The effect of acute dark chocolate consumption on carbohydrate metabolism and performance during rest and exercise

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 173-182

  Stellingwerff, Trent ^a,b   Godin, Jean Philippe ^a   Chou, Chieh J ^a   Grathwohl, Dominik ^a   Ross, Alastair B ^a,c   Cooper, Karen A ^a   Williamson, Gary ^d   Actis Goretta, Lucas ^a  

^a NESTLÉ RESEARCH CENTER   (Switzerland)

^b CANADIAN SPORT INSTITUTE PACIFIC   (Canada)

^c CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Blood glucose; Chocolate; Cocoa extract; Exercise; Time trial

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; SUGAR;

ADULT; ANALYSIS; CACAO; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MALE; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REST; SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CACAO; CANDY; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMANS; MALE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; REST; SINGLE-BLIND METHOD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84893387358     PISSN: 17155312     EISSN: 17155320     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0152     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Allgrove, J., Farrell, E., Gleeson, M., Williamson, G., and Cooper, K. 2011. Regular dark chocolate consumption's reduction of oxidative stress and increase of free-fatty-acid mobilization in response to prolonged cycling. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 21: 113-123. PMID:21558573.
2. Bruinsma, K., and Taren, D. L. 1999. Chocolate: food or drug? J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 99: 1249-1256. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00307-7. PMID:10524390.
3. Burke, L. M. 2008. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33 (6): 1319-1334. doi:10.1139/H08-130. PMID:19088794.
4. Cooper, K. A., Donovan, J. L., Waterhouse, A. L., and Williamson, G. 2008. Cocoa and health: a decade of research. Br. J. Nutr. 99: 1-11. doi:10.1017/S0007114507795296. PMID:17666148.
5. Cordero-Herrera, I., Martin, M. A., Bravo, L., Goya, L., and Ramos, S. 2013. Cocoa flavonoids improve insulin signalling and modulate glucose production via AKT and AMPK in HepG2 cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 57 (6): 974-985. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201200500. PMID:23456781.
6. Coyle, E. F., Hagberg, J. M., Hurley, B. F., Martin, W. H., Ehsani, A. A., and Holloszy, J. O. 1983. Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue. J. Appl. Physiol. 55: 230-235. PMID:6350247.
7. Daly, J. W., Jacobson, K. A., and Ukena, D. 1987. Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 230: 41-63. PMID:3588607.
8. Davison, G., Callister, R., Williamson, G., Cooper, K. A., and Gleeson, M. 2012. The effect of acute pre-exercise dark chocolate consumption on plasma antioxidant status, oxidative stress and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise. Eur. J. Nutr. 51 (1): 69-79. doi:10.1007/s00394-011-0193-4. PMID:21465244.
9. Dillinger, T. L., Barriga, P., Escarcega, S., Jimenez, M., Salazar Lowe, D., and Grivetti, L. E. 2000. Food of the gods: cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate. J. Nutr. 130: 2057S-2072S. PMID:10917925.
10. Durham, T. L., Miller, W. C., Lindeman, A. K., and Lapachet, R. A. B. 1993. Effects of theobromine ingestion on plasma fatty acids, glycogen, and exercise endurance in untrained rats. Sports Med. Training Rehab. 4: 205-210. doi:10.1080/15438629309511983.
11. Georgia, K. A., Samanidou, V. F., and Papadoyannis, I. N. 2001. Use of novel solidphase extraction sorbent materials for high-performance liquid chromatography quantitation of caffeine metabolism products methylxanthines and methyluric acids in samples of biological origin. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 759: 209-218. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00251-1. PMID:11499474.
12. Godin, J. P., Stellingwerff, T., Actis-Goretta, L., Mermoud, A. F., Kochhar, S., and Rezzi, S. 2011. The role of liquid chromatography and flow injection analyses coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry for studying human in vivo glucose metabolism. RapidCommunMass Spectrom. 25: 2989-2994. doi:10.1002/rcm.5179. PMID:21953953.
13. Graham, T. E., Battram, D. S., Dela, F., El-Sohemy, A., and Thong, F. S. L. 2008. Does caffeine alter muscle carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise? Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33 (6): 1311-1318. doi:10.1139/H08-129. PMID:19088793.
14. Hulston, C. J., and Jeukendrup, A. E. 2008. Substrate metabolism and exercise performance with caffeine and carbohydrate intake. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40: 2096-2104. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318182a9c7. PMID:18981939.
15. Jeukendrup, A. E. 2004. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition, 20: 669-677. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017. PMID:15212750.
16. Jeukendrup, A., Saris, W. H., Brouns, F., and Kester, A. D. 1996. A new validated endurance performance test. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28: 266-270. doi:10.1097/00005768-199602000-00017. PMID:8775164.
17. Jeukendrup, A. E., Wagenmakers, A. J., Stegen, J. H., Gijsen, A. P., Brouns, F., and Saris, W. H. 1999. Carbohydrate ingestion can completely suppress endogenous glucose production during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 276: E672-E683. PMID:10198303.
18. Mauger, A. R., Jones, A. M., and Williams, C. A. 2009. Influence of feedback and prior experience on pacing during a 4-km cycle time trial. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41: 451-458. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181854957. PMID:19127178.
19. Mumford, G. K., Evans, S. M., Kaminski, B. J., Preston, K. L., Sannerud, C. A., Silverman, K., et al. 1994. Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 115: 1-8. doi:10.1007/BF02244744. PMID:7862879.
20. Neufingerl, N., Zebregs, Y. E., Schuring, E. A., and Trautwein, E. A. 2013. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97: 1201-1209. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.047373. PMID:23595874.
21. Nomura, M., Takahashi, T., Nagata, N., Tsutsumi, K., Kobayashi, S., Akiba, T., et al. 2008. Inhibitory mechanisms of flavonoids on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in MC3T3-G2/PA6 adipose cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31: 1403-1409. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.1403. PMID:18591783.
22. Peronnet, F., and Massicotte, D. 1991. Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update. Can. J. Sport Sci. 16: 23-29. PMID:1645211.
23. Raguso, C. A., Coggan, A. R., Sidossis, L. S., Gastaldelli, A., and Wolfe, R. R. 1996. Effect of theophylline on substrate metabolism during exercise. Metabolism, 45: 1153-1160. doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90016-5. PMID:8781304.
24. Richelle, M., Tavazzi, I., Enslen, M., and Offord, E. A. 1999. Plasma kinetics in man of epicatechin from black chocolate. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 22-26. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600673. PMID:10048796.
25. Ritter, C., Zimmermann, B. F., and Galensa, R. 2010. Chiral separation of (+) / (-)-catechin from sulfated and glucuronidated metabolites in human plasma after cocoa consumption. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397: 723-730. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-3542-x. PMID:20213173.
26. Roy, B. D., Bosman, M. J., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. 2001. An acute oral dose of caffeine does not alter glucose kinetics during prolonged dynamic exercise in trained endurance athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 85: 280-286. doi:10.1007/s004210100456. PMID:11560082.
27. Schroeter, H., Heiss, C., Balzer, J., Kleinbongard, P., Keen, C. L., Hollenberg, N. K., et al. 2006. (-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103: 1024-1029. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510168103. PMID:16418281.
28. Slater, C., Preston, T., and Weaver, L. T. 2001. Stable isotopes and the international system of units. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15: 1270-1273. doi:10.1002/rcm.328. PMID:11466782.
29. Snyder, S. H., Katims, J. J., Annau, Z., Bruns, R. F., and Daly, J. W. 1981. Adenosine receptors and behavioral actions of methylxanthines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78: 3260-3264. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.5.3260. PMID:6265942.
30. Strobel, P., Allard, C., Perez-Acle, T., Calderon, R., Aldunate, R., and Leighton, F. 2005. Myricetin, quercetin and catechin-gallate inhibit glucose uptake in isolated rat adipocytes. Biochem. J. 386: 471-478. doi:10.1042/BJ20040703. PMID:15469417.
31. Thong, F. S., Derave, W., Kiens, B., Graham, T. E., Urso, B., Wojtaszewski, J. F., et al. 2002. Caffeine-induced impairment of insulin action but not insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle is reduced by exercise. Diabetes, 51: 583-590. doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.583. PMID:11872654.
32. Thorell, A., Hirshman, M. F., Nygren, J., Jorfeldt, L., Wojtaszewski, J. F., Dufresne, S. D., et al. 1999. Exercise and insulin cause GLUT-4 translocation in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 277: E733-E741. PMID:10516134.
33. Vergauwen, L., Hespel, P., and Richter, E. A. 1994. Adenosine receptors mediate synergistic stimulation of glucose uptake and transport by insulin and by contractions in rat skeletal muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 93: 974-981. doi:10.1172/JCI117104. PMID:8132783.
34. Westermann, J., Hubl, W., Kaiser, N., and Salewski, L. 2002. Simple, rapid and sensitive determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine in urine and plasma by non-competitive enzyme immunoassay, compared with HPLC method. Clin. Lab. 48: 61-71. PMID:11833678.
35. Wolfe, R. R., and Chinkes, D. L. 2005. Isotope Tracers in Metabolic Research: Principles and Practice of Kinetic Analysis, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, N. J., USA.
36. Yeo, S. E., Jentjens, R. L., Wallis, G. A., and Jeukendrup, A. E. 2005. Caffeine increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 844-850. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2005. PMID:15831802.
37. Yoshikawa, M., Shimoda, H., Nishida, N., Takada, M., and Matsuda, H. 2002. Salacia reticulata and its polyphenolic constituents with lipase inhibitory and lipolytic activities have mild antiobesity effects in rats. J. Nutr. 132: 1819-1824. PMID:12097653.