메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 165, Issue 3-4, 2013, Pages 200-213

Paramyxoviruses in reptiles: A review

Author keywords

Ferlavirus; Paramyxovirus; Reptile; Snake; Sunshine virus; Virus

Indexed keywords

SIALIDASE;

EID: 84893012403     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: 18732542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (36)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 79954573173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unique novel reptilian paramyxovirus, four atadenovirus types and a reovirus identified in a concurrent infection of a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) collection in Germany
    • Abbas M.D., Marschang R.E., Schmidt V., Kasper A., Papp T. A unique novel reptilian paramyxovirus, four atadenovirus types and a reovirus identified in a concurrent infection of a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) collection in Germany. Vet. Microbiol. 2011, 150:70-79.
    • (2011) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.150 , pp. 70-79
    • Abbas, M.D.1    Marschang, R.E.2    Schmidt, V.3    Kasper, A.4    Papp, T.5
  • 2
    • 0033074123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication of reptilian paramyxovirus in avian host systems
    • Ahne W., Adrian J., Mayr A. Replication of reptilian paramyxovirus in avian host systems. J. Vet. Med. B 1999, 46:57-62.
    • (1999) J. Vet. Med. B , vol.46 , pp. 57-62
    • Ahne, W.1    Adrian, J.2    Mayr, A.3
  • 3
    • 0032865750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative sequence analyses of sixteen reptilian paramyxoviruses
    • Ahne W., Batts W.N., Kurath G., Winton J.R. Comparative sequence analyses of sixteen reptilian paramyxoviruses. Virus Res. 1999, 63:65-74.
    • (1999) Virus Res. , vol.63 , pp. 65-74
    • Ahne, W.1    Batts, W.N.2    Kurath, G.3    Winton, J.R.4
  • 4
    • 0033974018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reptilian paramyxoviruses induce cytokine production in human leukocytes
    • Ahne W., Mayr A. Reptilian paramyxoviruses induce cytokine production in human leukocytes. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2000, 23:9-13.
    • (2000) Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. , vol.23 , pp. 9-13
    • Ahne, W.1    Mayr, A.2
  • 6
    • 0023425311 scopus 로고
    • Reptilian viruses: isolation of myxovirus-like particles from the snake Elaphe oxycephala
    • Ahne W., Neubert W.J., Thomson I. Reptilian viruses: isolation of myxovirus-like particles from the snake Elaphe oxycephala. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B 1987, 34:607-612.
    • (1987) Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B , vol.34 , pp. 607-612
    • Ahne, W.1    Neubert, W.J.2    Thomson, I.3
  • 7
    • 53549112768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring agreement and discord among hemagglutination inhibition assays against different ophidian paramyxovirus strains in the Eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus)
    • Allender M.C., Mitchell M.A., Dreslik M.J., Phillips C.A., Beasley V.R. Measuring agreement and discord among hemagglutination inhibition assays against different ophidian paramyxovirus strains in the Eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus). J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 2008, 39:358-361.
    • (2008) J. Zoo Wildlife Med. , vol.39 , pp. 358-361
    • Allender, M.C.1    Mitchell, M.A.2    Dreslik, M.J.3    Phillips, C.A.4    Beasley, V.R.5
  • 8
    • 33744788337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and antibodies to select viruses in wild-caught eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) from Illinois
    • Allender M.C., Mitchell M.A., Phillips C.A., Grusznski K., Beasley V.R. Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and antibodies to select viruses in wild-caught eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) from Illinois. J. Wildlife Dis. 2006, 42:107-114.
    • (2006) J. Wildlife Dis. , vol.42 , pp. 107-114
    • Allender, M.C.1    Mitchell, M.A.2    Phillips, C.A.3    Grusznski, K.4    Beasley, V.R.5
  • 10
    • 84858019727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viruses in reptiles
    • Ariel E. Viruses in reptiles. Vet. Res. 2011, 42:100.
    • (2011) Vet. Res. , vol.42 , pp. 100
    • Ariel, E.1
  • 11
    • 0347479021 scopus 로고
    • Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Paramyxoviren bei Schlangen und Charakterisierung ausgewählter Isolate
    • Blahak S. Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Paramyxoviren bei Schlangen und Charakterisierung ausgewählter Isolate. Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen 1994.
    • (1994) Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
    • Blahak, S.1
  • 12
    • 0029312992 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterisation of paramyxoviruses from snakes and their relationship to Avian Paramyxoviruses
    • Blahak S. Isolation and characterisation of paramyxoviruses from snakes and their relationship to Avian Paramyxoviruses. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1995, 42:216-224.
    • (1995) Zentralbl Veterinarmed B , vol.42 , pp. 216-224
    • Blahak, S.1
  • 18
    • 0035176383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-emptive oral ribavirin therapy of paramyxovirus infections after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pilot study
    • Chakrabarti S., Collingham K.E., Holder K., Fegan C.D., Osman H., Milligan D.W. Pre-emptive oral ribavirin therapy of paramyxovirus infections after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001, 28:759-763.
    • (2001) Bone Marrow Transplant. , vol.28 , pp. 759-763
    • Chakrabarti, S.1    Collingham, K.E.2    Holder, K.3    Fegan, C.D.4    Osman, H.5    Milligan, D.W.6
  • 20
    • 0017248395 scopus 로고
    • Fatal endemic infection in a serpentarium, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures
    • Folsch D.W., Leloup P. Fatal endemic infection in a serpentarium, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures. Tierarztl. Prax. 1976, 4:527-536.
    • (1976) Tierarztl. Prax. , vol.4 , pp. 527-536
    • Folsch, D.W.1    Leloup, P.2
  • 21
    • 33645846579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence motifs and prokaryotic expression of the reptilian paramyxovirus fusion protein
    • Franke J., Batts W.N., Ahne W., Kurath G., Winton J.R. Sequence motifs and prokaryotic expression of the reptilian paramyxovirus fusion protein. Arch. Virol. 2006, 151:449-464.
    • (2006) Arch. Virol. , vol.151 , pp. 449-464
    • Franke, J.1    Batts, W.N.2    Ahne, W.3    Kurath, G.4    Winton, J.R.5
  • 22
    • 0034793884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and molecular characterisation of 18 paramyxoviruses isolated from snakes
    • Franke J., Essbauer S., Ahne W., Blahak S. Identification and molecular characterisation of 18 paramyxoviruses isolated from snakes. Virus Res. 2001, 80:67-74.
    • (2001) Virus Res. , vol.80 , pp. 67-74
    • Franke, J.1    Essbauer, S.2    Ahne, W.3    Blahak, S.4
  • 24
    • 84882857215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large Collections: Special Considerations
    • Elsevier, St. Louis
    • Gillespie D.S. Large Collections: Special Considerations. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2006, 1013-1016. Elsevier, St. Louis.
    • (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery , pp. 1013-1016
    • Gillespie, D.S.1
  • 26
    • 3142703288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic Sampling and Laboratory Tests
    • British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester
    • Heard D., Harr K., Wellehan J. Diagnostic Sampling and Laboratory Tests. BSAVA Manual of Reptiles 2004, 71-86. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester.
    • (2004) BSAVA Manual of Reptiles , pp. 71-86
    • Heard, D.1    Harr, K.2    Wellehan, J.3
  • 27
  • 30
    • 84865366233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and molecular identification of Sunshine virus, a novel paramyxovirus found in Australian snakes
    • Hyndman T.H., Marschang R.E., Wellehan J.F., Nicholls P.K. Isolation and molecular identification of Sunshine virus, a novel paramyxovirus found in Australian snakes. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2012, 12:1436-1446.
    • (2012) Infect. Genet. Evol. , vol.12 , pp. 1436-1446
    • Hyndman, T.H.1    Marschang, R.E.2    Wellehan, J.F.3    Nicholls, P.K.4
  • 32
    • 84892989510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICTV, Virus Taxonomy: 2011 Release (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses).
    • ICTV, 2013. Virus Taxonomy: 2011 Release (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses).
    • (2013)
  • 33
    • 84980243552 scopus 로고
    • Rhinitis and virus antibody titres in Chelonians
    • Jackson O.F., Needham J.R. Rhinitis and virus antibody titres in Chelonians. J. Small Animal Pract. 1983, 24:31-36.
    • (1983) J. Small Animal Pract. , vol.24 , pp. 31-36
    • Jackson, O.F.1    Needham, J.R.2
  • 34
    • 0019750015 scopus 로고
    • Illness associated with paramyxo-like virus infection in a zoologic collection of snakes
    • Jacobson E., Gaskin J.M., Page D., Iverson W.O., Johnson J.W. Illness associated with paramyxo-like virus infection in a zoologic collection of snakes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1981, 179:1227-1230.
    • (1981) J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.179 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Jacobson, E.1    Gaskin, J.M.2    Page, D.3    Iverson, W.O.4    Johnson, J.W.5
  • 36
    • 0031230107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary lesions in experimental ophidian paramyxovirus pneumonia of Aruba Island Rattlesnakes, Crotalus unicolor
    • Jacobson E.R., Adams H.P., Geisbert T.W., Tucker S.J., Hall B.J., Homer B.L. Pulmonary lesions in experimental ophidian paramyxovirus pneumonia of Aruba Island Rattlesnakes, Crotalus unicolor. Vet. Pathol. 1997, 34:450-459.
    • (1997) Vet. Pathol. , vol.34 , pp. 450-459
    • Jacobson, E.R.1    Adams, H.P.2    Geisbert, T.W.3    Tucker, S.J.4    Hall, B.J.5    Homer, B.L.6
  • 38
    • 0041607794 scopus 로고
    • Antibody responses of Western Diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) to inactivated ophidian paramyxovirus vaccines
    • Jacobson E.R., Gaskin J.M., Flanagan J.P., Odum R.A. Antibody responses of Western Diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) to inactivated ophidian paramyxovirus vaccines. J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 1991, 22:184-190.
    • (1991) J. Zoo Wildlife Med. , vol.22 , pp. 184-190
    • Jacobson, E.R.1    Gaskin, J.M.2    Flanagan, J.P.3    Odum, R.A.4
  • 40
    • 0001072559 scopus 로고
    • Epizootic of ophidian paramyxovirus in a zoological collection: pathological, microbiological, and serological findings
    • Jacobson E.R., Gaskin J.M., Wells S., Bowler K., Schumacher J. Epizootic of ophidian paramyxovirus in a zoological collection: pathological, microbiological, and serological findings. J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 1992, 23:318-327.
    • (1992) J. Zoo Wildlife Med. , vol.23 , pp. 318-327
    • Jacobson, E.R.1    Gaskin, J.M.2    Wells, S.3    Bowler, K.4    Schumacher, J.5
  • 44
    • 0035092787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of a paramyxovirus from a Fer de Lance Viper (Bothrops jararaca): partial nucleotide sequence of the Putative Fusion Protein
    • Junqueira de Azevedo I., Prieto da Silva d.L.M., Carmona A.R.B., Lee Ho E.P. Characterisation of a paramyxovirus from a Fer de Lance Viper (Bothrops jararaca): partial nucleotide sequence of the Putative Fusion Protein. Arch. Virol. 2001, 146:51-57.
    • (2001) Arch. Virol. , vol.146 , pp. 51-57
    • Junqueira de Azevedo, I.1    Prieto da Silva, D.2    Carmona, A.R.B.3    Lee Ho, E.P.4
  • 46
    • 33745314898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurology
    • British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester
    • Keeble E. Neurology. BSAVA Manual of Reptiles 2004, 273-288. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester.
    • (2004) BSAVA Manual of Reptiles , pp. 273-288
    • Keeble, E.1
  • 48
    • 0034997516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic analysis of the L and HN gene of ophidian paramyxoviruses
    • Kindermann J., Kubber-Heiss A., Kerschbaumer P., Nowotny N. Phylogenetic analysis of the L and HN gene of ophidian paramyxoviruses. Arch. Virol. 2001, 146:1021-1035.
    • (2001) Arch. Virol. , vol.146 , pp. 1021-1035
    • Kindermann, J.1    Kubber-Heiss, A.2    Kerschbaumer, P.3    Nowotny, N.4
  • 51
    • 84892989735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reptile paramyxoviruses: 1 new species and new genus
    • Kurath G. Reptile paramyxoviruses: 1 new species and new genus. Ferlavirus 2009.
    • (2009) Ferlavirus
    • Kurath, G.1
  • 52
    • 0842325992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of Fer-de-Lance Virus reveals a novel gene in reptilian paramyxoviruses
    • Kurath G., Batts W.N., Ahne W., Winton J.R. Complete genome sequence of Fer-de-Lance Virus reveals a novel gene in reptilian paramyxoviruses. J. Virol. 2004, 78:2045-2056.
    • (2004) J. Virol. , vol.78 , pp. 2045-2056
    • Kurath, G.1    Batts, W.N.2    Ahne, W.3    Winton, J.R.4
  • 53
    • 18744393417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence and significance of paramyxovirus titres in a zoological collection of lizards
    • Lloyd C., Manvell R., Drury S., Sainsbury A.W. Seroprevalence and significance of paramyxovirus titres in a zoological collection of lizards. Vet. Record 2005, 156:578-580.
    • (2005) Vet. Record , vol.156 , pp. 578-580
    • Lloyd, C.1    Manvell, R.2    Drury, S.3    Sainsbury, A.W.4
  • 56
    • 0034627327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Ophidian Paramyxovirus type 7 from a Reticulated Python in the UK
    • Manvell R.J., Drury S.E., Geach M., Lewis J.C.M. Isolation of Ophidian Paramyxovirus type 7 from a Reticulated Python in the UK. Vet. Record 2000, 147:696.
    • (2000) Vet. Record , vol.147 , pp. 696
    • Manvell, R.J.1    Drury, S.E.2    Geach, M.3    Lewis, J.C.M.4
  • 57
    • 82155191815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viruses infecting reptiles
    • Marschang R.E. Viruses infecting reptiles. Viruses 2011, 3:2087-2126.
    • (2011) Viruses , vol.3 , pp. 2087-2126
    • Marschang, R.E.1
  • 59
    • 0037968613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paramyxovirus and reovirus infections in wild-caught Mexican Lizards (Xenosaurus and Abronia sp.)
    • Marschang R.E., Donahoe S., Manvell R., Lemos-Espinal J. Paramyxovirus and reovirus infections in wild-caught Mexican Lizards (Xenosaurus and Abronia sp.). J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 2002, 33:317-321.
    • (2002) J. Zoo Wildlife Med. , vol.33 , pp. 317-321
    • Marschang, R.E.1    Donahoe, S.2    Manvell, R.3    Lemos-Espinal, J.4
  • 60
    • 69249202276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of paramyxovirus isolates from snakes, lizards and a tortoise
    • Marschang R.E., Papp T., Frost J.W. Comparison of paramyxovirus isolates from snakes, lizards and a tortoise. Virus Res. 2009, 144:272-279.
    • (2009) Virus Res. , vol.144 , pp. 272-279
    • Marschang, R.E.1    Papp, T.2    Frost, J.W.3
  • 61
    • 0034027419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of reptilian paramyxovirus to mammalian cells (Vero Cells)
    • Mayr A., Franke J., Ahne W. Adaptation of reptilian paramyxovirus to mammalian cells (Vero Cells). J. Vet. Med. B 2000, 47:95-98.
    • (2000) J. Vet. Med. B , vol.47 , pp. 95-98
    • Mayr, A.1    Franke, J.2    Ahne, W.3
  • 62
    • 84865356297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of an Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV) in a Captive Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) from Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
    • Nogueira M.F., Barrella T.H., Da Silva R.J., Lopes C.A.M., Araujo Junior J.P. Isolation of an Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV) in a Captive Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) from Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins 2002, 8:168-173.
    • (2002) J. Venom. Anim. Toxins , vol.8 , pp. 168-173
    • Nogueira, M.F.1    Barrella, T.H.2    Da Silva, R.J.3    Lopes, C.A.M.4    Araujo Junior, J.P.5
  • 65
    • 77955563729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RT-PCR diagnosis followed by sequence characterization of paramyxoviruses in clinical samples from snakes reveals concurrent infections within populations and/or individuals
    • Papp T., Pees M., Schmidt V., Marschang R.E. RT-PCR diagnosis followed by sequence characterization of paramyxoviruses in clinical samples from snakes reveals concurrent infections within populations and/or individuals. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 144:466-472.
    • (2010) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.144 , pp. 466-472
    • Papp, T.1    Pees, M.2    Schmidt, V.3    Marschang, R.E.4
  • 66
    • 80052972047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paramyxovirus infection in a leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis babcocki) with respiratory disease
    • Papp T., Seybold J., Marschang R.E. Paramyxovirus infection in a leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis babcocki) with respiratory disease. J. Herpetol. Med. Surg. 2010, 20:64-68.
    • (2010) J. Herpetol. Med. Surg. , vol.20 , pp. 64-68
    • Papp, T.1    Seybold, J.2    Marschang, R.E.3
  • 67
    • 38749093362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introducing reptiles into a captive collection: the role of the veterinarian
    • Pasmans F., Blahak S., Martel A., Pantchev N. Introducing reptiles into a captive collection: the role of the veterinarian. Vet. J. 2008, 175:53-68.
    • (2008) Vet. J. , vol.175 , pp. 53-68
    • Pasmans, F.1    Blahak, S.2    Martel, A.3    Pantchev, N.4
  • 68
    • 0023378127 scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in Ottoman Vipers (Vipera xanthena xanthena) Associated with a Parainfluenza 2-like Virus
    • Potgieter L.N.D., Sigler R.E., Russell R.G. Pneumonia in Ottoman Vipers (Vipera xanthena xanthena) Associated with a Parainfluenza 2-like Virus. J. Wildlife Dis. 1987, 23:355-360.
    • (1987) J. Wildlife Dis. , vol.23 , pp. 355-360
    • Potgieter, L.N.D.1    Sigler, R.E.2    Russell, R.G.3
  • 73
    • 84882857933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Husbandry and Management
    • Elsevier, St. Louis
    • Rossi J.V. General Husbandry and Management. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2006, 25-41. Elsevier, St. Louis.
    • (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery , pp. 25-41
    • Rossi, J.V.1
  • 74
    • 4544247403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular diagnosis of paramyxovirus infection in snakes using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: ribonucleic acid in situ hybridisation
    • Sand M.A., Latimer K.S., Gregory C.R., Rakich P.M., Jacobson E.R., Pennick K.E. Molecular diagnosis of paramyxovirus infection in snakes using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: ribonucleic acid in situ hybridisation. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2004, 16:442-448.
    • (2004) J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. , vol.16 , pp. 442-448
    • Sand, M.A.1    Latimer, K.S.2    Gregory, C.R.3    Rakich, P.M.4    Jacobson, E.R.5    Pennick, K.E.6
  • 76
    • 10644254653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reptile virology. The Veterinary Clinics of North America
    • Wellehan J.F., Johnson A.J. Reptile virology. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Anim. Pract. 2005, 8:27.
    • (2005) Exotic Anim. Pract. , vol.8 , pp. 27
    • Wellehan, J.F.1    Johnson, A.J.2
  • 77
    • 0037667221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningoencephalitis in a Boelen's Python (Morelia boeleni) associated with Paramyxovirus infection
    • West G., Garner M., Raymond J., Latimer K.S., Nordhausen R. Meningoencephalitis in a Boelen's Python (Morelia boeleni) associated with Paramyxovirus infection. J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 2001, 32:360-365.
    • (2001) J. Zoo Wildlife Med. , vol.32 , pp. 360-365
    • West, G.1    Garner, M.2    Raymond, J.3    Latimer, K.S.4    Nordhausen, R.5
  • 78
    • 84893001537 scopus 로고
    • Ein Beitrag zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Herpes- und Paramyxoviren bei verschiedenen Landschildkrötenarten. Dissertation. Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
    • Witte, A., 1993. Ein Beitrag zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Herpes- und Paramyxoviren bei verschiedenen Landschildkrötenarten. Dissertation. Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
    • (1993)
    • Witte, A.1
  • 79
    • 0019194084 scopus 로고
    • Fluorometric assay for measurement of viral neuraminidase-application to the rapid detection of influenza virus in nasal wash specimens
    • Yolken R.H., Torsch V.M., Berg R., Murphy B.R., Lee Y.C. Fluorometric assay for measurement of viral neuraminidase-application to the rapid detection of influenza virus in nasal wash specimens. J. Infect. Dis. 1980, 142:516-523.
    • (1980) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.142 , pp. 516-523
    • Yolken, R.H.1    Torsch, V.M.2    Berg, R.3    Murphy, B.R.4    Lee, Y.C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.