CCAFU Recommendations 2013: Bladder carcinoma;Recommandations en onco-urologie 2013 du CCAFU : Tumeurs de la vessie

Progres en Urologie

Volumn 23, Issue S2, 2013, Pages

  Pfister, C ^a   Roupret, M ^a   Neuzillet, Y ^a   Larre S ^a   Pignot, G ^a   Quintens, H ^a   Houede N ^a   Comperat E ^a   Colin, P ^a   Roy, C ^a   Soulie M ^a   Davin, J L ^a   Guy, L ^a   Irani, J ^a   Lebret, T ^a   Coloby, P ^a  

^a Membres expert du sous comité vessie ^*  (France)

Author keywords

BCG; Bladder tumours; Cystectomy; Cytology; Instillations; Mitomycine C; Survival; Urothelial carcinoma

Indexed keywords

MITOMYCIN;

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; BLADDER TUMOR; BLADDER TUMOURS; CARCINOME UROTHÉLIAL; CYSTECTOMIE; CYSTECTOMY; CYTOLOGIE URINAIRE; CYTOLOGY; HUMAN; INSTILLATIONS; INSTILLATIONS ENDOVESICALES; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS BCG; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SURVIE; SURVIVAL; TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; TUMEURS DE LA VESSIE;

BCG; BLADDER TUMOURS; CARCINOME UROTHÉLIAL; CYSTECTOMIE; CYSTECTOMY; CYTOLOGIE URINAIRE; CYTOLOGY; INSTILLATIONS; INSTILLATIONS ENDOVESICALES; MITOMYCINE C; SURVIE; SURVIVAL; TUMEURS DE LA VESSIE; UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA;

ALGORITHMS; HUMANS; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84893142688     PISSN: 11667087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1166-7087(13)70049-6     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., Hao Y., Xu J., Thun M.J. Cancer statistics, 2009. Cancer J Clin 2009, 59:225-249.
2. Siegel R., Naishadham D., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012, 62:10-29.
3. Irani J., Bernardini S., Davin J.L., Guy L., Mazerolles C., Pfister C., et al. Les tumeurs superficielles de vessie n'existent plus. Prog Urol 2008, 18:204-205.
4. Pfister C., Roupret M., Wallerand H., Davin J.L., Quintens H., Guy L., et al. Recommandations du CCAFU 2010 : Tumeurs urothéliales. Prog Urol 2010, 20:S255-S274.
5. Lokeshwar V.B., Habuchi T., Grossman H.B., Murphy W.M., Hautmann S.H., Hemstreet G.P., et al. Bladder tumour markers beyond cytology: international consensus panel on bladder tumour markers. Urology 2005, 66:35-63.
6. Viswanath S., Zelhof B., Ho E., Sethia K., Mills R. Is routine urine cytology useful in the haematuria clinic?. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2008, 90:153-155.
7. Mowatt G., Zhu S., Kilonzo M., Boachie C., Fraser C., Griffiths T.R., et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and costeffectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis and urine biomarkers (FISH, ImmunoCyt, NMP22) and cytology for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer. Health Technol Assess 2010, 14:1-331.
8. Van Rhijn B.W.G., Van der Poel H.G., Van der Kwast H.G. Cytology and urinary markers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Eur Urol Suppl 2009, 8:536-541.
9. Kuehhas F.E., Weibl P., Tosev G., Schatzl G., Heinz-Peer G. Multidetector computed tomography virtual cystoscopy: an effective diagnostic tool in patients with hematuria. Urology 2012, 79:270-276.
10. Mariappan P., Zachou A., Grigor K.M. Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol 2010, 57:843-849.
11. Schmidbauer J., Witjes F., Schmeller N., Donat R., Susani M., Marberger M. Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J Urol 2004, 171:135-138. Hexvix PCB301/01 Study Group.
12. Kausch I., Sommerauer M., Montorsi F., Stenzl A., Jacqmin D., Jichlinski P., et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol 2010, 57:595-606.
13. Denziger S., Burger M., Walter B., Knuechel R., Roessler W., Wieland W.F., et al. Clinically relevant risk of reduction in risk of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis: 8-years results of prospective randomized study. Urology 2007, 69:675-679.
14. Witjes J.A., Redorta J.P., Jacqmin D., Sofras F., Malmstrom P.U., Riedl C., et al. Hexamino levulinate-Guided Fluorescence Cystoscopy in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Patients with Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Review of the Evidence and Recommendations. Eur Urol 2010, 57:607-614.
15. Burger M., Grossman H.B., Droller M., Schmidbauer J., Hermann G., Dragoescu O., et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of Non-muscleinvasive Bladder Cancer with Hexaminolevulinate Cystoscopy: A Meta-analysis of Detection and Recurrence Based on Raw Data. Eur Urol 2013, Apr 8. doi:pii: S0302-2838(13)00353-9. 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.03.059. [Epub ahead of print].
16. Millan-Rodríguez F., Chéchile-Toniolo G., Salvador-Bayarri J., Huguet-Pérez J., Vicente-Rodríguez J. Upper urinary tract tumours after primary superficial bladder tumours: prognostic factors and risk groups. J Urol 2000, 164:1183-1187.
17. Sadow C.A., Silverman S.G., O'Leary M.P., Signorovitch J.E. Bladder cancer detection with CT urography in an Academic Medical Center. Radiology 2008, 249:195-202.
18. Abdel-Latif M., Abol-Enein H., El Baz M., Ghoneim M.A. Nodal involvement in bladder cancer cases treated with radical cystectomy: incidence and prognosis. J Urol 2004, 172:85-89.
19. Giannarini G., Petralia G., Thoeny H.C. Potential and limitations of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer including pelvic lymph node staging: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2012, 61:326-340.
20. Nayak B., Dogra P.N., Naswa N., Kumar R. Diuretic 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for detection and locoregional staging of urinary bladder cancer: prospective evaluation of a novel technique. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013, 40:386-393.
21. Hitier-Berthault M., Ansquer C., Branchereau J., Renaudin K., Bodere F., Bouchot O., et al. (18) F-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography for pre-operative lymph node staging in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. A prospective study. Int J Urol 2013, 20:788-796.
22. Eble J. World Health Organisation classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs 2004, IARC Press, Lyon.
23. May M., Brookman-Amissah S., Roigas J., Hartmann A., Storkel S., Kristiansen G., et al. Prognostic Accuracy of Individual Uropathologists in Noninvasive Urinary Bladder Carcinoma: A Multicentre Study Comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation Classifications. Eur Urol 2010, 57:850-858.
24. Streeper N.M., Simons C.M., Konety B.R., Muirhead D.M., Williams R.D., O'Donnell M.A., et al. The significance of lymphovascular invasion in transurethral resection of bladder tumour and cystectomy specimens on the survival of patients with urothelial bladder cancer. BJU Int 2009, 103:475-493.
25. Sylvester R.J., Van der Meijden A.P., Oosterlinck W., Witjes J.A., Bouffioux C., Denis L., et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2 596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 2006, 49:466-477.
26. Fernandez-Gomez J., Madero R., Solsona E., Unda M., Martinez-Piñeiro L., Ojea A., et al. The EORTC tables overestimate the risk of recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin: external validation of the EORTC risk tables. Eur Urol 2011, 60:423-430.
27. Brausi M., Witjes J.A., Lamm D.L., Persad R., Palou J., Colombel M., et al. A review of current guidelines and best practice recommendations for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer by the International Bladder Cancer Group. J Urol 2011, 186:2158-2167.
28. Divrik R.T., Sahin A.F., Yildirim U., Altok M., Zorlu F. Impact of routine second trans-urethral resection on the long-term outcome of patients with newly diagnosed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with respect to recurrence, progression rate and disease-specific survival : a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur Urol 2010, 58:185-190.
29. Au J.L., Badalament R.A., Wientjes M.G., Young D.C., Warner J.A., Venema P.L., et al. Methods to improve efficacy of intravesical mitomycin C: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001, 93:597-604.
30. Rouprêt M., Neuzillet Y., Larré S., Pignot G., Coloby P., Rebillard X., et al. Recommandations du Comité de cancérologie de l'Association française d'urologie (CC-AFU) pour la bonne pratique des instillations endovésicales de BCG et de mitomycine C dans le traitement des tumeurs de la vessie n'envahissant pas le muscle (TVNIM). Prog Urol 2012, 22:920-931.
31. Gontero P., Cattel L., Paone T.C., Milla P., Berta G., Fiorito C., et al. Pharmacokinetic study to optimize the intravesical administration of gemcitabine. BJU Int 2010, 106:1652-1656.
32. Sylvester R.J., Oosterlinck W., Witjes J.A. The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials. Eur Urol 2008, 53:709-719.
33. Huncharek M., McGarry R., Kupelnick B. Impact of intravesical chemotherapy on recurrence rate of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: results of a metaanalysis. Anticancer Res 2001, 21:765-769.
34. Malmström P.U., Sylvester R.J., Crawford D.E., Friedrich M., Krege S., Rintala E., et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2009, 56:247-256.
35. Sylvester R.J., Brausi M.A., Kirkels W.J., Hoeltl W., Calais Da Silva F., Powell P.H., et al. Long-term efficacy results of EORTC GU Group study 30911 comparing epirubicin,bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and BCG plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate and high risk stage Ta T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2010, 57:766-773.
36. Jones G., Cleves A., Wilt T.J., Mason M., Kynaston H.G., Shelley M. Intravesical gemcitabine for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 1:CD009294. Jan 18.
37. Sylvester R.J., Van der Meijden A.P., Lamm D.L. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized trials. J Urol 2002, 168:1964-1970.
38. Pfister C., Roupret M., Wallerand H., Davin J.L., Quintens H., Guy L., et al. Recommandations en Onco-Urologie 2010: tumeurs urothéliales. Prog Urol 2010, 20:S255-S274.
39. Neuzillet Y., Rouprêt M., Wallerand H., Pignot G., Larré S., Irani J., et al. Diagnostic et prise en charge des événements indésirables sévères survenant au décours des instillations endovésicales de BCG pour le traitement des tumeurs de vessie n'infiltrant pas le muscle (TVNIM). Prog Urol 2012, 22:989-998.
40. Soukup V., Babjuk M., Bellmunt J., Dalbagni G., Giannarini G., Hakenberg O.W., et al. Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2012, 62:290-302.
41. Huncharek M., Kupelnick B. Impact of intravesical chemotherapy versus BCG immuno therapy on recurrence of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: meta analytic reevaluation. Am J Clin Oncol 2003, 26:402-407.
42. Herr H.W., Dalbagni G. Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumours. J Urol 2003, 169:1706-1708.
43. Sylvester R.J., Van der Meijden A., Witjes J.A., Jakse G., Nonomura N., Cheng C., et al. High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urology 2005, 66:90-107.
44. Martinez-Pineiro J.A., Flores N., Isorna S., Solona E., Sebastian J.L., Pertusa C., et al. Long term follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81mg dose of intravesical BCG with a reduced dose of 27mg in superficial bladder cancer. BJU Int 2002, 89:671-680.
45. Oddens J., Brausi M., Sylvester R., Bono A., Van de Beek C., Van Andel G., et al. Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers Group randomized study of maintenance BCG in intermediate and high risk Ta. T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one third dose versus full dose and 1 versus 3 years of maintenance. Eur Urol 2013, 63:462-472.
46. Van den Bosch S., Alfred Witjes J. Long-term cancer-specific survival in patients with high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and tumour progression: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2011, 60:493-500.
47. Lebret T., Neuzillet Y. Indication and timing of cystectomy in high-risk bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2012, 22:427-431.
48. Herr H.W., Dalbagni G. Defining bacillus Calmette-Guérin refractory superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 2003, 169:1706-1708.
49. Joudi F.N., Smith B.J., O'Donnell M.A. Final results from a national multicenter phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon alpha-2B for reducing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2006, 24:344-348.
50. Addeo R., Caraglia M., Bellini S., Abbruzzese A., Vincenzi B., Montella L., et al. Randomized phase III trial on gemcitabine versus mytomicin in recurrent superficial bladder cancer: evaluation of efficacy and tolerance. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:543-548.
51. Di Lorenzo G., Perdonà S., Damiano R., Faiella A., Cantiello F., Pignata S., et al. Gemcitabine versus bacille Calmette-Guérin after initial bacille Calmette-Guérin failure in non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer: a multicenter prospective randomized trial. Cancer 2010, 116:1893-1900.
52. Miller D.C., Taub D.A., Dunn R.L., Montie J.E., Wei J.T. The impact of co-morbid disease on cancer control and survival following radical cystectomy. J Urol 2003, 169:105-109.
53. Mayr R., May M., Martini T., Lodde M., Comploj E., Pycha A., et al. Comorbidity and performance indices as predictors of cancerindependent mortality but not of cancer-specific mortality after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2012, 62:662-670.
54. Balducci L. Evidence-based management of cancer in the elderly. Cancer Control 2000, 7:368-376.
55. Chang S.S., Hassan J.M., Cookson M.S., Wells N., Smith J.R. Delaying radical cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer results in worse pathological stage. J Urol 2003, 170:1085-1087.
56. Soukup V., Babjuk M., Bellmunt J., Dalbagni G., Giannarini G., Hakenberg O.W., et al. Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2012, 62:290-302.
57. Ali-El-Dein B., Abdel-Latif M., Mosbah A., Eraky I., Shaaban A.A., Taha N.M., Ghoneim M.A. Secondary malignant involvement of gynecologic organs in radical cystectomy specimens in women: is it mandatory to remove these organs routinely?. J Urol 2004, 172:885-887.
58. Todenhöfer T., Stentzl A., Schwentner C. Optimal use and outcomes of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in men and women. Curr Opin Urol 2013, 23:479-486.
59. Hautmann R.E. The oncologic results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy are not (yet) equivalent to open cystectomy. Curr Opin Urol 2009, 19:522-526.
60. Larré S., Quintens H., Houede N., Comperat E., Roy C., Pignot G., et al. Benefit of bladder and upper urinary tract urothelial tumors lymph node dissection: review from the Bladder Cancer Committee of the French National Association of Urology. Prog Urol 2012, 22:380-387.
61. Pruthi R.S., Nielsen M., Smith A., Nix J., Schultz H., Wallen E.M. Fast track program in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: results in 362 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Surg 2010, 210:93-99.
62. Kouba E.J., Wallen E.M., Pruthi R.S. Gum chewing stimulates bowel motility in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. Urology 2007, 70:1053-1056.
63. Rodel C., Grabenbauer G.G., Kuhn R., Papadopoulos T., Dunst J., Meyer M., et al. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:3061-3071.
64. Fahmy N., Aprilian A., Tanguay S., Mahmud S.M., Al-Otaibi M., Jeyaganth S., et al. Practice patterns and recurrence after partial cystectomy for bladder cancer. World J Urol 2010, 28:419-423.
65. Kassouf W., Swanson D., Kamat A.M., Leibovici D., Siefker-Radtke A., Munsell M.F., et al. Partial cystectomy for muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary review of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. J Urol 2006, 175:2058-2062.
66. Van Der Steen-Banasik E., Ploeg M., Witjes J.A., Van Rey F.S., Idema J.G., Heijbroek R.P., et al. Brachytherapy versus cystectomy in solitary bladder cancer: A case control, multicentre, East-Netherlands study. Radiother Oncol 2009.
67. Sternberg C.N., Pansadoro V., Calabro F., Schnatzer S., Giannarelli D., Emiliozzi P., et al. Can patient selection for bladder preservation be based on response to chemotherapy?. Cancer 2003, 97:1644-1652.
68. Bouchot O., Zerbib M. Neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in radical treatment. Prog Urol 2002, 12:987-997.
69. Griffiths G., Hall R., Sylvester R., Raghavan D., Parmar M.K. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:2171-2177. International Collaboration of Trialists: Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group); European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group; Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group; Finnbladder; Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group; Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico Group.
70. Grossman H.B., Natale R.B., Tangen C.M., Speights V.O., Vogelzang N.J., Trump D.L., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:859-866.
71. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol 2005, 48:202-205. Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration.
72. Niegisch G., Lorch A., Dröller M.J., Lavery H.J., Stensland K.D., Albers P. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer: which patients benefit?. Eur Urol 2013, 355-357.
73. Eur Urol 2005, 48:189-199. Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration.
74. Cognetti F., Ruggeri E.M., Felici A., Gallucci M., Muto G., Pollera C.F., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine versus chemotherapy at relapse in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer submitted to radical cystectomy: an Italian, multicenter, randomized phase III trial. Ann Oncol 2012, 23:695-700.
75. Paz-Ares L., Solsona E., Esteban E., et al. Randomised phase III trial comparing adjuvant paclitaxel/gemcitabine/cisplatine (PGC) to observation in patients with resected invasive bladder cancer: results of the SOGUG (Spanish Oncology Genito-Urinary Group) 99/01 study. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:7s. (Abstract 4518).
76. Bamias A., Tiliakos I., Karali M.D., Dimopoulos M.A. Systemic chemotherapy in inoperable or metastatic bladder cancer. Ann Oncol 2006, 17:553-561.
77. Von Der Maase H., Sengelov L., Roberts J.T., Ricci S., Dogliotti L., Oliver T., et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:4602-4608.
78. Kibel A.S., Dehdashti F., Katz M.D., Klim A.P., Grubb R.L., Humphrey P.A., et al. Prospective study of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging of muscleinvasive bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4314-4320.
79. Jadvar H., Quan V., Henderson R.W., Conti P.S. [F-18]-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET and PET-CT in diagnostic imaging evaluation of locally recurrent and metastatic bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2008, 13:42-47.
80. Jessen C., Agerbaek M., Von Der Maase H. Predictive factors for response and prognostic factors for long-term survival in consecutive, single institution patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma following cisplatinbased chemotherapy. Acta Oncol 2009, 48:411-417.
81. Bajorin D.F., Dodd P.M., Mazumdar M., Fazzari M., McCaffrey J.A., Scher H.I., et al. Long-term survival in metastatic transitionalcell carcinoma and prognostic factors predicting outcome of therapy. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:3173-3181.
82. Sternberg C.N., Yagoda A., Scher H.I., Watson R.C., Herr H.W., Morse M.J., et al. M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. J Urol 1988, 139:461-469.
83. Sternberg C.N., Yagoda A., Scher H.I., Watson R.C., Geller N., Herr H.W., et al. Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium, Efficacy and patterns of response and relapse. Cancer 1989, 64:2448-2458.
84. Von der Maase H., Sengelov L., Roberts J.T., Ricci S., Dogliotti L., Oliver T., et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:4602-4608.
85. Als A.B., Sengelov L., Von Der Maase H. Gemcitabine and cisplatin in locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer; 3 - or 4-week schedule?. Acta Oncol 2008, 47:110-119.
86. Sternberg C.N., de Mulder P.H., Schornagel J.H., Théodore C., Fossa S.D., Van Oosterom A.T., Witjes F., Spina M., Van Groeningen C.J., de Balincourt C., Collette L. Randomized phase III trial of highdose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:2638-2646. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group.
87. Bellmunt J., Von der Maase H., Mead G.M., Skoneczna I., De Santis M., Daugaard G., et al. Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine and gemcitabine/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy: EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol 2012, 30:1107-1113.
88. Von Der Maase H. Gemcitabine in transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2003, 3:11-19.
89. Dogliotti L., Carteni G., Siena S., Bertetto O., Martoni A., Bono A., et al. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Eur Urol 2007, 52:134-141.
90. De Santis M., Bellmunt J., Mead G., Kerst J.M., Leahy M., Maroto P., et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol 2012, 30:191-199.
91. Lin C.C., Hsu C.H., Pu Y.S., Vogelzang N.J. Systemic therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int 2008, 101:795-803.
92. Bellmunt J., Fougeray R., Rosenberg J.E., Von der Maase H., Schutz F.A., Salhi Y., et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone in advanced urothelial carcinoma patients after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2013, Feb 17.
93. Lehmann J., Suttmann H., Albers P., Volkmer B., Gschwend J.E., Fechner G., et al. Complete resection of urothelial cancer metastases with curative intent. Urologe A 2009, 48:143-150.
94. Sweeney P., Millikan R., Donat M., Wood C.G., Radtke A.S., Pettaway C.A., et al. Is there a therapeutic role for post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?. J Urol 2003, 169:2113-2117.
95. Siefker-Radtke A.O., Walsh G.L., Pisters L.L., Shen Y., Swanson D.A., Logothetis C.J., et al. Is there a role for surgery in the management of metastatic urothelial cancer? The M.D. Anderson experience. J Urol 2004, 171:145-148.
96. Bekku K., Saika T., Kobayashi Y., Kioshimoto R., Kanbara T., Nasu Y., et al. Could salvage surgery after chemotherapy have clinical impact on cancer survival of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma?. Int J Clin Oncol 2013, 18:110-115.