Cardiac complications of chemotherapy: Role of imaging

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2014, Pages

  Tan, Timothy C ^a   Scherrer Crosbie, Marielle ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthracyclines; Cardiotoxicity; Chemotherapy; Echocardiography; Imaging

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SURVIVOR; CANCER THERAPY; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DEATH; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION; CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG SENSITIVITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE; HEART DISEASE; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INJURY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HEART PROTECTION; HEREDITY; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; MORBIDITY; MULTIPLE GATED ACQUISITION SCAN; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; PHARMACOLOGIC STRESS TESTING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

EID: 84893493110     PISSN: 10928464     EISSN: 15343189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11936-014-0296-3     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10-29.
2. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(4):220-41.
3. Jones LW, Haykowsky MJ, Swartz JJ, Douglas PS, Mackey JR. Early breast cancer therapy and cardiovascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(15):1435-41. (Pubitemid 47494586)
4. Pinder MC, Duan Z, Goodwin JS, Hortobagyi GN, Giordano SH. Congestive heart failure in older women treated with adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin. 2007;25(25):3808-15. (Pubitemid 47477254)
5. Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the united states by tumor location and stage, 1992-2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(3):411-6.
6. Yeh ET, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(24):2231-47.
7. Force T, Kerkela R. Cardiotoxicity of the new cancer therapeutics- mechanisms of, and approaches to, the problem. Drug Discov Today. 2008;13(17-18):778-84.
8. Von Hoff DD, Layard MW, Basa P, Davis Jr HL, Von Hoff AL, Rozencweig M, et al. Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91(5):710-7. (Pubitemid 10218041)
9. Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA, Kawashima T, Hudson MM, Meadows AT, et al. Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(15):1572-82. (Pubitemid 44547808)
10. Doyle JJ, Neugut AI, Jacobson JS, Grann VR, Hershman DL. Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(34):8597-605. (Pubitemid 46211501)
11. Lancellotti P, Nkomo VT, Badano LP, Bergler J, Bogaert J, Davin L, et al. Expert consensus for multi-modality imaging evaluation of cardiovascular complications of radiotherapy in adults: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(9):1013-32.
12. Zhang S, Liu X, Bawa-Khalfe T, Lu LS, Lyu YL, Liu LF, et al. Identification of the molecular basis of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Nat Med. 2012;18(11):1639-42.
13. Ewer MS, Lippman SM. Type II chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction: time to recognize a new entity. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(13):2900-2. (Pubitemid 46224107)
14. Lal H, Kolaja KL, Force T. Cancer genetics and the cardiotoxicity of the therapeutics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(3):267-74.
15. • Romond EH, Jeong JH, Rastogi P, Swain SM, Geyer CE, Jr., Ewer MS, et al. Seven-year follow-up assessment of cardiac function in NSABP B-31, a randomized trial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel (ACP) with ACP plus trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy for patients with node-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(31):3792-3799. This study demonstrate the prognostic value of LVEF in predicting chronic cardiotoxicity.
16. Rickard J, Kumbhani DJ, Baranowski B, Martin DO, Tang WH, Wilkoff BL. Usefulness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(4):522-6.
17. Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, Hruban RH, Clemetson DE, Howard DL, et al. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(15):1077-84. (Pubitemid 30207690)
18. • Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, Pienkowski T, Martin M, Press M, et al. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med e. 2011;365(14):1273-1283. This article outlines the pattern of LVEF decrease with anthracycline and trastuzumab therapy.
19. Cardinale D, Colombo A, Lamantia G, Colombo N, Civelli M, De Giacomi G, et al. Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: clinical relevance and response to pharmacologic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(3):213-20.
20. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005;112(12):e154-235.
21. Bristow MR, Thompson PD, Martin RP, Mason JW, Billingham ME, Harrison DC. Early anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Am J Med. 1978;65(5):823-32. (Pubitemid 9078065)
22. Oreto L, Todaro MC, Umland MM, Kramer C, Qamar R, Carerj S, et al. Use of echocardiography to evaluate the cardiac effects of therapies used in cancer treatment: what do we know? J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25(11):1141-52.
23. Ewer MS, Lenihan DJ. Left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiotoxicity: is our ear really to the ground? J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(8):1201-3.
24. Jurcut R, Wildiers H, Ganame J, D'Hooge J, Paridaens R, Voigt JU. Detection and monitoring of cardiotoxicity-what does modern cardiology offer? Support Care Cancer. 2008;16(5):437-45.
25. Jiji RS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Non-invasive imaging and monitoring cardiotoxicity of cancer therapeutic drugs. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19(2):377-88.
26. Carver JR, Shapiro CL, Ng A, Jacobs L, Schwartz C, Virgo KS, et al. American society of clinical oncology clinical evidence review on the ongoing care of adult cancer survivors: cardiac and pulmonary late effects. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(25):3991-4008. (Pubitemid 47477279)
27. Steinherz LJ, Graham T, Hurwitz R, Sondheimer HM, Schwartz RG, Shaffer EM, et al. Guidelines for cardiac monitoring of children during and after anthracycline therapy: Report of the Cardiology Committee of the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Pediatrics. 1992;89(5 Pt 1):942-9.
28. Friedman MA, Bozdech MJ, Billingham ME, Rider AK. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Serial endomyocardial biopsies and systolic time intervals. JAMA. 1978;240(15):1603-6. (Pubitemid 9047222)
29. Mason JW, Bristow MR, Billingham ME, Daniels JR. Invasive and noninvasive methods of assessing adriamycin cardiotoxic effects in man: superiority of histopathologic assessment using endomyocardial biopsy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978;62(6):857-64. (Pubitemid 8377879)
30. Ewer MS, Ali MK, Mackay B, Wallace S, Valdivieso M, Legha SS, et al. A comparison of cardiac biopsy grades and ejection fraction estimations in patients receiving adriamycin. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2(2):112-7. (Pubitemid 14152453)
31. Curtis JP, Sokol SI, Wang Y, Rathore SS, Ko DT, Jadbabaie F, et al. The association of left ventricular ejection fraction, mortality, and cause of death in stable outpatients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(4):736-42. (Pubitemid 37000196)
32. Mitani I, Jain D, Joska TM, Burtness B, Zaret BL. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: prevention of congestive heart failure with serial cardiac function monitoring with equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography in the current era. J Nucl Cardiol. 2003;10(2):132-9. (Pubitemid 36503798)
33. Jensen BV, Skovsgaard T, Nielsen SL. Functional monitoring of anthracycline cardiotoxicity: a prospective, blinded, long-term observational study of outcome in 120 patients. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(5):699-709. (Pubitemid 34567375)
34. Steinherz LJ, Steinherz PG, Tan CT, Heller G, Murphy ML. Cardiac toxicity 4 to 20 years after completing anthracycline therapy. JAMA. 1991;266(12):1672-7.
35. Moja L, Tagliabue L, Balduzzi S, Parmelli E, Pistotti V, Guarneri V, et al. Trastuzumab containing regimens for early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;4:CD006243.
36. Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MK, Shak S, Paton V, Ashby M, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(5):1215-21. (Pubitemid 34177427)
37. Tan-Chiu E, Yothers G, Romond E, Geyer Jr CE, Ewer M, Keefe D, et al. Assessment of cardiac dysfunction in a randomized trial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel, with or without trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy in node-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer: Nsabp b-31. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(31):7811-9. (Pubitemid 46657378)
38. Isner JM, Ferrans VJ, Cohen SR, Witkind BG, Virmani R, Gottdiener JS, et al. Clinical and morphologic cardiac findings after anthracycline chemotherapy. Analysis of 64 patients studied at necropsy. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51(7):1167-74. (Pubitemid 13161382)
39. Alexander J, Dainiak N, Berger HJ, Goldman L, Johnstone D, Reduto L, et al. Serial assessment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(6):278-83. (Pubitemid 9115687)
40. Nousiainen T, Jantunen E, Vanninen E, Hartikainen J. Early decline in left ventricular ejection fraction predicts doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in lymphoma patients. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(11):1697-700. (Pubitemid 34712910)
41. Cheng SC, Dy TC, Feinstein SB. Contrast echocardiography: review and future directions. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(12A):41G-8.
42. Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, ten Cate F, Borges AC, Kasprzak J, Firschke C, et al. Assessment of systolic left ventricular function: a multi-centre comparison of cineventriculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, unenhanced and contrast-enhanced echocardiography. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(6):607-16. (Pubitemid 40461103)
43. Malm S, Frigstad S, Sagberg E, Larsson H, Skjaerpe T. Accurate and reproducible measurement of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by contrast echocardiography: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(5):1030-5. (Pubitemid 39165138)
44. Olszewski R, Timperley J, Szmigielski C, Monaghan M, Nihoyannopoulos P, Senior R, et al. The clinical applications of contrast echocardiography. Eur J. 2007;8(3):S13-23. (Pubitemid 46657230)
45. Jacobs LD, Salgo IS, Goonewardena S, Weinert L, Coon P, Bardo D, et al. Rapid online quantification of left ventricular volume from real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic data. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(4):460-8. (Pubitemid 43209172)
46. Takuma S, Ota T, Muro T, Hozumi T, Sciacca R, Di Tullio MR, et al. Assessment of left ventricular function by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography compared with conventional noninvasive methods. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14(4):275-84. (Pubitemid 33095693)
47. Corsi C, Coon P, Goonewardena S, Weinert L, Sugeng L, Polonsky TS, et al. Quantification of regional left ventricular wall motion from real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in patients with poor acoustic windows: effects of contrast enhancement tested against cardiac magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19(7):886-93. (Pubitemid 43974917)
48. Thavendiranathan P, Grant AD, Negishi T, Plana JC, Popovic ZB, Marwick TH. Reproducibility of echocardiographic techniques for sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes: application to patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(1):77-84.
49. Jenkins C, Moir S, Chan J, Rakhit D, Haluska B, Marwick TH. Left ventricular volume measurement with echocardiography: a comparison of left ventricular opacification, three-dimensional echocardiography, or both with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(1):98-106.
50. Hare JL, Brown JK, Leano R, Jenkins C, Woodward N, Marwick TH. Use of myocardial deformation imaging to detect preclinical myocardial dysfunction before conventional measures in patients undergoing breast cancer treatment with trastuzumab. Am Heart J. 2009;158(2):294-301.
51. Moller JE, Pellikka PA, Hillis GS, Oh JK. Prognostic importance of diastolic function and filling pressure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2006;114(5):438-44. (Pubitemid 44264826)
52. Lee BH, Goodenday LS, Muswick GJ, Yasnoff WA, Leighton RF, Skeel RT. Alterations in left ventricular diastolic function with doxorubicin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9(1):184-8. (Pubitemid 17219564)
53. Hausdorf G, Morf G, Beron G, Erttmann R, Winkler K, Landbeck G, et al. Long term doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in childhood: non-invasive evaluation of the contractile state and diastolic filling. Br Heart J. 1988;60(4):309-15.
54. Marchandise B, Schroeder E, Bosly A, Doyen C, Weynants P, Kremer R, et al. Early detection of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: interest of Doppler echocardiographic analysis of left ventricular filling dynamics. Am Heart J. 1989;118(1):92-8. (Pubitemid 19183582)
55. Stoddard MF, Seeger J, Liddell NE, Hadley TJ, Sullivan DM, Kupersmith J. Prolongation of isovolumetric relaxation time as assessed by Doppler echocardiography predicts doxorubicin-induced systolic dysfunction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(1):62-9.
56. Ganz WI, Sridhar KS, Forness TJ. Detection of early anthracycline cardiotoxicity by monitoring the peak filling rate. Am J Clin Oncol. 1993;16(2):109-12. (Pubitemid 23109716)
57. Cottin Y, Touzery C, Coudert B, Gilles A, Walker P, Massing JL, et al. Impairment of diastolic function during short-term anthracycline chemotherapy. Br Heart J. 1995;73(1):61-4.
58. Karakurt C, Kocak G, Ozgen U. Evaluation of the left ventricular function with tissue tracking and tissue doppler echocardiography in pediatric malignancy survivors after anthracycline therapy. Echocardiography. 2008;25(8):880-7.
59. Dorup I, Levitt G, Sullivan I, Sorensen K. Prospective longitudinal assessment of late anthracycline cardiotoxicity after childhood cancer: the role of diastolic function. Heart. 2004;90(10):1214-6. (Pubitemid 39279916)
60. Radulescu D, Pripon S, Parv A, Duncea C, Ciuleanu TE. Altered left ventricular diastolic performance in oncologic patients treated with epirubicin. Congestive Heart Failure. 2007;13(4):215-20.
61. Tassan-Mangina S, Codorean D, Metivier M, Costa B, Himberlin C, Jouannaud C, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging and conventional echocardiography after anthracycline treatment in adults: early and late alterations of left ventricular function during a prospective study. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7(2):141-6. (Pubitemid 43257199)
62. Jones LW, Eves ND, Haykowsky M, Freedland SJ, Mackey JR. Exercise intolerance in cancer and the role of exercise therapy to reverse dysfunction. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(6):598-605.
63. McKillop JH, Bristow MR, Goris ML, Billingham ME, Bockemuehl K. Sensitivity and specificity of radionuclide ejection fractions in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Am Heart J. 1983;106(5 Pt 1):1048-56. (Pubitemid 14229682)
64. Jarfelt M, Kujacic V, Holmgren D, Bjarnason R, Lannering B. Exercise echocardiography reveals subclinical cardiac dysfunction in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;49(6):835-40. (Pubitemid 47519523)
65. Civelli M, Cardinale D, Martinoni A, Lamantia G, Colombo N, Colombo A, et al. Early reduction in left ventricular contractile reserve detected by dobutamine stress echo predicts high-dose chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity. Int J Cardiol. 2006;111(1):120-6. (Pubitemid 44107547)
66. Hamada H, Ohkubo T, Maeda M, Ogawa S. Evaluation of cardiac reserved function by high-dose dobutamine-stress echocardiography in asymptomatic anthracycline-treated survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr Int. 2006;48(3):313-20.
67. Bountioukos M, Doorduijn JK, Roelandt JR, Vourvouri EC, Bax JJ, Schinkel AF, et al. Repetitive dobutamine stress echocardiography for the prediction of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2003;4(4):300-5. (Pubitemid 37455879)
68. Lanzarini L, Bossi G, Laudisa ML, Klersy C, Arico M. Lack of clinically significant cardiac dysfunction during intermediate dobutamine doses in long-term childhood cancer survivors exposed to anthracyclines. Am Heart J. 2000;140(2):315-23. (Pubitemid 30641597)
69. D'Hooge J, Heimdal A, Jamal F, Kukulski T, Bijnens B, Rademakers F, et al. Regional strain and strain rate measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2000;1(3):154-70.
70. Kowalski M, Kukulski T, Jamal F, D'Hooge J, Weidemann F, Rademakers F, et al. Can natural strain and strain rate quantify regional myocardial deformation? A study in healthy subjects. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001;27(8):1087-97. (Pubitemid 32807731)
71. Urheim S, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Angelsen B, Smiseth OA. Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography. Validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation. 2000;102(10):1158-64.
72. Voigt JU, Arnold MF, Karlsson M, Hubbert L, Kukulski T, Hatle L, et al. Assessment of regional longitudinal myocardial strain rate derived from Doppler myocardial imaging indexes in normal and infarcted myocardium. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13(6):588-98. (Pubitemid 30418895)
73. Ganame J, Claus P, Uyttebroeck A, Renard M, D'Hooge J, Bijnens B, et al. Myocardial dysfunction late after low-dose anthracycline treatment in asymptomatic pediatric patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20(12):1351-8. (Pubitemid 350181316)
74. Jurcut R, Wildiers H, Ganame J, D'Hooge J, De Backer J, Denys H, et al. Strain rate imaging detects early cardiac effects of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as adjuvant therapy in elderly patients with breast cancer. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(12):1283-9.
75. • Sawaya H, Sebag IA, Plana JC, Januzzi JL, Ky B, Cohen V, et al. Early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity in chemotherapy-treated patients. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(9):1375-1380. This is the largest study to date that demonstrates the prognostic value of strain in predicting chronic cardiotoxicity.
76. Motoki H, Koyama J, Nakazawa H, Aizawa K, Kasai H, Izawa A, et al. Torsion analysis in the early detection of anthracycline-mediated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13(1):95-103.
77. Neilan TG, Jassal DS, Perez-Sanz TM, Raher MJ, Pradhan AD, Buys ES, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging predicts left ventricular dysfunction and mortality in a murine model of cardiac injury. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(15):1868-75. (Pubitemid 44297395)
78. Sawaya H, Sebag IA, Plana JC, Januzzi JL, Ky B, Tan TC, et al. Assessment of echocardiography and biomarkers for the extended prediction of cardiotoxicity in patients treated with anthracyclines, taxanes and trastuzumab. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(5):596-603.
79. Negishi K, Negishi T, Hare JL, Haluska BA, Plana JC, Marwick TH. Independent and incremental value of deformation indices for prediction of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(5):493-8.
80. Fallah-Rad N, Walker JR, Wassef A, Lytwyn M, Bohonis S, Fang T, et al. The utility of cardiac biomarkers, tissue velocity and strain imaging, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in predicting early left ventricular dysfunction in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor II-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(22):2263-70.
81. Poterucha JT, Kutty S, Lindquist RK, Li L, Eidem BW. Changes in left ventricular longitudinal strain with anthracycline chemotherapy in adolescents precede subsequent decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25(7):733-40.
82. Stoodley PW, Richards DA, Hui R, Boyd A, Harnett PR, Meikle SR, et al. Two-dimensional myocardial strain imaging detects changes in left ventricular systolic function immediately after anthracycline chemotherapy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12(12):945-52.
83. Schwartz RG, McKenzie WB, Alexander J, Sager P, D'Souza A, Manatunga A, et al. Congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction complicating doxorubicin therapy. Seven-year experience using serial radionuclide angiocardiography. Am J Med. 1987;82(6):1109-18.
84. Ritchie JL, Singer JW, Thorning D, Sorensen SG, Hamilton GW. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity: clinical and pathologic outcomes assessed by radionuclide ejection fraction. Cancer. 1980;46(5):1109-16. (Pubitemid 10043476)
85. van Royen N, Jaffe CC, Krumholz HM, Johnson KM, Lynch PJ, Natale D, et al. Comparison and reproducibility of visual echocardiographic and quantitative radionuclide left ventricular ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(10):843-50. (Pubitemid 26143494)
86. Bird BR, Swain SM. Cardiac toxicity in breast cancer survivors: review of potential cardiac problems. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(1):14-24. (Pubitemid 351377973)
87. Cranney GB, Lotan CS, Dean L, Baxley W, Bouchard A, Pohost GM. Left ventricular volume measurement using cardiac axis nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Validation by calibrated ventricular angiography. Circulation. 1990;82(1):154-63. (Pubitemid 20216326)
88. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR. 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Radiol. 2006;3(10):751-71.
89. Wassmuth R, Lentzsch S, Erdbruegger U, Schulz-Menger J, Doerken B, Dietz R, et al. Subclinical cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging-a pilot study. Am Heart J. 2001;141(6):1007-13. (Pubitemid 32477014)
90. Tham E, Chow K, Spavor M, Pagano J, Haykowsky M, Thompson PD. Degree of diffuse fibrosis measured by MRI correlates with LV remodelling in childhood cancer survivors after anthracycline chemotherapy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13 Suppl 1:276.
91. Neilan TG, Coelho-Filho OR, Shah RV, Feng JH, Pena-Herrera D, Mandry D, et al. Myocardial extracellular volume by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(5):717-22.
92. Drafts BC, Twomley KM, D'Agostino Jr R, Lawrence J, Avis N, Ellis LR, et al. Low to moderate dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with early noninvasive imaging evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(8):877-85.
93. Iles L, Pfluger H, Phrommintikul A, Cherayath J, Aksit P, Gupta SN, et al. Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(19):1574-80.
94. Ugander M, Oki AJ, Hsu LY, Kellman P, Greiser A, Aletras AH, et al. Extracellular volume imaging by magnetic resonance imaging provides insights into overt and sub-clinical myocardial pathology. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(10):1268-78.
95. Hundley WG, Kizilbash AM, Afridi I, Franco F, Peshock RM, Grayburn PA. Administration of an intravenous perfluorocarbon contrast agent improves echocardiographic determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: comparison with cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(5):1426-32.
96. Ganame J, Claus P, Eyskens B, Uyttebroeck A, Renard M, D'Hooge J, et al. Acute cardiac functional and morphological changes after anthracycline infusions in children. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(7):974-7. (Pubitemid 46483288)
97. Jurcut R, Pappas CJ, Masci PG, Herbots L, Szulik M, Bogaert J, et al. Detection of regional myocardial dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction using velocity vector imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(8):879-86.
98. Cadeddu C, Piras A, Mantovani G, Deidda M, Dessi M, Madeddu C, et al. Protective effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan on epirubicin-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and early ventricular impairment. Am Jeart J. 2010;160(3):e481-7.
99. Stoodley PW, Richards DA, Meikle SR, Clarke J, Hui R, Thomas L. The potential role of echocardiographic strain imaging for evaluating cardiotoxicity due to cancer therapy. Heart Lung Circ. 2011;20(1):3-9.
100. Cheung YF, Hong WJ, Chan GC, Wong SJ, Ha SY. Left ventricular myocardial deformation and mechanical dyssynchrony in children with normal ventricular shortening fraction after anthracycline therapy. Heart. 2010;96(14):1137-41.
101. Tsai HR, Gjesdal O, Wethal T, Haugaa KH, Fossa A, Fossa SD, et al. Left ventricular function assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma treated by mediastinal radiotherapy with or without anthracycline therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(3):472-7.