorines (OCs) in the surface sediments from the Ravi River, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2014, 472:204-211.
123. Tariq M.I., Afzal S., Hussain I. Pesticides in shallow groundwater of Bahawalnagar, Muzafargarh, DG Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Int 2004, 30:471-479.
124. Tariq M.I., Afzal S., Hussain I. Degradation and persistence of cotton pesticides in sandy loam soils from Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Res 2006, 100:184-196.
125. Tariq M.I., Afzal S., Hussain I., Sultana N. Pesticides exposure in Pakistan: a review. Environ Int 2007, 33:1107-1122.
126. Tehseen W., Hansen L., Wood S., Hanif M. Assessment of chemical contaminants in water and sediment samples from Degh Nala in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicolo 1994, 26:79-89.
127. Ullah R., Malik R.N., Muhammad A., Ahad K., Qadir A. Assessment of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sediments from streams of Sialkot district. BIOL (E-J Life Sci) 2010, 1:7-15.
128. UNEP Final act of the conference of plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutant 2001, United Nations Environment Program, Geneva, Switzerland.
129. UNEP Report of the Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting. UNEP/POPS/COP.4/38. 8 May 2009 http://chm.pops.int/Programmes/NewPOPs/DecisionsRecommendations/tabid/671/language/enUS/Default.aspx.
130. UNEP Draft revised guidance on the global monitoring plan for persistent organic pollutants, UNEP/POPS/COP.5/INF/27 2011, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland.
131. Venugopalan V., Rajendran N. Pesticide pollution effects on marine and estuarine resources. DAE Research Project Report, Parangippettai. India: Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology 1984, Annamalai University, 316.
132. Vilanova R., Fernández P., Martínez C., Grimalt J.O. Organochlorine pollutants in remote mountain lake waters. J Environ Qual 2001, 30:1286-1295.
133. Vos J.G., Dybing E., Greim H.A., Ladefoged A., LambrO C., Tarazona J.V., et al. Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation. Critic Rev Toxicol 2000, 30:71-133.
134. Yadav D., Mittal P., Agarwal H., Pillai M. Organochlorine insecticide residues in soil and earthworms in the Delhi area, India, August-October, 1974. Pestic Monit J 1981, 15:80-85.
135. Zhang G., Chakraborty P., Li J., Sampathkumar P., Balasubramanian T., Kathiresan K., et al. Passive atmospheric sampling of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban, rural, and wetland sites along the coastal length of India. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42:8218-8223.
136. Zhou J., Maskaoui K., Qiu Y., Hong H., Wang Z. Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China. Environ Pollut 2001, 113:373-384.