Microtribology and microrheology of molecularly thin liquid films

Modern Tribology Handbook: Volume One: Principles of Tribology

Volumn , Issue , 2000, Pages 567-615

  Berman, Alan D ^a   Israelachvili, Jacob N ^b  

^a SEAGATE TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892949622     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Andrade, J.D., Smith, L.M., and Gregonis, D.E. (1985), The contact angle and interface energetics, in Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers, Vol. 1, Andrade, J.D. (Ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 249-292.
2. Awschalom, D. D. and Warnock, J. (1987), Supercooled liquids and solids in porous glass, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 35.
3. Barquins, M. and Maugis, D. (1982), Adhesive contact of axisymmetric punches on an elastic half-space: the modified Hertz-Herber’s stress tensor for contacting spheres, J. Méc. Théor. Appl., Vol. 1, pp. 331-357.
4. Baumberger, T., Berthoud, P., and Caroli, C. (1999), Physical analysis of the state- and rate-dependent friction law: II dynamic friction, Phys Rev. B, Vol. 60, pp. 3928-3939.
5. Baumberger, T., Heslot, F., and Perrin, B. (1994), Crossover from creep to inertial motion in friction dynamics, Nature, Vol. 367, pp. 544-546.
6. Berman, A. (1996), Dynamics of molecules at surface, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
7. Berman, A., Drummond, C., and Israelachvili, J., (1998a), Amontons’ law at the molecular level, Tribology Letters, 4, 95-101.
8. Berman, A., Ducker, W., and Israelachvili, J. (1996a), Origin and characterization of different stick-slip friction mechanisms, Langmuir, Vol. 12, pp. 4559-4563.
9. Berman, A., Ducker, W., and Israelachvili, J. (1996b), Experimental and theoretical investigations of stickslip friction, in Physics of Sliding Friction, NATO Advanced Science Institute Series, Persson, B. and Tosati, E. (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 51-67.
10. Berman, A.D. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1997), Control and minimization of friction via surface modification, in Micro/Nanotribology and its Applications, NATO Advanced Institute Series, Bhushan, B. (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 317-329.
11. Berman, A., Steinberg, S., Campbell, S., Ulman, A., and Israelachvili, J. (1998b), Controlled microtribology of a metal oxide surface, Tribology Letters, 4, 43-48.
12. Berthoud, P., Baumberger, T., G’Sell, C., and Hiver, J.-M. (1999), Physical analysis of the state- and ratedependent friction law: I static friction, Phys Rev. B, Vol. 59, pp. 14313-14327.
13. Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D. (1967), Friction and Lubrication, 2nd ed., Methuen, London.
14. Briscoe, B.J. and Evans, D.C. (1982), The shear properties of Langmuir–Blodgett layers, Proc. R. Soc. London, Vol. A380, pp. 389-407.
15. Briscoe, B.J., Evans D.C., and Tabor, D. (1977), The influence of contact pressure and saponification on the sliding behavior of steric acid monolayers, J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 61, pp. 9-13.
16. 60 monolayers, Nature, Vol. 382, pp. 520-522.
17. Carlson, J.M. and Batista, A.A. (1996), A constitutive relation for the friction between lubricated surfaces, Phys. Rev. E, Vol 53, pp. 4153-4165.
18. Carlson, J.M. and Langer, J.S. (1989), Mechanical model of an earthquake fault, Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 40, pp. 6470-6484.
19. Chan, D.Y.C. and Horn, R.G. (1985), The drainage of thin liquid films between solid surfaces, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 83, pp. 5311-5324.
20. Chaudhury, M.K. and Whitesides, G.M. (1991), Direct measurement of interfacial interactions between semispherical lenses and flat sheets of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and their chemical derivatives, Langmuir, Vol. 7, pp. 1013-1025.
21. Chen, Y.L., Helm, C., and Israelachvili, J.N. (1991), Molecular mechanisms associated with adhesion and contact angle hysteresis of monolayer surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 95, pp. 10736–10747.
22. Chen, Y.L., Gee, M.L., Helm, C.A., Israelachvili, J.N., and McGuiggan, P.M. (1989), Effects of humidity on the structure and adhesion of amphiphilic monolayers on mica, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 93, pp. 7057-7059.
23. Christenson, H.K. (1985), Forces between solid surfaces in a binary mixture of non-polar liquids, Chem. Phys. Lett., Vol. 118, pp. 455-458.
24. Christenson, H.K. (1988a), Non-DLVO forces between surfaces — solvation, hydration and capillary effects, J. Disp. Sci. Technol., Vol. 9, p. 171–206.
25. Christenson, H. K. (1988b), Adhesion between surfaces in unsaturated vapors — a reexamination of the influence of meniscus curvature and surface forces, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., Vol. 121, pp. 170-178.
26. Christenson, H.K. and Horn, R.G. (1985), Solvation forces measured in non-aqueous liquids, Chem. Scr., Vol. 25, pp. 37-41.
27. Christenson, H.K., Gruen, D.W.R., Horn, R.G., and Israelachvili, J.N. (1987), Structuring in liquid alkanes between solid surfaces: force measurements and mean-field theory, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 87, pp. 1834-1841.
28. Derjaguin, B.V. (1934), Kolloid Zeits., Vol. 69, pp. 155-164.
29. Derjaguin, B.V. (1966), Research in Surface Forces, Vol. 2, Consultants Bureau, New York, p. 312.
30. Derjaguin, B.V. (1988), Mechanical properties of the boundary lubrication layer, Wear, Vol. 128, pp. 19-27.
31. Dieterich, J.H. (1978), Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol. 116, pp. 790-806.
32. Dieterich, J.H. (1979), Modeling of rock friction 1. Experimental results and constitutive equations, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 84, pp. 2162-2168.
33. Dowson, D. (1979), History of Tribology, Longman, London.
34. Drake, B., Prater, C.B., Weisenhorn, A.L., Gould, S.A.C., Albrecht, T.R., Quate, C.F., Cannell, D.S., Hansma, H.G., and Hansma, P.K. (1989), Imaging crystals, polymers, and processes in water with the atomic force microscope, Science, Vol. 243, pp. 1586-1589.
35. Ellul, M.D. and Gent, A.N. (1984), The role of molecular diffusion in the adhesion of elastomers, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys., Vol. 22, pp. 1953-1968.
36. Ellul, M.D. and Gent A.N. (1985), The role of molecular diffusion in the adhesion of EPDM and EPR elastomers, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys., Vol. 23, pp. 1823-1850.
37. Evans, R. and Parry, A. O. (1990), Liquids at interfaces: what can a theorist contribute?, J. Phys. (Condens. Matter), Vol. 2, pp. SA15-SA32.
38. Ferry, J.D. (1980), Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.
39. Fisher, L.R. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1981), Direct measurements of the effect of meniscus forces on adhesion: a study of the applicability of macroscopic thermodynamics to microscopic liquid interfaces, Colloids Surf., Vol. 3, pp. 303-319.
40. Gao, J., Luedtke, W.D., and Landman, U. (1997a), Structure and solvation forces in confined films: linear and branched alkanes, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 206, pp. 4309-4318.
41. Gao, J., Luedtke, W.D., and Landman, U. (1997b), Layering transitions and dynamics of confined liquid films, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 79, pp. 705-708.
42. Gee, M.L. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1990), Interactions of surfactant monolayers across hydrocarbon liquids, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., Vol. 86, pp. 4049-4058.
43. Gee, M., McGuiggan, P., Israelachvili, J., and Homola, A. (1990), Liquid to solid-like transitions of molecularly thin films under shear, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 93, pp. 1895-1906.
44. Granick, S. (1991), Motions and relaxations of confined liquids, Science, Vol. 253, pp. 1374-1379.
45. Granick, S. et al. (1999), Dilatency of water films before sliding or during a slip, submitted.
46. Green, N.M. (1975), Avidin, Adv. Protein Chem., Vol. 29, pp. 85-133.
47. Greenwood, J.A. and Johnson, K.L. (1981), The mechanics of adhesion of viscoelastic solids, Phil. Mag. A, Vol. 43, pp. 697-711.
48. Gyalog, T. and Thomas, H. (1997), Friction between atomically flat surfaces, Europhys. Lett., Vol. 37, pp. 195-200.
49. Han, K.K., Cushman, J.H., and Diestler, D.J. (1993), Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of a Stockmayer fluid in a slit micropore, Mol. Phys., Vol. 79, pp. 537-545.
50. He, G., Müser, M.H., and Robbins, M.O. (1999), Adsorbed layers and the origin of static friction, Science, Vol. 284, pp. 1650-1652.
51. Helm, C., Knoll, W. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1991), Measurement of ligand-receptor interactions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 88, pp. 8169-8173.
52. Henderson, D. and Lozada-Cassou, M. J. (1986), A simple theory for the force between spheres immersed in a fluid, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., Vol. 114, pp. 180-183.
53. Heslot, F., Baumberger, T., Perrin, B., Caroli, B., and Caroli, C. (1994), Creep, stick-slip, and dry-friction dynamics: experiments and a heuristic model, Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 49, pp. 4973-4988.
54. Heymann, F., Rabinowicz, E., and Rightmire, B. (1954) Friction apparatus for very low-speed sliding studies, Rev. Sci. Instr., Vol. 26, pp. 56-58.
55. Hirano, M., Shinjo, K., Keneko, R., and Murata, Y. (1991), Anisotropy of frictional forces in muscovite mica, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 67, pp. 2642-2645.
56. Hirz, S.J., Homola, A.M., Hadziioannou, G., and Frank, C.W. (1992), Effect of substrate on shearing properties of ultrathin polymer films, Langmuir, Vol. 8, pp. 328–333.
57. Holly, F.J. and Refojo, M.J. (1975), Wettability of hydrogels. I. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methylcrylate), J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Vol. 9, pp. 315-326.
58. Homola, A.M., Israelachvili, J.N., Gee, M.L., and McGuiggan, P.M. (1989), Measurements of and relation between the adhesion and friction of two surfaces separated by thin liquid and polymer films, J. Tribology, Vol. 111, pp. 675-682.
59. Homola, A.M., Israelachvili, J.N., McGuiggan, P.M. and Gee, M.L. (1990), Fundamental experimental studies in tribology: the transition from “interfacial” friction of undamaged molecularly smooth surfaces to “normal” friction with wear, Wear, Vol. 136, pp. 65-83.
60. Homola, A.M., Nguyen, H.V., and Hadziioannou, G. (1991), Influence of monomer architecture on the shear properties of molecularly thin polymer melts, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 94, pp. 2346-2351.
61. Horn, R.G. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1981), Direct measurement of structural forces between two surfaces in a nonpolar liquid, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 75, pp. 1400-1411.
62. Horn, R.G. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1988), Molecular organization and viscosity of a thin film of molten polymer between two surfaces as probed by force measurements, Macromolecules, Vol. 21, pp. 2836-2841.
63. Horn, R.G., Smith, D.T., and Haller, W. (1989), Surface forces and viscosity of water measured between silica sheets, Chem Phys. Lett., Vol. 162, pp. 404-408.
64. Hu, H-W. and Granick, S. (1992), Viscoelastic dynamics of confined polymer melts, Science, Vol. 258, pp. 1339-1342.
65. Hu, H-W., Carson, G., and Granick, S. (1991), Relaxation time of confined liquids under shear, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 66, pp. 2758-2761.
66. Israelachvili, J.N. (1986a), Measurement of the viscosity of liquids in very thin films, J. Colloid and Interface Sci., Vol. 110, pp. 263-271.
67. Israelachvili, J.N. (1986b), Measurements of the viscosity of thin films between two surfaces with and without absorbed polymers, Colloid and Polymer Science, Vol. 264, pp. 1060-1065.
68. Israelachvili, J.N. (1989), Techniques for direct measurements of forces between surfaces in liquids at the atomic scale, Chemtracts — Anal. Phys. Chem., Vol. 1, pp. 1-12.
69. Israelachvili, J.N. (1991), Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd ed., Academic Press, London.
70. Israelachvili, J. and Berman, A. (1995), Irreversibility, energy dissipation, and time effects in intermolecular and surface interactions, Israel Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 85-91.
71. Israelachvili, J.N. and Kott, S. (1989), Shear properties and structure of simple liquids in molecularly thin films: the transition from bulk (continuum) to molecular behavior with decreasing film thickness, J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 129, pp. 461-467.
72. Israelachvili, J.N. and Kott, S.J. (1988), Liquid structuring at solid interfaces as probed by direct force measurements: the transition from simple to complex liquids and polymer fluids, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 88, pp. 7162-7166.
73. Israelachvili, J.N. and Wennerström, H.K. (1992), Entropic Forces Between amphiphilic Surfaces in Liquids, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 96, pp. 520-531.
74. Israelachvili, J., Chen, Y.-L., and Yoshizawa, H. (1995), Relationship between adhesion and friction forces, in Fundamentals of Adhesion and Interfaces, Rimai, D.S., DeMejo, L.P., and Mittal, K.L. (Eds.), VSP, pp. 261-279.
75. Israelachvili, J., Chen, Y.-L., and Yoshizawa, H. (1994), Relationship between adhesion and friction forces, J. Adhesion Science & Technology, Vol. 8, pp. 1-18.
76. Israelachvili, J.N., Gee, M.L., McGuiggan, P., Thompson, P., and Robbins, M. (1990), Melting-freezing transitions in molecularly thin liquid films during shear, in Dynamics in Small Confining Systems, Proc. 1990 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Drake, J.M., Klafter, J., and Kopelman, R. (Eds.), MRS Publications, pp. 3-6.
77. Israelachvili, J., Giasson, S., Kuhl, T., Drummond C., Berman, A., Luengo, G., Pan, J.-M., Heuberger, M., Ducker, W. and Alcantar, N. (1999), Some fundamental differences in the adhesion and friction of rough versus smooth surfaces, in Thinning Films and Tribological Interfaces, Proc. of the 26th Leeds- Lyon Symposium, Tribology Series 38, Elsevier, pp. 3-12.
78. Israelachvili, J.N., McGuiggan, P., Gee, M., Homola, A., Robbins, M., and Thompson, P. (1990), Liquid dynamics in molecularly thin films, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, Vol. 2, pp. SA89-SA98.
79. Israelachvili, J.N. (1987), Solvation forces and liquid structure — as probed by direct force measurements, Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 20, pp. 415-421.
80. Israelachvili, J.N. (1988), Measurements and relation between the dynamic and static interactions between surfaces separated by thin liquid and polymer films, Pure and Appl. Chem., Vol. 60, pp. 1473-1478.
81. Israelachvili, J.N. and McGuiggan, P.M. (1988), Forces between surfaces in liquids, Science, Vol. 241, pp. 795-800.
82. Israelachvili, J.N. and McGuiggan, P.M. (1990), Adhesion and short-range forces between surfaces. I — new apparatus for surface force measurements, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 5, pp. 2223-2231.
83. Israelachvili, J.N., Homola, A.M., and McGuiggan, P.M. (1988), Dynamic properties of molecularly thin liquid films, Science, Vol. 240, pp. 189-191.
84. Johnson, K.L., Kendall, K., and Roberts, A.D. (1971), Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids, Proc. R. Soc. London A, Vol. 324, pp. 301-313.
85. Kjellander, R. and Marcelja, S. (1985a), Perturbation of hydrogen bonding in water near polar surfaces, Chem. Phys. Lett., Vol. 120, pp. 393-396.
86. Kjellander, R. and Marcelja, S. (1985b), Polarization of water between molecular surfaces: a molecular dynamics study, Chem. Scr., Vol. 25, pp. 73-80.
87. Klein, J. and Kumacheva, E. (1995), Confinement-induced phase transitions in simple liquids, Science, Vol. 269, pp. 816-819.
88. Klein, J., and Kumacheva, E. (1998), Simple liquids confined to molecularly thin layers. I. Confinementinduced liquid-to-solid phase transitions, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 108, pp. 6996-7009.
89. Klein, J., Kumacheva, E., Mahalu, D., Perahia, D., and Fetters, L.J., (1994), Reduction of frictional forces between solid surfaces bearing polymer brushes, Nature, Vol. 370, pp. 634-636.
90. Klein, J., Kamiyama, Y., Yoshizawa, H., Israelachvili, J.N., Fredrickson, G.H., Pincus, P., and Fetters, L.J., (1993), Lubrication forces between surfaces bearing polymer brushes, Macromolecules, Vol. 26, pp. 5552-5560.
91. Kuhl, T.L., Berman, A.D., Israelachvili, J.N., and Hui, S.W. (1997), Part I: Direct measurement of depletion attraction and thin film viscosity between lipid bilayers in aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions, Macromolecules, Vol. 31, pp. 8250-8257.
92. Kumacheva, E. and Klein, J. (1998), Simple liquids confined to molecularly thin layers. II. Shear and Frictional behavior of solidified films, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 108, pp. 7010-7022.
93. Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., Burnham, N.A., and Colton, R.J. (1990), Atomistic mechanisms and dynamics of adhesion, nanoindentation, and fracture, Science, Vol. 248, pp. 454-461.
94. Lawn, B.R. and Wilshaw, T.R. (1975), Fracture of Brittle Solids, Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
95. Leckband, D.E., Schmitt, F-J., Knoll, W., and Israelachvili, J.N. (1992), Long-range attraction and molecular rearrangements in receptor–ligand interactions, Science, Vol. 255, pp. 1419–1421.
96. Luengo, G., Israelachvili, J., and Granick, S. (1996), Generalized effects in confined fluids: new friction map for boundary lubrication, Wear, Vol. 200, pp. 328-335.
97. Luengo, G., Schmitt, F.-J., Hill, R., and Israelachvili, J. (1997a), Thin film rheology and tribology of confined polymer melts: contrasts with bulk properties, Macromolecules, Vol. 30, pp. 2482-2494.
98. 60 surfaces, Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 9, pp. 1166–1171.
99. Maugis, D. (1985), Subcritical crack growth, surface energy, fracture toughness, stick-slip, and embrittlement, J. Materials Sci., Vol. 20, pp. 3041-3073.
100. McClelland, G.M. (1989), in Adhesion and Friction. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, Grunze, M. and Kreuzer, H.J. (Eds.), Springer, Berlin, Germany, Vol. 17, pp. 1-16.
101. McClelland, G.M. and Cohen, S. R. (1990), Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VIII, Springer, Berlin, pp. 419-445.
102. McGuiggan, P. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1990), Adhesion and short-range forces between surfaces. Part II: effects of surface lattice mismatch, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 5, pp. 2232-2243.
103. Michel, F. and Shanahan, M.E.R. (1990), Kinetics of the JKR experiment, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Vol. 3102, pp. 17-20.
104. Miller, C.A. and Neogi, P. (1985), Interfacial Phenomena: Equilibrium and Dynamic Effects, Marcel Dekker, New York.
105. Nasuno, S., Kudrolli, A., and Gollub, J. (1997), Friction in granular layers: hysteresis and precursors, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 79, pp. 949-952.
106. Peachey, J., Van Alsten, J., and Granick, S. (1991), Design of an apparatus to measure the shear response of ultrathin liquid films, Review of Scientific Instruments, 62(2), pp. 463-473.
107. Persson, B.N.J. (1994), Theory of friction — the role of elasticity in boundary lubrication, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 50, pp. 4771-4786.
108. Pollock, H.M., Barquins, M., and Maugis, D. (1978), The force of adhesion between solid surfaces in contact, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 33, pp. 798-799.
109. Rabin, Y. and Hersht, I. (1993), Thin liquid layers in shear-non-Newtonian effects, Physica. A, Vol. 200, pp. 708-712.
110. Rabinowicz, E. (1958), The intrinsic variables affecting the stick-slip process, Proc. Phys. Soc., Vol. 71, pp. 668-675.
111. Rabinowicz, E. (1965), Friction and Wear of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
112. Rapoport, L., Bilik, Y., Feldman, Y., Homyonfer, M., Cohen, S.R., and Tenne, R. (1997), Hollow Nanoparticles of WS2 as potential solid-state lubricants, Nature, Vol 387, pp. 791-793.
113. Rhykerd, C., Schoen, M., Diestler, D., and Cushman, J. (1987), Epitaxy in simple classical fluids in micropores and near-solid surfaces, Nature, Vol. 330, pp. 461-463.
114. Robbins, M.O. and Thompson, P.A. (1991), Critical velocity of stick-slip motion, Science, Vol. 253, pp. 916-916.
115. Rozman, M.G., Urbakh, M., and Klafter, J. (1996), Origin of stick-slip motion in a driven two-wave potential, Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 54, pp. 6485-6494.
116. Rozman, M.G., Urbakh, M., and Klafter, J. (1997), Stick-slip dynamics as a probe of frictional forces, Europhys. Lett., Vol. 39, pp. 183-188.
117. Ruina, A. (1983), Slip instability and state variable friction laws, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10359-10370.
118. Sampson, J., Morgan, F., Reed, D., and Muskat, M. (1943), Friction behavior during the slip portion of the stick-slip process, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 14, pp. 689-700.
119. Schoen, M., Dietsler, D.J., and Cushman, J.H. (1987), Fluids in micropores. I. Structure of a simple classical fluid in a slit-pore, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 87, pp. 5464-5476.
120. Schoen, M., Rhykerd, C., Diestler, D., and Cushman, J. (1989), Shear forces in molecularly thin films, Science, Vol. 245, pp. 1223-1225.
121. Shanahan, M.E.R., Schreck, P., and Schultz, J. (1988), Effets de la réticulation sur l’adhésion d’un élastomére, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Vol. 3062, pp. 1325-1330.
122. Snook, I.K. and van Megen, W. (1979), Structure of dense liquids at solid interfaces, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 70, pp. 3099-3105.
123. Snook, I.K. and van Megen, W. (1980), Solvation forces in simple dense fluids. I, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 72, pp. 2907-2913.
124. Snook, I.K. and van Megen, W. (1981), Calculation of solvation forces between solid particles immersed in simple liquid, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II, Vol. 77, pp. 181-190.
125. Sutcliffe, M.J., Taylor, S.R., and Cameron, A. (1978), Molecular asperity theory of boundary friction, Wear, Vol. 51, pp. 181-192.
126. Tabor, D. (1982), The role of surface and intermolecular forces in thin film lubrication, in Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion and Lubrication, Societe de Chimie Physique, Paris, pp. 651-679.
127. Tarazona, P. and Vicente, L. (1985), A model for the density oscillations in liquids between solid walls, Mol. Phys., Vol. 56 pp. 557-572.
128. Thompson, P.A., Grest, G.S., and Robbins, M.O. (1992), Phase transitions and universal dynamics in confined films, Phys Rev Letters, Vol. 68, pp. 3448–3451.
129. Thompson, P.A., Grest, G.S., and Robbins, M.O. (1993), in Thin Films in Tribology, Proceedings of the 19th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Dawson, D., Taylor, C.M., and Godet, M. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1–14.
130. Thompson, P. and Robbins, M. (1990), Origin of stick-slip motion in boundary lubrication, Science, Vol. 250, pp. 792-794.
131. Thompson, P.A., Robbins, M.O., and Grest, G.S. (1995), Structure and shear response in nanometerthick films, Israel Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 93-106.
132. Tomlinson, G. A. (1929), A molecular theory of friction, Phil. Mag., Vol. 7, pp. 905-939.
133. Urbakh, M., Daikhin, L., and Klafter, J. (1995), Dynamics of confined liquids under shear, Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 51, pp. 2137-2141.
134. Van Alsten, J. and Granick, S. (1988), Molecular tribometry of ultrathin liquid films, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 61, pp. 2570-2573.
135. Van Alsten, J. and Granick, S. (1990a), The origin of static friction in ultrathin liquid films, Langmuir, Vol. 6, pp. 876-880.
136. Van Alsten, J. and Granick, S. (1990b), Shear rheology in a confined geometry — polysiloxane melts, Macromolecules, Vol. 23, pp. 4856-4862.
137. van Megen, W. and Snook, I.K. (1979), Calculation of solvation forces between solid particles immersed in a simple liquid, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II, Vol. 75, pp. 1095-1102.
138. van Megen, W. and Snook, I.K. (1981), Solvation forces in simple dense fluids. II. Effect of chemical potential, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 74, pp. 1409-1411.
139. Vigil, G., Xu, Z., Steinberg, S., and Israelachvili, J. (1994), Interactions of silica surfaces, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., Vol. 165, pp. 367-385.
140. Warnock, J., Awschalom, D.D., and Shafer, M.W. (1986), Orientational behavior of molecular liquids in restricted geometries, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 34, pp. 475-478.
141. Weisenhorn, A.L., Hansma, P.K., Albrecht, T.R., and Quate, C.F. (1989), Forces in atomic force microscopy in air and water, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 54, pp. 2651-2653.
142. Wilchek, M. and Bayer, E.B. (1990), Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 184: Avidin–Biotin Technology, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 5-45.
143. Yamada, S. and Israelachvili, J. (1998), Friction and adhesion hysteresis of fluorocarbon surfactant monolayer-coated surfaces measured with the surface forces apparatus, J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 102, pp. 234–244.
144. Yoshizawa, H. and Israelachvili, J.N. (1993), Fundamental mechanisms of interfacial friction II: stick-slip friction of spherical and chain molecules, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 97, pp. 11300-11313.
145. Yoshizawa, H., Chen, Y.L., and Israelachvili, J. (1993), Fundamental mechanisms of interfacial friction I: relation between adhesion and friction, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 97, pp. 4128-4140.
146. Zisman, W.A. (1963), Influence of constitution on adhesion, Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 55(10), pp. 19-38.
147. Zisman, W.A. and Fox, J. (1952), The spreading of liquids on low-energy surfaces. III. Hydrocarbon surfaces, J. Colloid Sci., Vol. 7, pp. 428-442.