Leishmaniases in Maghreb: An endemic neglected disease

Acta Tropica

Volumn 132, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 80-93

  Chaara, Dhekra ^a,b   Haouas, Najoua ^a   Dedet, Jean Pierre ^b   Babba, Hamouda ^a   Pratlong, Francine ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONASTIR   (Tunisia)

^b MONTPELLIER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Enzymatic polymorphism; Geographical distribution; Leishmania taxa; Leishmaniases; Maghreb; Transmission cycles

Indexed keywords

DISEASE VECTOR; ENDEMISM; ENZYME; FLY; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; LEISHMANIASIS; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; POLYMORPHISM; PROTOZOAN; RARITY;

DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIA INFANTUM; LEISHMANIA KILLICKI; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; NONHUMAN; NORTH AFRICA; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; PREVALENCE; PSYCHODIDAE; REVIEW; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; URBANIZATION; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

MAGHREB;

ENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; LEISHMANIA TAXA; LEISHMANIASES; MAGHREB; TRANSMISSION CYCLES;

AFRICA, NORTHERN; ANIMALS; ENDEMIC DISEASES; HUMANS; INSECT VECTORS; ISOENZYMES; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIASIS; NEGLECTED DISEASES; PREVALENCE; PSYCHODIDAE; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84893198587     PISSN: 0001706X     EISSN: 18736254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.018     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Abdellatif M.Z.M., El-Mabrouk K., Ewis A.A. An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Jabal-Al-Gharbi Libya. Kor. J. Parasitol. 2013, 51:75-84.
2. Adler S., Ber M. The transmission of Leishmania tropica by the bite of P. papatasi. Znd. J. Med. Res. 1941, 29:803-809.
3. Agoumi A., Rouichi M., Lahrech T. Mise au point sur le profil épidémiologique de la leishmaniose viscérale humaine au Maroc. Maroc Med. XIII 1991, 1(1957-1989):5-10.
4. Aït-Oudhia K., Harrat Z., Benikhlef R., Dedet J.P., Pratlong F. Canine Leishmania infantum enzymatic polymorphism: a review including 1023 strains of the Mediterranean area, with special reference to Algeria. Acta Trop. 2011, 118:80-86.
5. Aït-Oudhia K., Lami P., Lesceu S., Harrat Z., Hamrioui B., Dedet J.P., Pratlong F. Increase in the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in urban Algiers (Algeria) following the 2003 earthquake. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2009, 103(8):679-692.
6. Alvar J., Vélez I.D., Bern C., Herrero M., Desjeux P., Cano J., Jannin J., Den Boer M. The WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. Plos One 2012, 7:e35671.
7. Alvar J., Yactayo S., Bern C. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol. 2006, 22:552-557.
8. Amirat Z., Khammar F., Brudieux R. Variations saisonnières de l'activité sexuelle (données pondérales) chez deux espèces de rongeurs (Psammomys obesus et Gerbillus gerbillus) du Sahara occidental Algérien. Mammalia 1977, 41:341-356.
9. Amro A., Gashout A., Al-Dwibe H., Alam M.Z., Annajar B., Hamarsheh O., Shubar H., Schönian G. First molecular epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya. Plos. Neg. Trop. Dis. 2012, 6(6):e1700.
10. Arroub H., Hamdi S., Ajaoud M., Habbari K., Lemrani M. Epidemiologic study and sand fly species responsible of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Foum jamâa (Azilal Atlas of Morocco). Act. Trop. 2013, 127:1-5.
11. Ashford R.W. The leishmaniasis as emerging and reemerging Zoonoses. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000, 30:1269-1281.
12. Ashford R.W., Schnur L.F., Chance M.L., Samaan S.A., Ahmed H.N. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Republic: preliminary ecological findings. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1977, 71:265-271.
13. Aoun K., Amri F., Chouihi E., Haouas N., Bedoui K., Benikhelef R., Bouratbine A. Epidemiology of Leishmania (L) infantum L. major and L. killicki in Tunisia: results and analysis of the identification of 226 human and canine isolates. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2008, 101:323-328.
14. Aoun K., Ben Abda I., Bousslimi N., Bettaieb J., Siala E., Ben Abdallah R., Benmously R., Bouratbine A. Caractérisation comparative des trois formes de leishmaniose cutanée endémique en Tunisie?. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 2012, 139(6-7):452-458.
15. Aoun K., Bouratbine A., Harrat Z., Belkaïd M., Bel Hadj Ali S. Particular profile of the zymodemes of Leishmania infantum causing visceral in Tunisia. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2001, 94:375-377.
16. Aoun K., Bouratbine A., Harrat Z., Guizani I., Mokni M., Bel Hadj Ali S., Ben Osman A., Belkaïd M., Dellagi K., Ben Ismail R. Epidemiologic and parasitologic data concerning sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Tunisia. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2000, 93:101-103.
17. Aoun K., Bousslimi N., Haouas N., Babba H., El-Buni A., Bouratbine A. First report of Leishmania (L) killicki Rioux, Lanotte and Pratlong, 1986 in Libya. Parasite 2006, 13(1):87-88.
18. Ayadi A., Ben Ismail R., Ben Rachid M.S. Spread of Leishmania infantum Kala-azar transmission area towards central and southern Tunisia. Arch. Ins. Pasteur Tunis. 1991, 68:269-273.
19. Bachi, F., 2006. The epidemiological and clinical aspects of leishmaniasis in Algeria. In: La lettre de l'infectiologue, Tome XXI. pp. 9-15.
20. Belal U.S., Abdel-Hafeez E.H., Naoi K., Norose K. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Nalut district, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: a clinico-epidemiologic study and Leishmania species identification. J. Parasitol. 2012, 98(6):1251-1256.
21. Belazzoug S. Le nouveau foyer de Leishmaniose cutanée de M'sila (Algérie) Infestation naturelle de Psammomys obesus (Rongeur, Gerbellide). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1983, 76:146-149.
22. Belazzoug S. Isolation of Leishmania major Yakimoff and Schokhor, 1914 from Psammomys obesus Gretzschmar, 1828 (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) in Algeria. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1983, 77:876.
23. Belazzoug S. Découverte d'un Meriones shawi (Rongeur Gerbillidé) naturellement infesté par Leishmania dans le nouveau foyer de leishmaniose cutanée de K'sar Chellala (Algérie). Bull. Soc. Path. Exo. 1986, 79:630-633.
24. Belazzoug S. Leishmania infanturn causative organism of visceral leishmaniasis at Biskra (Algeria). Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1986, 80:1002-1003.
25. Belazzoug S. La leishmaniose canine en Algérie. Maghreb Vétérinaire 1987, 13:11-13.
26. Belazzoug S., Addadi K., Mokrani T., Hafirassou B., Hamrioui B., Belkaid M. La leishmaniose viscérale en Algérie: Etude des cas hospitalisés en tre 1975-1984. Ann. Soc. Belge. Med. Trop. 1985, 65:329-335.
27. Belazzoug S., Lanotte G., Maazoun R., Pratlong F., Rioux J.A. A new enzymatic variant of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Algeria. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1985, 60(1):1-3.
28. Belazzoug S., Neal R.A. Failure of meglumine antimoniate to cure cutaneous lesions due to Leihsmania major in Algeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1986, 80:670-671. PMID:3544363.
29. Belhadj S., Pratlong F., Hammami M., Kallel K., Dedet J.P., Chaker E. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in the Sidi Bourouis focus (Northern Tunisia): epidemiological study and isoenzymatic characterization of the parasites. Acta Trop. 2003, 85:83-86.
30. Belhadj S., Pratlong F., Mahjoub H., Toumi N.H., Azaiez R., Dedet J.P., Chaker E. Infantile visceral leishmaniasis from Leishmania infantum MON-24: a reality in Tunisia. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2000, 93:12-13.
31. Belhadj S., Pratlong F., Toumi N.H., Kallel K., Mahjoub H., Babba H., Azaiez R., Dedet J.P., Chaker E. Visceral leishmaniasis in Tunisia: result of the isoenzymatic characterization of 65 Leishmania infantum strains. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002, 96:627-630.
32. Belhadjali H., Elhani I., Youssef M., Babba H., Zili J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment by metronidazole: study of 30 cases. Presse Med. 2009, 38:325-326.
33. Belkaid M., Harrat Z. La leishmaniose en Algérie Mise au point. Rev. Med. Phar. 1997, 43-46.
34. Benikhlef R., Aoun K., Bedoui K., Harrat Z., Bouratbine A. Premières identifications de Leishmania infantum MON-80 chez le chien en Algérie et en Tunisie. Rev. Méd. Vét. 2009, 160(10):464-466.
35. Benikhlef R., Harrat Z., Toudjine M., Djerbouh A., Bendali-Braham S., Belkaid M. Detection of Leishmania infantum MON-24 in the dog. Med. Trop. 2004, 64:381-383.
36. Benikhlef R., Pratlong F., Harrat Z., Seridi N., Bendali-Braham S., Belkaid M., Dedet J.P. Infantile visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum MON-24 in Algeria. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2001, 94(1):14-16.
37. Ben Ismail R. Incrimination de Phlebotomus perniciosus comme vecteur de Leishmania infantum. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis. 1993, 70:91-110.
38. Ben Ismail R. Rapport de fonctionnement Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'ecologie parasitaire. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis. 1994, 71:86-107.
39. Ben Ismail, R., Ben Rachid, M.S., 1989. Epidémiologie des leishmanioses en Tunisie. In: Gentilini, M., Viens, P. (Eds.), Maladies Tropicales Transmissibles. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris, pp. 73-80.
40. Ben Ismail R., Gramiccia M., Gardoni L., Ben Rachid M.S. Identification biochimique des isolats de Leishmania de la Tunisie. Parasitol. 1986, 80:186-187.
41. Ben Ismail R., Ben Rachid M.S., Gradoni L., Gramiccia M., Helal H., Bach-Hamba D. La Leishmaniose cutanée zoonotique en Tunisie Etude du réservoir dans le foyer de Douara. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 1987, 67:335-343.
42. Ben Ismail R., Gramiccia M., Gradoni L., Helal H., Ben Rachid M.S. Isolation of Leishmania major from Phlebotomus papatasi in Tunisia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987, 81:749.
43. Benmously-Mlika R., Fenniche S., Kerkeni N., Aoun K., Khedim A., Mokhtar I. Primary Leishmania infantum MON-80 endonasal leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008, 135(5):389-392.
44. Ben Rachid, M.S., Ben Ismail, R., Ben Saïd, M., 1992. The ecology of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. In: Proceeding of the International Workshop on Leishmaniasis Control Strategies, 25-29 Nov, 1991, Merida, Mexico, IDRC and UPCU. pp. 131-154.
45. Ben Salah A., Ben Ismail R., Amri F., Chlif S., Ben Rzig F., Kharrat H., Hadhri H., Hassouna M., Dellagi K. Investigation of the spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in central Tunisia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2000, 94:382-386.
46. Ben Salah A., Ben Messaoud N., Guedri E., Zaatour A., Ben Alaya N., Bettaieb J., Gharbi A., Belhadj Hamid N., Boukthir A., Chlif S., Kidar A., El Ahmadi Z., Louzir H., Mokni M., Morizot G., Buffet P., Smith P.L., Nielsen C.J., Ulman D.R., Norwood J.A., Thorne G.D., McCarthy W.F., Adams R.C., Rice R.M., Tang D., Berman J., Ransom J., Magill A.J., Grogl M. Topical Paromomycin with or without Gentamicin for cutaneous Leishmaniasis. New Eng. J. Med. 2013, 368:524-532.
47. Benzerroug E.H., Benhabylles N., Izri M.A., Belahcene E.K. Indoor and outdoor nebulization of DDT in the compaign against cutaneous zoonotic leishmaniasis in Algeria. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 1992, 72(1):5-12.
48. Besbès A., Pousse H., Ben Saïd M., Kharrat H., Ghenimi L. Infantile visceral leishmaniasis in central Tunisia (report of 221 cases). Med. Mal. Infect. 1994, 24:628-634.
49. Bessad A., Mouloua K., Kherrachi I., Benbetka S., Benikhlef R., Mezai G., Harrat Z. Leishmania infantum MON-1 isolé d'un chacal doré (Canis aureus) en Grande Kabylie (Algérie). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2012, 105(1):5-7.
50. Boubidi S.C., Benallal K., Boudrissa A., Bouiba L., Bouchareb B., Garni R., Bouratbine A., Ravel C., Dvorak V., Votypka J., Volf P., Harrat Z. Phlebotomus sergenti (Parrot, 1917) identified as Leishmania killicki host in Ghardaïa, south Algeria. Mico. Inf. 2011, 13:691-696.
51. Boudabous R., Amor S., Khayech F., Marzouk M., Bdira S., Mezhoud H., Azaiez R., Sfar M., Babba H. The phlebotomine fauna (Diptera psychodidae) of the Eastern Coast of Tunisia. J. Med. Entomol. 2009, 46(1):1-8.
52. Boudrissa A., Cherif K., Kherrachi I., Benbetka S., Bouiba L., Boubidi S.C., Benikhlef R., Arrar L., Hamrioui B., Harrat Z. Spread of Leishmania major to the north of Algeria. Bull. Sco. Pathol. Exot. 2011, 105:30-35.
53. Boukraa S., Boubidi S.C., Zimmer J.Y., Francis F., Haubruge E., Alibenali-Lounaci Z., Doumandji S. Surveillance des populations de phlébotomes (Diptera: Psychodidae), vecteurs des agents responsables des leishmanioses dans la région di M'Zab-Ghardaïa (Algérie). Faun. Entomol. 2010, 63(3):97-101.
54. Bouratbine A., Aoun K., Chahed M.K., Ben Ismail R. Epidemiological data on infantile visceral leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Med. Mal. Infect. 1998, 28:446-447.
55. Bouratbine A., Aoun K., Ghrab J., Harrat Z., Ezzedini M.S., Etlijani S. Spread of Leishmania killicki to Central and South-West Tunisia. Parasite 2005, 12:59-63.
56. Bousslimi N., Ben-Ayed S., Ben-Abda I., Aoun K., Bouratbine A. Natural infection of North African gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi) by Leishmania tropica in the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Southeast Tunisia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012, 86(6):962-965.
57. Bray R.S. Note on the history of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean and Middle East area. Parasitologia 1987, 29:175-179.
58. Chaabane H., Masmoudi A., Dammak A., Kchaou W., Akrout F., Zribi M., Boudaya S., Turki H. Cryotherapy with or without intralesional antimony in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 2008, 136:278-279.
59. Chaffai M., Ben Rachid M.S., Ben Ismail R. Formes clinico-épidémiologiques des Leishmanioses cutanées en Tunisie. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 1988, 115:1255-1260.
60. Chargui N., Haouas N., Slama D., Gorcii M., Jaouadi K., Essabbah-Aguir N., Mezhoud H., Babba H. Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in a previously non-endemic region of Tunisia: detection of Leishmania DNA in Phlebotomus perniciosus. J. Vect. Ecol. 2013, 38(1):1-5.
61. Cherif K., Boudrissa A., Cherif M.H., Harrat Z. A social program for the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in M'sila, Algeria. Sant Pub. 2012, 24(6):511-522.
62. Chiheb S., Guessous-Idrissi N., Hamdani A., Riyad M., Bichichi M., Hamdani S., Krimech A. Leishmania tropica cutaneous leishmaniasis in an emerging focus in North Morocco: new clinical forms. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 1999, 126(5):419-422.
63. Croset H., Rioux J.A., Maistre M., Bayer N. Les phlébotomes de Tunisie (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). Mise au point systématique, chronologique et éthologique. Ann. Parasitol. (Paris) 1978, 53(6):711-749.
64. Daly M., Daly S. Spatial distribution of a leaf-eating Saharan gerbil (Psammomys obesus) in relation to its food. Mammalia 1974, 38(4):591-603.
65. Dar F.K. An autochthonous case of kala-azar in Libya. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1978, 72:555-556.
66. De Andrade H.M., Reis A.B., Dos Santos S.L., Volpini A.C., Marques M.J., Romanha A.J. Use of the PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania spacies in naturally-infected dogs?. Vet. Parasitol. 2006, 104(3-4):231-238.
67. Dedet J.P. About visceral leishmaniasis in Libya. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1979, 73:350-351.
68. Dedet J.P., Addadi K., Belazzoug S. Les phlébotomes (Diptera, Psychodidae) d'Algérie. Cahiers ORSTOM. Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 1984, 22(2):99-127.
69. Dedet J.P., Addadi K., Lannuzel B. Epidémiologie des leishmanioses en Algérie 7-La leishmaniose viscéale dans le foyer de Grand:-Kabylie. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1977, 70:250-265.
70. Dedet J.P., Belazzoug S. Leishmamasis in North Africa 1985, 353-375. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Leishmaniasis, K.P. Chang, R.S. Bray (Eds.).
71. Dedet J.P., Pratlong F. Leishmaniasis. Manson's Tropical Diseases 2009, 1341-1365. Saunders, Edinburgh. G.C. Cook, A. Zumla (Eds.).
72. Deperet C., Boinet E. Du Bouton de Gafsa au camp de Sathonay. Méd. Pharma. Militaires. 1884, 3:296-302.
73. Derbali M., Chelbi I., Cherni S., Barhoumi M., Boujaâma A., Raban R., Poché R., Zhioua E. Laboratory and field evaluation of an imidacloprid treated rodent oral bait for a systemic control of Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli, 1786 (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2012, 10.1007/s13149-012-0274-5.
74. Dereure J., Rioux J.P., Gallego M., Perieres J., Pratlong F., Mahjour J., Saddiki A. Leishmania tropica in Morocco: infection in dogs. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1991, 85:595.
75. Dereure J., Velez I.D., Pratlong F., Denial M., Lardi M., Moreno G., Serres E., Lanotte G., Rioux J.P. La leishmaniose viscérale autochtone au Maroc méridional. Présence de Leishmania infantum MON-1 chez le Chien en zone présaharienne. Leishmania. Taxonomie et Phylogenèse. Applications éco-épidémiologiques. Coll. Int. CNRS/INSERM, 1984 1986, 421-425. IMEEE, Montpellier.
76. Duvernoy G.L., Lereboullet A. Notes et renseignements sur les animaux vertébrés de l'Algérie qui font partie du Musée de Strasbourg. Memoires de la Société du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg 1842, 3:1-75.
77. El-Buni A.A., Edwebi H., Ben Darif A.L. Prospective study among Cutaneous Leishmaniasis cases in Tripoli central hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Archs Inst. Pasteur Tunis. 1997, 74.
78. El-Buni A.A., Jabeal I., Ben Darif A.T. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: a study of the Yafran area. East Mediterr. Health J. 2000, 6:884-887.
79. Er-Rami, M., Benjelloun, S., Lahlou, H., Khalloufi, A., El Kartouti, A., Zeroual, A., Jakar, A., El Haouri, M., 2012. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the military hospital Moulay Ismail of Meknes (Morocco): about 49 cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2011. Pathol. Biol., in press.
80. Essabbah Aguir, N., Toumi, A., Loussaïf, C., Gorcii, M., M'rad, S., Ben Brahim, H., Chakroun, M., Babba, H., 2012. Visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent adults. About six cases. Pathol. Biol., in press.
81. Ezzouine H., Charra B., Benslama A., Motaouakkil S. Sepsis sévère révélant une leishmaniose viscérale chez un adulte immunocompétent. Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim. 2010, 29(3):255-256.
82. Faraj C., Ouahabi S., Adlaoui E.B., El Elkohli M., Lakraa L., El Rhazi M., Ameur B. Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti and Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi in endemic foci of cutaneous leishmniasis in Morocco. Prasites Vectors 2012, 5:51.
83. Fichet-Calvet E., Jomâa I., Ben Ismail R., Ashford R.W. Reproduction and abundance of the fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus) in relation to weather conditions in Tunisia. J. Zool. 1999, 248:15-26.
84. Fichet-Calvet E., Jomâa I., Ben Ismail R., Ashford R.W. Leishmania major infection in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus in Tunisia: interaction of the host and parasite populations. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2003, 97(6):593-603.
85. Fichet-Calvet E., Jomâa I., Zaafouri W., Ashford R.W., Ben Ismail R., Delattre P. Spatio-temporal distribution of a rodent reservoir of cutaneous leihmaniasis. J. Appl. Ecol. 2000, 37:603-615.
86. Foley H., Vialatte C., Adde R. Existence dans le sud marocain (Haut Guir) du bouton d'orient à l'état endémique. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 1914, 7:114-115.
87. Gaud J. Phlébotomes du Maroc. Bull. Soc. Nat. Maroc. 1947, 27:207-212.
88. Ghawar W., Toumi A., Snousi M.A., Chlif S., Zâatour A., Boukthir A., Bel Haj Hamida N., Chemkhi J., Diouani M.F., Ben Salah A. Leishmania major infection among Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi: reservoirs of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sidi Bouzid (Central Tunisia). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11(12):1561-1568.
89. Ghrab J., Rhim A., Bach-Hamba D., Chahed M.K., Aoun K., Nouira S., Bouratbine A. Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) of human leishmaniasis sites in Tunisia. Parasite 2006, 13(1):23-33.
90. Gramiccia M., Ben Ismail R., Gradoni L., Ben Rachid M.S., Ben Said M. Leishmania infantum enzymatic variant, causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north Tunisia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1991, 85:370-371.
91. Guerbouj S., Chemkhi J., Kaabi B., Rahali A., Ben Ismail R., Guizani I. Natural infection of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) langeroni (Diptera: Psychodidae) with Leishmania infantum in Tunisia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 101(4):372-377.
92. Guessous-Idrissi N., Chiheb S., Hamdani A., Riyad M., Bichichi M., Hamdani S., Krimech A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging epidemic focus of Leishmania tropica in north Morocco. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1997, 91(6):660-663.
93. Guessous-Idrissi N., Hamdani A., Rhalem A., Riyad M., Sahibi H., Dehbi F., Bichichi M., Essari A., Berrag B. Epidemiology of human visceral leishmaniasis in Taounate, a northern province of Morocco. Parasite 1997, 4(2):181-185.
94. Guilvard E., Rioux J.P., Gallego M., Pratlong F., Mahjour J., Martinezorlega E., Dereure J., Saddiki A., Martini A. Leishmania tropica au Maroc III-RÔle de Phlebotomus sergenti A propos de 89 isolats1. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1991, 66:96-99.
95. Hamel H. Etude comparée des boutons d'Alep et de Biskra. Rec. Mém. Med. Chir. Pharm. Milit. 1860, 4:314-339.
96. Haouas N., Chaker E., Chargui N., Gorcii M., Belhadj S., Kallel K., Aoun K., Messaadi Akrout F., Ben Said M., Pratlong F., Dedet J.P., Mezhoud H., Lami P., Zribi M., Azaiez R., Babba H. Geographical distribution updating of Tunisian leishmaniasis foci: about the isoenzymatic analysis of 694 strains. Act. Trop. 2012, 124:221-228.
97. Haouas N., Chargui N., Chaker E., Ben Said M., Babba H., Belhadj S., Kallal K., Pratlong H., Dedet J.P., Mezhoud H., Azaiez R. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmanisis in Tunisia Presence of Leishmania killicki outside its original focus of Tataouine. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 99:499-501.
98. Haouas N., Garrab S., Gorcii M., Khorchani H., Chargui N., Ravel C., Mezhoud H., Babba H. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for Leishmania major/Leishmania killicki/Leishmania infantum discrimination from clinical samples, application in a Tunisian focus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2010, 68(2):152-158.
99. Haouas N., Gorcii M., Chargui N., Aoun K., Bouratbine A., Messaadi Akrout F., Masmoudi A., Zili J., Ben Said M., Pratlong F., Dedet J.P., Mezhoud H., Azaiez R., Babba H. Leishmaniasis in central and southern Tunisia: current geographical distribution of zymodemes. Parasite 2007, 14:239-246.
100. Haralambous C., Dakkak A., Pratlong F., Dedet J.P., Soteriadou K. First detection and genetic typing of Leishmania infantum MON-24 in a dog from Moroccan Mediterranean coast: Genetic diversity of MON-24. Acta Trop. 2007, 103(69):79.
101. Harrat Z., Addadi K., Belkaid M., Tabet-Derraz O. La leishmaniose viscerale en Algérie Recensement des cas de leishmaniose viscerale (ptriode 1985-1990). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1992, 85:216-301.
102. Harrat Z., Boubidi S.C., Pratlong F., Benikhlef R., Selt B., Dedet J.P., Ravel C., Belkaid M. Description of a dermatropic Leishmania close to L. killicki (Rioux, Lanotte & Pratlong 1986) in Algeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 103(7):716-720.
103. Harrat Z., Pratlong F., Belazzoug S., Dereure J., Deniau M., Rioux J.A., Belakid M., Dedet J.P. Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major in Algeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 90:625-629.
104. Hassani M.A., Lahlou H., Alami M., Filali Baba A., El Youssfi G., Ismaili L., Chaouki S., Atmani S., Hida M. Aspects biologiques de la leishmaniose viscérale infantile A propos de 31 cas diagnostiqués sur 10 mois au laboratoire d'hématologie du CHU Hassan II de Fès (Maroc). Rev. Franc. Labo Parasitol. 2011, 429:55-59.
105. Hotez P.J., Molyneux D.H., Fenwick A., Ottesen E., Sachs S.E., Sachs J.D. Incorporating a rapid-impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Plos Med. 2006, 3(5):576-584.
106. Izri M.A., Belazzoug S. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perjiliewi naturally infected with dermotropic Leishmania infanturn at Tenes, Algeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene 1993, 87:399.
107. Izri M.A., Belazzoug S., Boudjebla Y., Dereure J., Pratlong F., Delalbre-Belmonte A., Rioux J.A. Leishmania infantum MON-1 isolé de Phlebotomus perniciosus en Kabylie (Algérie). Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1990, 65:151-152.
108. Izri M.A., Belazzoug S., Pratlong F., Rioux J.A. Isolation of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus papatasi in Biskra (Algeria) The end of an ecoepidemiological saga. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1992, 67(1):2-31.
109. Jaouadi K., Depaquit J., Haouas N., Chaara D., Gorcii M., Chargui N., Dedet J.P., Pratlong F., Boubabous R., Babba H. Twenty-four new human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania killicki in Metlaoui, southwestern Tunisia: probable role of Phlebotomus sergenti in the transmission. Acta Trop. 2012, 122(3):276-283.
110. Jaouadi K., Haouas N., Chaara D., Gorcii M., Chargui N., Augot D., Pratlong F., Dedet J.P., Ettlijani S., Mezhoud H., Babba H. First detection of Leishmania killicki (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in Ctenodactylus gundi (Rodentia, Ctenodactylidae), a possible reservoir of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Parasit. Vect. 2011, 11(4):159.
111. Kadiki O., Ashraf M. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Libyan Arab Republic 1971, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, department of Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Tripoli.
112. Kallel K., Haouas N., Pratlong F., Kaouech E., Belhadj S., Anane S., Dedet J.P., Babba H., Chaker E. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum MON 24 in Tunisia: extension of the focus to the center of the country. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 2008, 101:30-31.
113. Kallel K., Pratlong F., Belhadj S., Cherif F., Hammami H., Chaker E. Isoenzyme variability of Leishmania infantum in Tunisia concerning 245 human strains. Act Trop. 2008, 106:132-136.
114. Kallel K., Pratlong F., Belhadj S., Cherif F., Hammami M., Dedet J.P., Chaker E. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia: result of isoenzymatic characterization of 71 strains. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2005, 99(1):11-19.
115. Kam M., Degen A. Efficiency of the use of Saltbush (Atriplex halimus) for growth by fat sand rats (Psammomys obesus). J. Mammol. 1989, 70:485-493.
116. Khaldi F., Achouri E., Gharbi A., Ben Naceur B., Debabi A. Infantile visceral leishmaniasis Data on hospitalized children cases from 1974 to 1988 in INSEE. Tunis. Méd. Trop. 1991, 51:143-147.
117. Kharfi M., Fazaa B., Chaker E., Kammoun M.R. Mucosal localization of leishmaniasis in Tunisia: 5 cases. Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 2003, 130:27-30.
118. Klippel A., Monier V. Un cas de Kala-Azar d'origine marocaine. Société Méd. HÔp. Paris 1921, 1037-1038.
119. Lakhdar Idrissi M., El Ouardi M., Atmani S., Elarquam L., Bouharrou A., Hida M. Infantile visceral leishmaniasis: about 209 cases. J. Pédi Puéri. 2007, 20:136-141.
120. Lanotte G., Rioux J.A., Maazoun R., Pasteur N., Pratlong F., Lepart J. Application de la méthode numérique à la taxonomie du genre Leishmania Ross, 1903. A propos de 146 souches originaires de l'Ancien Monde Utilisation des allozymes. Corollaires épidémiologiques et phylétiques. Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp. 1981, 56:575-592.
121. Lataste F. Catalogue critique des mammifères appélagiques sauvages de la Tunisie 1887, 42. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris.
122. Laveran A., Cathoire M. Presentation de parasite Piroplasma donovani. Bull. Aca Med. 1904, 51:247-248.
123. Lemaire G. Premier cas de leishmaniose algérienne. Bull. Soc. Pathol., Exot. 1911, 4:554-563.
124. Lemrani M., Nejjar R., Pratlong F. A new Leishmania tropica zymodeme-causative agent of canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2002, 96:637-638.
125. Maazoun R., Pratlong F., Lanotte G., Rioux J.A. Le complexe Leishmania major. Apropos de l'analyse numérique de 35 souches identifiées par la méthode enzymatique. Leishmania Taxonomie et phylogenèse. Applications éco-épidémiologiques. (Coll. Int. CNRS/INSERM, 1984) 1986, 119-128. IMEEE, Montpellier.
126. Mansouri R., Pratlong F., Bachi F., Hamrioui B., Dedet J.P. The first isoenzymatic characterizations of the Leishmania strains responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Area os Annaba (Eastern Algeria). Open Conf. Proc. J. 2012, 3:6-11. (Suppl 2-M2).
127. Marty P., Lacour J.P., Pratlong F., Perrin C., Del Giudice P., Le Fichoux Y. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum MON-1 contracted in northern Algeria. Bull. Sco. Pathol. Exot. 1998, 91(2):146-147.
128. Marty P., Le Fichoux Y., Pratlong F., Rioux J.A., Rostain G., Lacour J.P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in a young Moroccan child observed in Nice France. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1989, 83(4):510.
129. Masmoudi, A., Ayadi, N., Boudaya, S., Meziou, T.J., Mseddi, M., Marrekchi, S., Bouassida, S., Turki, H., Zahaf, A., 2006. Polymorphisme clinique de la Leishmaniose cutanée du centre et sud Tunisien. Distribution. Manuscrit n° 2910 «Clinique»: 36-40.
130. Masmoudi A., Ayadi N., Khabir A., Bouzid L., Bouassida S., Meziou T.J., Akrout F., Zahaf A., Boudawara T., Turki H. Sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia: a clinical and histological study. Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol. 2008, 135(1):63-67.
131. Masmoudi A., Dammak A., Bouassida S., Elleuch N., Akrout F., Turki H., Zahaf A. Interest of metronidazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Therapie 2007, 62:68-69.
132. Masmoudi A., Dammak A., Chaaben H., Maalej N., Akrout F., Turki H. Doxycycline for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Dermatol. Online 2008, 14:22.
133. Masmoudi, A., Kidar, A., Rebai, M., Bouassida, S., Turki, H., Zahaf, A., 2005. La Leishmaniose cutanée de la face dans la région de Gafsa, Tunisie. Distribution. Manuscrit no. 2731 "Clinique", pp. 374-379.
134. Masmoudi A., Maalej N., Boudaya S., Turki H., Zahaf A. Adverse effects of intralesional Glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Med. Mal. Infect. 2006, 36:226-228.
135. Mehabresh M.I. Visceral leishmaniasis: new foci of infection in Libya. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994, 97(5):282-285.
136. Mehabresh M.I., El-Mauhoub M.M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Libya: review of 21 cases. Ann. Trop. Peadiatr. 1992, 12(2):159-163.
137. Mihoubi I., Picot S., Hafirassou N., Monbrison F. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Algeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008, 102:1157-1159.
138. Mimori T., Sasaki J., Nakata M., Gomez E.A., Uezato H., Nonaka S., Hashiguchi Y., Furuya M., Saya H. Rapid identification of Leishmania species from formalin-fixed biopsy samples by polymorphism-specific polymerase chain reaction. Gene 1998, 210:179-186.
139. Molyneux D.H., Hotez P.J., Fenwick A. Rapid-impact interventions: how a policy of integrated control for Africa's neglected tropical diseases could benefit the poor. PLoS Med. 2005, 2(11):e336.
140. Moroccan Ministry of Public Health, 1997. Lutte contre les leishmanioses: Rapport d'activités.
141. Nicolle C., Blanc G. Extension de la région à bouton d'orient Tunisienne. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1917, 10:279-378.
142. Nicolle C., Comte C. Origine canine du Kala-Azar. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1908, 1:299-301.
143. Nejjar R., Lemrani M., Malki A., Ibrahimy S., Amarouch H., Benslimane A. Canine leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum MON-1 in northern Morocco. Parasite 1998, 5:325-330.
144. Onorato R. Lo stato attuale delle nostre conescenze sulla nosografia Tripolitana (The current state of our knowledge of the nosography of Tripoli). Arch. Ital. Sci. Med. Tripoli Colon. 1931, 12:137-186.
145. Parrot L. Recherches sur l'étiologie du bouton d'Orient (clou de Biskra) Etudes sur la biologie des Phlébotomes en milieu endémique. Bull. Soc. Path., exot., t. XV 1922, 80-92.
146. Parrot L., Donatien A., Plantureux E. Sur l'infection naturelle de phlébotomes par la leishmaniose générale de l'homme et du chien en Algérie. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algérie 1941, 19:209-217.
147. Petter F. Répartition géographique et écologie des rongeurs désertiques. Mammalia 1961, 25:1-222.
148. Pratlong F., Dereure J., Ravel C., Lami P., Balard Y., Serres G., Lanotte G., Rioux J.A., Dedet J.P. Geographical distribution and epidemiological features of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis foci, based on the isoenzyme analysis of 1048 strains. Trop. Med. Inter. Heal. 2009, 14(9):1071-1085.
149. Pratlong F., Lanotte G., Ashford R.W., Rioux J.A. Le complexe Leishmania tropica. A propos de l'analyse numérique de 29 souches identifiées par la méthode enzymatique Leishmania. Taxonomie et phylogenèse. Applications éco-épidémiologiques (Coll. Int. CNRS/INSERM, 1984) 1986, 129-137. IMEEE, Montpellier.
150. Pratlong F., Rioux J.A., Dereure J., Mahjour J., Gallego M., Guilvard E., Lanotte G., Perieres J., Martini A., Saddiki A. Leishmania tropica in Morocco IV-Intrafocal enzyme diversity. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1991, 66(3):100-104.
151. Rami M., Atarhouch T., Sabri M., Cadi Soussi M., Benazzou T., Dakkak A. Canine leishmaniasis in the Rif mountains (Moroccan Mediterranean coast): a seroepidemiological survey. Parasite 2003, 10:79-85.
152. Rhajaoui M., Fellah H., Pratlong F., Dedet J.P., Lyagoubi M. Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica MON-102 in a new Moroccan focus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2004, 98:299-301.
153. Rhajaoui M., Nasereddin A., Fellah H., Azmi K., Amarir F., Al-Jawabreh A., Ereqat S., Planer J., Abdeen Z. New clinico-epidemiologic profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis Morocco. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:1358-1360. 2007.
154. Rhajaoui M., Sebti F., Fellah H., Alam Nasreddin A., Abbasi I., Schönian G. Identification of the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Chichaoua Morocco. Prasite. 2012, 19:81-84.
155. Rioux J.A., Lanotte G. Apport de la cladistique à l'analyse du genre Leishmania Ross, 1903 (Kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae) Corollaires épidémiologiques. Biosystema 1993, 8:79-80.
156. Rioux J.A., Lanotte G., Petter F., Dereure J., Akalay O., Pratlong F., Velez I.D., Fikri N.B., Maazoun R., Denial M., Jarry D.M., Zahaf A., Ashford R.W., Cadi-Soussi M., Killick-Kendrick R., Benmansour N., Moreno G., Périères J., Guilvard E., Zribi M., Kennou M.F., Rispail P., Knechtli R., Serres E. Les Leishamanioses cutanées du bassin Méditerranéen occidental. De l'identification enzymatique à l'analyse éco-épidémiologique. L'exemple de trois "foyers", tunisien, marocain et français. Applications éco-épidémiologiques. (Coll. Int. CNRS/INSERM, 1984) 1986, 365-395. IMEEE, Montpellier.
157. Rioux J.A., Lanotte G., Pratlong F. Leishmania killicki n.sp (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Leishmania. Taxonomie et phylogenèse. Application éco-épidémiologique (Coll. Int. CNRS/INSERM, 1984) 1986, 139-142. IMEEE, Montpellier.
158. Rioux J.A., Lanotte G., Pratlong F., Bastien P., Perieres J. Taxonomy of Leishmania use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1990, 65:111-115.
159. Rioux J.A., Mahjour J., Gallego M., Dereure J., Perrieres J., Lahmrani A., Riera C., Saddiki A., Mouki B. Leishmaniose cutanée humaine à Leishmania infantum MON-24 au Maroc. Bull. Soc. Fran. Parasitol. 1996, 14:179-183.
160. Rioux J.A., Petter F., Akalay O., Lanotte G., Ouazzani A., Seguignes M., Mohcine A. Meriones shawi (Duvernoy 1842) (Rodentia, Gerbillidae), réservoir de Leishmania major Yakimoff et Schokhor, 1914 (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) dans le Sud marocain. Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. Sci. (Paris) 1982, 294:515-517.
161. Rioux J.A., Rispail P., Lanotte G., Lepart J. Relations phlébotomes-bioclimats en écologie des leishmanioses Corollaires épidémiologiques. L'exemple du Maroc. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1984, 131549-131557.
162. Rotureau B., Ravel C., Couppie P., Pratlong F., Nacher M., Dedet J.P., Carme B. Use of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify the main new world Leishmania species and analyze their taxonomic properties and polymorphism by application of the assay to clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006, 44(2):459-467.
163. Ruiz Postigo J.A. Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2010, 36S::S62-S65.
164. Sergent E.D.M., Gueidon E. Chronique du bouton d'Orient en Algérie, le "Clou de Mila". Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algérie 1923, 1:1-3.
165. Sergent E.D.M., Sergent E.T., Parrot L., Donatien A., Beguet M. Transmission du Clou de Biskra par le phlébotome (Phlebotomus papatasi Scop.). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1921, 173:1030.
166. Tabbabi A., Bousslimi N., Rhim A., Aoun K., Bouratbine A. First report on natural infection of Phlebotomus sergenti with Leishmania promastigotes in the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southeastern Tunisia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011, 85(4):646-647.
167. Tashim I. Sur l'existence en Tripolitaine de kala-azar et de la fièvre méditerranéenne. Rull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1910, 3:511-512.
168. WHO, 2010. Contol of the Leishmaniases: Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Commitee on the Control of Leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 949, Geneva.
169. Yahia H., Ready P.D., Hamdani A., Testa J.M., Guessous Idrissi N. Regional genetic differentiation of Phlebotomus sergenti in three Moroccan foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica. Parasite 2004, 11:189-199.
170. Ysmail-Dahlouk M., Ammar Khodja A., Ysmail-Dahlouk S., Ait Belkacem F. Leishmaniose lupoide. Ann. Dermatol. Venerol. 1994, 121:103-106.
171. Zait H., Ferhani Y., Achir I., Hamrioui B. Study of 71 cases of visceral leishmaniasis diagnosed at the Mustapha University Hospital (Algiers) from 1998 to 2009. Med. Malad. Infec. 2012, 42:119-125.
172. Zait H., Hamrioui B. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria About 386 cases diagnosed in the Mustapha University Hospital (Algiers) from 1998 to 2007. Revue Francophone des laboratoires. Parasitologie 2009, 412:35-39.