Taking Your Eyes Off the Objective: The Relationship Between Income Sources and Satisfaction with Achieving Objectives in the UK Third Sector

Voluntas

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 109-137

  Thompson, Piers ^a   Williams, Robert ^b  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Earned income; Hybridisation; Mission; Public sector contracts

Indexed keywords

INCOME; PUBLIC SECTOR;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84893398403     PISSN: 09578765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11266-012-9326-5     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Åberg, P. (2012). Managing expectations, demands and myths: Swedish Study Associations caught between civil society, the state and the market. Voluntas. doi: 10. 1007/s11266-012-9271-3.
2. Adamson, D. (2003). Final report to SEN/WDA: Programme for community regeneration. Pontypridd: University of Glamorgan.
3. Alexander, J., Nank, R., & Stivers, C. (1999). Implications of welfare reform: Do nonprofit survival strategies threaten civil society? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(2), 452-475.
4. Alter, K. (2006). Social enterprise typology (revised edition), Virtue Ventures, Washington, DC.
5. Amin, A. (2009). Extraordinarily ordinary: Working in the extraordinary economy. Social Enterprise Journal, 5(1), 30-49.
6. Arvidson, M. (2009). Impact and evaluation in the UK third sector: Reviewing literature and exploring ideas. Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper, #27.
7. Austin, J. E., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social entrepreneurship and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1-22.
8. Bielefeld, W. (2009). Issues in social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(1), 69-86.
9. Billis, D. (2010a). From welfare bureaucracies to welfare hybrids. In D. Billis (Ed.), Hybrid organisations and the third sector: Challenges for practice, theory and policy (pp. 3-24). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
10. Billis, D. (2010b). Towards a theory of hybrid organizations. In D. Billis (Ed.), Hybrid organisations and the third sector: Challenges for practice, theory and policy (pp. 46-69). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
11. BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills). (2011a). A guide to legal forms for business. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
12. BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills). (2011b). A guide to mutual ownership models. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
13. Bolton, M. (2003). Voluntary sector added value: A discussion paper. London: National Council for Voluntary Organisations.
14. Bull, M., & Compton, H. (2006). Business practices in social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 1(2), 42-60.
15. Cabinet Office. Office of the Third Sector, Ipsos MORI. Social Research Institute and GuideStar UK, National Survey of Third Sector Organisations. (2008). [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor], March 2010. SN: 6381, http://dx. doi. org/10. 5255/UKDA-SN-6381-1. Accessed 1 Mar 2012.
16. Cabinet Office Strategy Unit. (2002). Private action, public benefit: A review of charities and the wider not-for-profit sectors. London: HM Government.
17. Cairns, B., Harris, M., & Hutchison, R. (2006). Servants of the community or agents of government? The role of community based organizations and their contribution to public services delivery and civil renewal. London: Institution for Voluntary Action Research.
18. Cairns, B., Harris, M., & Hutchison, R. (2007). Sharing God's love or meeting government's goals? Local churches and public policy implementation. Policy and Politics, 35(3), 413-432.
19. Carman, J. G., & Fredericks, K. A. (2008). Nonprofits and evaluation: Empirical evidence from the field. New Directions for Evaluation, 118, 51-71.
20. Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 1(2), 245-276.
21. Chartrand, S. (2004). Work in voluntary welfare organizations: A sociological study of voluntary welfare organizations in Sweden. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International.
22. Chell, E. (2007). Social enterprise and entrepreneurship: Towards a convergent theory of the entrepreneurial process. International Small Business Journal, 25(1), 5-26.
23. Chell, E., Karatas-Ozhan, M., & Nicolopoulou, K. (2005). Towards a greater awareness and understanding of social entrepreneurship: Developing an educational approach and a research agenda through a policy driven perspective. Paper presented at the British Academy of Management, 2005 Annual Conference, 13th-15th September. Said Business School, University of Oxford.
24. Clarke, J., Kane, D., Wilding, K., & Bass, P. (2012). The UK civil society almanac 2012. London: National Council for Voluntary Organisations.
25. Clifford, D., Rajme, F. G., & Mohan, J. (2010). How dependent is the third sector on public funding? Evidence from the National Survey of Third Sector Organisations. Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper, #45.
26. Communities and Local Government. (2009). Place survey 2008-2009 manual. London: Communities and Local Government.
27. Communities and Local Government. (2010). Statistical review of the place survey. London: Communities and Local Government.
28. Dart, R. (2004). The legitimacy of social enterprise. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 14(4), 411-424.
29. Dees, J. G. (1998). Enterprising nonprofits. Harvard Business Review, 76(Jan-Feb), 55-67.
30. Diochon, M., & Anderson, A. R. (2009). Social enterprise and effectiveness: A process typology. Social Enterprise Journal, 5(1), 7-29.
31. Eikenberry, A. M., & Kluver, J. (2003). The marketization of the non-profit sector: Civil society at risk? Public Administration Review, 64(2), 132-140.
32. Ellis, J., & Gregory, T. (2008). Accountability and learning: Developing monitoring and evaluation in the third sector. London: Charities Evaluation Services.
33. Ellis Paine, A., Ockenden, N., & Stuart, J. (2010). Volunteers in hybrid organizations: A marginalised majority? In D. Billis (Ed.), Hybrid organizations and the third sector: Challenges for practice, theory and policy (pp. 93-113). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
34. Evers, A. (2005). Mixed welfare systems and hybrid organizations: Changes in the governance and provision of social services. International Journal of Public Administration, 28(9/10), 737-748.
35. Evers, A., & Laville, J.-H. (Eds.). (2004). The third sector in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
36. Gaskin, K. (2003). A choice blend: What volunteers want from organisation and management. London: Institution for Volunteering Research.
37. Giddens, A. (1998). The third way: The renewal of social democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
38. Goerke, J. (2003). Taking the quantum leap: Nonprofits are now in business. An Australian perspective. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 8(4), 317-327.
39. Harris, M. (2010). Third sector organizations in a contradictory policy environment. In D. Billis (Ed.), Hybrid organisations and the third sector: Challenges for practice, theory and policy (pp. 25-45). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
40. Harrow, J., & Palmer, P. (2003). The financial role of charity boards. In C. Cornforth (Ed.), The governance of public and non-profit organisations: What do boards do? (pp. 97-114). London: Routledge.
41. Haugh, H., & Kitson, M. (2007). The third way and the third sector: New Labour's economic policy and the social economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 31(6), 973-994.
42. HM Treasury. (2002). The role of the voluntary and community sector in public service delivery: A cross cutting review. London: HM Treasury.
43. HM Treasury. (2007). The future role of the third sector in social and economic regeneration: Final report. London: HMSO.
44. Home Office. (1998). Compact on relations between government and the voluntary and community sector in England. London: Home Office.
45. Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: SAGE.
46. Ipsos MORI and Social Research Institute. (2009). National survey of third sector organisations: Technical report. Ipsos: London.
47. Jaffe, D. (2001). Organisation theory, tension and change. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
48. Jäger, U., & Beyes, T. (2010). Strategizing in NPOs: A case study on the practice of organizational change between social mission and economic rationale. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21(1), 82-100.
49. Jones, C. (2010). Localism bill combined with local council cuts a double edged sword: Press release. London: Social Enterprise Coalition.
50. Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151.
51. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
52. Kelly, J. (2007). Reforming public services in the UK: Bringing in the third sector. Public Administration, 85(4), 1003-1022.
53. Kendall, J., & Knapp, M. (1995). A loose and baggy monster: Boundaries, definitions and typologies. In J. Davis Smith, C. Rochester, & R. Hedley (Eds.), An introduction to the voluntary sector (pp. 66-95). London: Routledge.
54. Kendall, J., & Knapp, M. (2000). Measuring the performance of voluntary organizations. Public Management, 2(1), 105-132.
55. Kerlin, J. (2006). Social enterprise in the United States and Europe: Understanding and learning from the differences. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(3), 246-262.
56. Kong, E. (2010). Innovation processes in social enterprises: An IC perspective. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(2), 158-178.
57. Leiter, R. (2008). Nonprofit isomorphism: An Australia-United States comparison. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19(1), 67-91.
58. Leonard, R., Onyx, J., & Hayward-Brown, H. (2004). Volunteer and coordinator perspectives on managing women volunteers. Non-profit Management and Leadership, 15(2), 205-219.
59. Low, N., Butt, S., Ellis Paine, A., & Davis Smith, J. (2007). Helping out: A national survey of volunteering and charitable giving. London: Cabinet Office.
60. Lyon, F. (2009). Measuring the value of social and community impact. In P. Hunter (Ed.), Social enterprise for public service: How does the third sector deliver (pp. 30-38). London: Smith Institute.
61. Mason, C. (2012). Isomorphism, social enterprise and the pressure to maximise social benefit. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 74-95.
62. McBrearty, S. (2007). Social enterprise-a solution for the voluntary sector? Social Enterprise Journal, 3(1), 67-77.
63. Milligan, C., & Fyfe, N. (2005). Preserving space for volunteers: Exploring links between voluntary welfare organizations, volunteering and citizenship. Urban Studies, 42(3), 417-433.
64. Nicholls, A. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social sustainable social change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
65. Osborne, S. P., & Super, B. (2010). Scoping study on the third sector in Scotland, Centre for Public Services Research, University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh.
66. Oster, S. M., Massarsky, C. W., & Beinhacker, S. L. (2004). Generating and sustaining non-profit earned income: A guide to successful enterprise strategies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
67. Pearce, J. (2003). Social enterprise in anytown. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
68. Pharoah, C., Scott, D., & Fisher, A. (2004). Social enterprise in the balance. Glasgow: Charities Aid Foundation.
69. Pregibon, D. (1980). Goodness of link tests for generalized linear models. Applied Statistics, 29(1), 15-24.
70. Proulx, J., Bourque, D., & Savard, S. (2007). The government-third sector interface in Québec. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 18(3), 293-307.
71. Putnam, R. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
72. Regulator of Community Interest Companies. (2010). Information pack community interest companies. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
73. Reichart, O., Kane, D., Pratten, B., & Wilding, K. (2008). The UK civil society almanac 2008. London: National Council for Voluntary Organizations.
74. Reid, K., & Griffith, J. (2006). Social enterprise mythology: Critiquing some assumptions. Social Enterprise Journal, 1(2), 1-10.
75. Ridley-Duff, R., & Bull, M. (2011). Understanding social enterprise. London: SAGE.
76. Salamon, L. M., & Anheier, H. K. (1998). Social origins of civil society: Explaining the non-profit sector cross-nationally. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 9(3), 213-247.
77. Seanor, P., Bull, M., & Baines, S. (2011). Context, narratives, drawings, and boundary objects: Where social enterprises draw the line. Paper presented at the International Small Business and Enterprise Conference, 9th-10th November, Sheffield.
78. Senyard, J., Pickernell, D., Clifton, N. C., & Christie, M. J. (2007). Grant maintained or grant restrained? Rural social enterprise in Ceredigion Wales. Journal of Rural Enterprise and Management, 3(1), 5-23.
79. Shaw, S., & Allen, J. B. (2006). "We actually trust the community:" Examining the dynamics of a non-profit funding relationship in New Zealand. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(3), 211-220.
80. Sokolowski, S. W. (2012). Effects of government support of non-profit institutions on aggregate private philanthropy: Evidence from 40 countries. Voluntas. doi: 10. 1007/s11266-011-92258-5.
81. Sowa, J. E., Coleman Selden, S., & Sandfort, J. R. (2004). No longer unmeasurable? A multidimensional integrated model of nonprofit organizational effectiveness. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(4), 711-728.
82. Steinberg, R., & Weisbrod, B. A. (1998). Pricing and rationing by non-profit organizations with distributional objectives. In B. A. Weisbrod (Ed.), To profit or not to profit: The commercial transformation of the nonprofit sector (pp. 65-82). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, 5th edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
84. Teasdale, S. (2010). A comparative study of changes in earned income among third sector organisations in England and Wales, and the United States. Third Sector Research Centre, Briefing Paper #47.
85. Theuvsen, L. (2004). Doing better while doing good: Motivational aspects of pay-for-performance effectiveness in nonprofit organizations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15(2), 117-136.
86. Thompson, P., Williams, R., Kwong, C. C. Y., & Thomas, B. C. (2011). How feasible is the Big Society?: The third sector's survival in less affluent areas in the absence of government funding. Paper presented at the International Small Business and Enterprise Conference, 9th-10th November, Sheffield.
87. Tracey, P., & Phillips, N. (2007). The distinctive challenge of educating social entrepreneurs: A postscript and rejoiner to the special issue on entrepreneurship education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 6(2), 264-271.
88. Tukey, J. W. (1949). One degree of freedom for nonadditivity. Biometrics, 5(3), 232-242.
89. Wainwright, S. (2002). Measuring impact-a guide to resources. London: National Council for Voluntary Organisations.
90. Weisbrod, B. A. (1998a). The nonprofit mission and its financing: Growing links between nonprofits and the rest of the economy. In B. A. Weisbrod (Ed.), To profit or not to profit: The commercial transformation of the nonprofit sector (pp. 1-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Weisbrod, B. A. (1998b). Modeling the non-profit organization as a multiproduct firm. In B. A. Weisbrod (Ed.), To profit or not to profit: The commercial transformation of the nonprofit sector (pp. 47-64). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
92. Weisbrod, B. (2004). The pitfalls of profits. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2(3), 40-47.
93. Wei-Skillern, J., & Marciano, S. (2008). The networked nonprofit. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 6(2), 38-43.
94. Westall, A. (2009a). Value and the third sector: Working paper on ideas for future research, Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper #25.
95. Westall, A. (2009b). Business or third sector? What are the dimensions and implications of researching and conceptualising the overlap between business and third sector?, Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper #26.
96. Wilding, K., Clark, J., Griffith, M., Jochum, V., & Wainwright, S. (2006). The UK civil society almanac 2006: The state of the sector. London: National Council for Voluntary Organizations.