Waist circumference is the best index for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with spinal cord injury

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 292-300

  Ravensbergen, Henrike Joanna Cornelie ^a,b   Lear, Scott Alexander ^a,c   Claydon, Victoria Elizabeth ^a,b  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ON REPAIR DISCOVERIES   (Canada)

^c Division of Cardiology   (Canada)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease risk; obesity; spinal cord injury; waist circumference

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ABDOMINAL FAT; ADULT; AMERICAN SPINAL INJURY ASSOCIATION IMPAIRMENT SCALE; ARTICLE; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DIET RESTRICTION; FAT MASS; FEMALE; FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NECK CIRCUMFERENCE; OBESITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST HIP RATIO; WAIST TO HEIGHT RATIO;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 84893052164     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: 15579042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3042     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Myers, J., Lee, M., and Kiratli, J. (2007). Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86, 142-152.
2. Groah, S.L., Weitzenkamp, D., Sett, P., Soni, B., and Savic, G. (2001). The relationship between neurological level of injury and symptomatic cardiovascular disease risk in the aging spinal injured. Spinal Cord 39, 310-317.
3. Reeder, B.A., Senthilselvan, A., Despres, J.P., Angel, A., Liu, L., Wang, H., and Rabkin, S.W. (1997). The association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with abdominal obesity in Canada. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. CMAJ 157, Suppl. 1, S39-S45.
4. von Eyben, F.E., Mouritsen, E., Holm, J., Montvilas, P., Dimcevski, G., Suciu, G., Helleberg, I., Kristensen, L., and von Eyben, R. (2003). Intra-abdominal obesity and metabolic risk factors: a study of young adults. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27, 941-949.
5. Leenen, R., van der Kooy, K., Droop, A., Seidell, J.C., Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J.A., and Hautvast, J.G. (1993). Visceral fat loss measured by magnetic resonance imaging in relation to changes in serum lipid levels of obese men and women. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 487-494.
6. Rajan, S., McNeely, M.J., Warms, C., and Goldstein, B. (2008). Clinical assessment and management of obesity in individuals with spinal cord injury: a review. J. Spinal Cord Med. 31, 361-372.
7. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (1998). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults-The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 6, Suppl. 2, 51S-209S.
8. World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, i-xii, 1-253.
9. Buchholz, A.C., and Bugaresti, J.M. (2005). A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 43, 513-518.
10. Laughton, G.E., Buchholz, A.C., Ginis, K.A.M., and Goy, R.E. (2009). Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 47, 757-762.
11. Jones, L.M., Legge, M., and Goulding, A. (2003). Healthy body mass index values often underestimate body fat in men with spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84, 1068-1071.
12. Wang, J., Thornton, J.C., Bari, S., Williamson, B., Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S.B., Horlick, M., Kotler, D., Laferrere, B., Mayer, L., Pi-Sunyer, F.X., and Pierson, R.N. (2003). Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77, 379-384.
13. Zhu, S., Wang, Z., Heshka, S., Heo, M., Faith, M.S., and Heymsfield, S.B. (2002) Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors among whites in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Clinical action thresholds, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 743-749
14. Lear, S.A., Humphries, K.H., Kohli, S., Frohlich, J.J., Birmingham, C.L., and Mancini, G.B.J. (2007), Visceral adipose tissue, a potential risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis: Results of the Multicultural Community Health Assessment Trial (M-CHAT) Stroke 38, 2422-2429.
15. Lemieux, S., Prud'homme, D., Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., and Despres, J.P. (1996). A single threshold value of waist girth identifies normal-weight and overweight subjects with excess visceral adipose tissue. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64, 685-693.
16. Ross, R., Leger, L., Morris, D., de Guise, J., and Guardo, R. (1992). Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables. J. Appl. Physiol. 72, 787-795.
17. Dalton, M., Cameron, A.J., Zimmet, P.Z., Shaw, J.E., Jolley, D., Dunstan, D.W., Welborn, T.A., and Committee, A.S. (2003). Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults. J. Intern. Med. 254, 555-563.
18. Han, T.S., van Leer, E.M., Seidell, J.C., and Lean, M.E. (1995). Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. BMJ 311, 1401-1405.
19. Demirel, S., Demirel, G., Tükek, T., Erk, O., and Yilmaz, H. (2001). Risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with spinal cord injury in Turkey. Spinal Cord 39, 134-138.
20. Emmons, R.R., Garber, C.E., Cirnigliaro, C.M., Kirshblum, S.C., Spungen, A.M., and Bauman, W.A. (2011). Assessment of measures for abdominal adiposity in persons with spinal cord injury. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 37, 734-741.
21. Eriks-Hoogland, I., Hilfiker, R., Baumberger, M., Balk, S., Stucki, G., and Perret, C. (2011). Clinical assessment of obesity in persons with spinal cord injury: validity of waist circumference, body mass index, and anthropometric index. J Spinal Cord. Med. 34, 416-422.
22. Edwards, L.A., Bugaresti, J.M., and Buchholz, A.C. (2008). Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87, 600-607.
23. Lopez-Alvarenga, J.C., Montesinos-Cabrera, R.A., Velazquez-Alva, C., and Gonzalez-Barranco, J. (2003). Short stature is related to high body fat composition despite body mass index in a Mexican population. Arch. Med. Res. 34, 137-140.
24. Lee, C.M.Y., Huxley, R.R., Wildman, R.P., and Woodward, M. (2008). Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 61, 646-653.
25. Yang, L., Samarasinghe, Y.P., Kane, P., Amiel, S.A., and Aylwin, S.J.B. (2009). Visceral adiposity is closely correlated with neck circumference and represents a significant indicator of insulin resistance in WHO grade III obesity. Clin. Endocrinol. 73, 197-200.
26. Ben-Noun, L., Sohar, E., and Laor, A. (2001). Neck circumference as a simple screening measure for identifying overweight and obese patients. Obes. Res. 9, 470-477.
27. Preis, S.R., Massaro, J.M., Hoffmann, U., D'Agostino, R.B., Sr., Levy, D., Robins, S.J., Meigs, J.B., Vasan, R.S., O'Donnell, C.J., and Fox, C.S. (2010). Neck circumference as a novel measure of cardiometabolic risk: the Framingham Heart Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 3701-3710.
28. Vallianou, N.G., Evangelopoulos, A.A., Bountziouka, V., Vogiatzakis, E.D., Bonou, M.S., Barbetseas, J., Avgerinos, P.C., and Panagiotakos, D.B. (2013). Neck circumference is correlated with triglycerides and inversely related with HDL cholesterol beyond BMI and waist circumference. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 29, 90-97.
29. Kirshblum, S.C., Burns, S.P., Biering-Sorensen, F., Donovan, W., Graves, D.E., Jha, A., Johansen, M., Jones, L., Krassioukov, A., Mulcahey, M.J., Schmidt-Read, M., and Waring, W. (2011). International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J. Spinal Cord Med. 34, 535-546.
30. Washburn, R.A., Zhu, W., McAuley, E., Frogley, M., and Figoni, S.F. (2002) The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities: Development and evaluation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83, 193-200.
31. Ketel, I.J.G., Volman, M.N.M., Seidell, J.C., Stehouwer, C.D.A., Twisk, J.W., and Lambalk, C.B. (2007). Superiority of skinfold measurements and waist over waist-To-hip ratio for determination of body fat distribution in a population-based cohort of Caucasian Dutch adults. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 156, 655-661.
32. Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I., and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18, 499-502.
33. Matthews, D.R., Hosker, J.P., Rudenski, A.S., Naylor, B.A., Treacher, D.F., and Turner, R.C. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28, 412-419.
34. Pencina, M.J., D'Agostino, R.B., Sr., Larson, M.G., Massaro, J.M., and Vasan, R.S. (2009). Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 119, 3078-3084.
35. Claydon, V.E., Steeves, J.D., and Krassioukov, A. (2006). Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology. Spinal Cord 44, 341-351.
36. Teasell, R.W., Arnold, J.M., Krassioukov, A., and Delaney, G.A. (2000). Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81, 506-516.
37. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001). Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285, 2486-2497.
38. Spungen, A.M., Adkins, R.H., Stewart, C.A., Wang, J., Pierson, R.N., Jr., Waters, R.L., and Bauman, W.A. (2003). Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. J. Appl. Physiol. 95, 2398-2407.
39. Zlotolow, S.P., Levy, E., and Bauman, W.A. (1992). The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: the relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index. J. Am. Paraplegia Soc. 15, 158-162.
40. Bauman, W.A., Adkins, R.H., Spungen, A.M., and Waters, R.L. (1999). The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 37, 765-771.
41. Janssen, T.W., van Oers, C.A., van Kamp, G.J., TenVoorde, B.J., van der Woude, L.H., and Hollander, A.P. (1997). Coronary heart disease risk indicators, aerobic power, and physical activity in men with spinal cord injuries. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 78, 697-705.
42. Pouliot, M.C., Despres, J.P., Lemieux, S., Moorjani, S., Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., and Lupien, P.J. (1994). Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am. J. Cardiol. 73, 460-468.
43. Onat, A., Avci, G.S., Barlan, M.M., Uyarel, H., Uzunlar, B., and Sansoy, V. (2004). Measures of abdominal obesity assessed for visceral adiposity and relation to coronary risk. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28, 1018-1025.
44. Valsamakis, G., Chetty, R., Anwar, A., Banerjee, A.K., Barnett, A., and Kumar, S. (2004). Association of simple anthropometric measures of obesity with visceral fat and the metabolic syndrome in male Caucasian and Indo-Asian subjects. Diabet. Med. 21, 1339-1345.
45. Cardiometabolic Risk Working Group: Executive Committee, Leiter, L.A., Fitchett, D.H., Gilbert, R.E., Gupta, M., Mancini, G.B.J., McFarlane, P.A., Ross, R., Teoh, H., Verma, S., Anand, S., Camelon, K., Chow, C.-M., Cox, J.L., Despres, J.-P., Genest, J., Harris, S.B., Lau, D.C.W., Lewanczuk, R., Liu, P.P., Lonn, E.M., McPherson, R., Poirier, P., Qaadri, S., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., Rabkin, S.W., Sharma, A.M., Steele, A.W., Stone, J.A., Tardif, J.-C., Tobe, S., and Ur, E. (2011). Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk in Canada: a position paper by the cardiometabolic risk working group (executive summary). Can. J. Cardiol. 27, 124-131.
46. Claydon, V.E., and Krassioukov, A.V. (2006). Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma 23, 1713-1725.
47. Karlsson, A.K. (1999). Autonomic dysreflexia. Spinal Cord 37, 383-391.
48. Alberti, K.G., and Zimmet, P.Z. (1998). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15, 539-553.
49. Bauman, W.A., Kahn, N.N., Grimm, D.R., and Spungen, A.M. (1999). Risk factors for atherogenesis and cardiovascular autonomic function in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 37, 601-616.
50. Manns, P.J., McCubbin, J.A., and Williams, D.P. (2005). Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86, 1176-1181.
51. Noonan, V.K., Fingas, M., Farry, A., Baxter, D., Singh, A., Fehlings, M.G., and Dvorak, M.F. (2012). Incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada: a national perspective. Neuroepidemiology 38, 219-226.
52. Lear, S.A., Humphries, K.H., Frohlich, J.J., and Birmingham, C.L. (2007). Appropriateness of current thresholds for obesity-related measures among Aboriginal people. CMAJ 177, 1499-1505.
53. Lear, S.A., James, P.T., Ko, G.T., and Kumanyika, S. (2010). Appropriateness of waist circumference and waist-To-hip ratio cutoffs for different ethnic groups. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64, 42-61.
54. Dobbelsteyn, C.J., Joffres, M.R., MacLean, D.R., and Flowerdew, G. (2001). A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-To-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 25, 652-661.