How ethnicity conditions the effect of oil and gas on civil conflict: A spatial analysis of Africa from 1990 to 2010

Political Geography

Volumn 38, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-11

  Basedau, Matthias ^a   Pierskalla, Jan Henryk ^a  

^a GIGA GERMAN INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL AND AREA STUDIES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Civil conflict; Ethnicity; Natural resources; Spatial analysis

Indexed keywords

ETHNICITY; MONOPOLY; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL RELATIONS; POLITICAL SYSTEM; SPATIAL ANALYSIS;

AFRICA;

EID: 84892761458     PISSN: 09626298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Acemoglu D., Robinson J.A., Verdier T. Kleptocracy and divide-and-rule: a model of personal rule. Journal of the European Economic Association 2004, 2(2-3):162-192.
2. Aspinall E. The construction of grievance: natural resources and identity in a separatist conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2007, 51(6):950. 104.
3. Auty R.M. Sustaining development in mineral economies: The resource curse thesis 1993, Routledge, London.
4. Auty R. Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process. Geopolitics 2004, 9(1):29-49.
5. Basedau M., Lay J. Resource curse or rentier peace? The ambiguous effect of oil wealth and oil dependence on violent conflict. Journal of Peace Research 2009, 46(6):757-776.
6. Beck N., Gleditsch K.S. Space is more than geography: using spatial econometrics in the study of political economy. International Studies Quarterly 2006, 50(1):27-44.
7. Blimes R.J. The indirect effect of ethnic heterogeneity on the likelihood of civil war onset. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 2006, 50(4):536-547.
8. Brambor T., Clark W.R., Golder M. Understanding interaction models: improving empirical analysis. Political Analysis 2006, 14(1):63-82.
9. Brown G.K. Horizontal inequalities and separatism in Southeast Asia: a comparative perspective. Horizontal inequalities and Conflict: Understanding group conflict in Multiethnic societies chap. 12 2008, 252-277. Palgrave Macmillan. F. Stewart (Ed.).
10. Brunnschweiler C.N., Bulte E.H. Natural resources and violent conflict: resource abundance, dependence and the onset of civil wars. Oxford Economic Papers 2009, 61(4):651-674.
11. Buhaug H., Lujala P. Accounting for scale: measuring geography in quantitative studies of civil war. Political Geography 2005, 24(4):344-418.
12. Buhaug H., Rød J.K. Local determinants of African civil wars, 1970-2001. Political Geography 2006, 25(3):315-335.
13. Carter D.B., Signorino C.S. Back to the future: modeling time dependence in binary data. Political Analysis 2010, 18(3):271-292.
14. Cederman L.-E., Buhaug H., Rød J.K. Ethno-nationalist dyads and civil war: a GIS-based analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2009, 53(4):496-525.
15. Cederman L.-E., Weidmann N.B., Gleditsch K.S. Horizontal inequalities and ethnonationalist civil war: a global comparison. American Political Science Review 2011, 105(3):478-495.
16. Cederman L.-E., Wimmer A., Min B. Why do ethnic group rebel? New data and analysis. World Politics 2010, 62(1):87-119.
17. CIESIN, CIAT Gridded population of the world version 3 (gpwv3): Population density grids 2005, Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University, Palisades, NY.
18. Collier P., Hoeffler A. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 2004, 56(4):563-595.
19. Collier P., Hoeffler A. Resource rents, governance, and conflict. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 2005, 49(4):625-633.
20. Cotet A.M., Tsui K. Oil and conflict: what does the cross country evidence really show?. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2013, 5(1):49-80.
21. Eck K. In data we trust? A comparison of UCDP GED and ACLED conflict events datasets. Cooperation and Conflict 2012, 47(1):124-141.
22. Fearon J.D., Laitin D.D. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review 2003, 97(1):75-90.
23. Fjelde H. Buying peace? Oil wealth, corruption and civil war, 1985-99. Journal of Peace Research 2009, 46(2):199-218.
24. Fox J., Swamy A. Introduction: natural resources and ethnic conflicts in the asia pacific. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 2008, 49(1):1-11.
25. Gilmore E., Gleditsch N.P., Lujala P., Rød J.K. Conflict diamonds: a new dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science 2005, 22(3):257-292.
26. Gleditsch K.S., Weidmann N.B. Richardson in the information age: geographic information systems and spatial data in international studies. Annual Review of Political Science 2012, 15:461-481.
27. Gurr T. Why men rebel 1970, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
28. Gurr T. Peoples versus States: Minorities at risk in the new century 2000, U.S. Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C.
29. Habyarimana J., Humphreys M., Posner D., Weinstein J. Why does ethnic diversity undermine public goods provision?. American Political Science Review 2007, 101(4):709-726.
30. Hays J., Franzese R. Spatial-econometric models of cross-sectional interdependence in political science panle and tscs data. Political Analysis 2007, 15(2):140-164.
31. Hegre H., Østby G., Raleigh C. Poverty and civil war events: a disaggregated study of Liberia. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2009, 53(4):598-623.
32. Hegre H., Sambanis N. Sensitivity analysis of empirical results on civil war onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2006, 50(4):508-535.
33. Hendrix C.S., Salehyan I. Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa. Journal of Peace Research 2012, 49(1):35-50.
34. Humphreys M. Natural resources, conflict, and conflict resolution: uncovering the mechanisms. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2005, 49(4):508-537.
35. Hunziker P., Cederman L.-E. Petroleum extraction and ethnoterritorial conflict 2012.
36. Ichino N., Nathan N.L. Crossing the line: local ethnic geography and voting in Ghana. American Political Science Review 2013, 107(2):344-361.
37. Kalyvas S.N. The logic of violence in civil wars 2006, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
38. Kalyvas S., Kocher M.A. How "free" is free riding in civil wars? Violence, insurgency, and the collective action problem. World Politics 2007, 59(2):177-216.
39. Korf B. Resources, violence and the telluric geographies of small wars. Progress in Human Geography 2011, 35(6):733-756.
40. Le Billon P. Angola's political economy of war: the role of oil and diamonds 1975-2000. African Affairs 2001, 100(398):55-80.
41. Le Billon P. The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflict. Political Geography 2001, 20(5):561-584.
42. Le Billon P. Diamond wars? Conflict diamonds and geographies of resource wars. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2008, 98(2):345-372.
43. Le Billon P. Wars of plunder. Conflicts, profits and the politics of resources 2012, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
44. LeSage J., Pace R.K. Introduction to spatial econometrics 2009, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
45. Lujala P. The spoils of nature: armed conflict and rebel access to natural resources. Journal of Peace Research 2010, 47(1):15-28.
46. Lujala P., Gleditsch N.P., Gilmore E. Adiamond curse? Civil war and a lootable resource. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2005, 49(4):538-562.
47. Lujala P., Rød J.K., Thieme N. Fighting over oil: introducing a new dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science 2007, 24(3):239-256.
48. Mahdavy H. Patterns and problems of economic development in rentier states: the case of Iran. Studies in the economic History of the Middle East 1970, 37-61. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. M. Cook (Ed.).
49. Mauro P. Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1995, 110(3):681-712.
50. Mehlum H., Moene K., Torvik R. Cursed by resources or institutions?. The World Economy 2006, 29(8):1117-1131.
51. Melander E., Sundberg R. Climate change, environmental stress, and violent conflict - test introducing the UCDP georeferenced event dataset. Paper presented at the international studies association, March 16-19, Montreal, Canada 2011.
52. Montalvo J.G., Reynal-Querol M. Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars. American Economic Review 2005, 95(3):796-816.
53. Murshed S.M., Gates S. Spatial-horizontal inequalities and the maoist insurgency in Nepal. Review of Development Economics 2005, 9(1):121-134.
54. Nordhaus W.D. Geography and macroeconomics: new data and new findings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2006, 103(10):3510-3517.
55. Olson M. The logic of collective action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups 1965, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
56. Østby G. Polarization, horizontal inequalities and violent civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research 2008, 45(2):143-162.
57. Østby G., Nørdas R., Rød J.K. Regional inequalities and civil conflict in sub-saharan Africa. International Studies Quarterly 2009, 53:301-324.
58. Raleigh C., Linke A., Hegre H., Karlsen J. Introducing ACLED-armed conflict location and event data. Journal of Peace Research 2010, 47(5):1-10.
59. Ross M.L. What do we know about natural resources and civil war?. Journal of Peace Research 2004, 41(3):337-356.
60. Ross M.L. The oil curse. How petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations 2012, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
61. Siebert S., Döll P., Hoogeveen J., Frenken J.-M., Frenken K., Feick S. Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2007, 9(5):535-547.
62. Smith B. Oil wealth and regime survival in the developing world, 1960-1999. American Journal of Political Science 2004, 48(2):232-246.
63. Sorens J. Mineral production, territory, and ethnic rebellion: the role of rebel constituencies. Journal of Peace Research 2011, 48(5):571-585.
64. Stewart F. Horizontal inequalities and conflict: an introduction and some hypotheses. Horizontal inequalities and conflict: Understanding group conflict in multiethnic societies. Chap. 1 2008, 3-23. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. F. Stewart (Ed.).
65. Stewart F. Horizontal inequalities and conflict: Understanding group conflict in multiethnic societies 2008, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
66. Stewart F., Brown G.K., Langer A. Major findings and conclusions on the relationship between horizontal inequalities and conflict. Horizontal inequalities and Conflict: Understanding group conflict in multiethnic societies. Chap. 13 2008, 285-299. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. F. Stewart (Ed.).
67. Sundberg R., Lindgren M., Padskocimaite A. Ucdp ged codebook version 1.0-2011. Codebook 2011, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Accessed 20.01.12.
68. Tadjoeddin M.Z., Suharyo W.I., Mishra S. Regional disparity and vertical conflict in Indonesia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 2001, 6(3):283-304.
69. Theisen O.M., Holtermann H., Buhaug H. Climate wars? Assessing the claim that drought breeds conflict. International Security 2012, 36(3):79-106.
70. Tollefsen A.F., Strand H., Buhaug H. Prio-grid: a unified spatial data structure. Journal of Peace Research 2012, 49(2):363-374.
71. Tomz M., Wittenberg J., King G. Clarify: software for interpreting and presenting statistical results. Journal of Statistical Software 2003, 8(1):1-30.
72. UNEP-WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mountain watch 2002 2002, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
73. Watts M. Resource curse? Governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Geopolitics 2004, 9(1):50-80.
74. Watts M. Petro-insurgency or criminal syndicate? Conflict & violence in the Niger Delta. Review of African Political Economy 2007, 34(114):637-660.
75. Wegenast T., Basedau M. Ethnic fractionalization, natural resources and armed conflict. Conflict Management and Peace Science 2013, (in press).
76. Weidmann N.B., Ward M.D. Predicting conflict in space and time. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2010, 54(6):883-901.
77. Wimmer A., Cederman L.-E., Min B. Ethnic politics and armed conflict: a configurational analysis of a new global data set. American Sociological Review 2009, 74(2):316-337.
78. Wucherpfennig J., Weidmann N.B., Girardin L., Cederman L.-E., Wimmer A. Politically relevant ethnic groups across space and time: Introducing the geoepr dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science 2011, 10(5):1-15.
79. You L., Ringler C., Wood-Sichra U., Robertson R., Wood S., Zhu T., et al. What is the irrigation potential for Africa? A combined biophysical and socioeconomic approach. Food Policy 2011, 36(6):770-782.