Scattering of low-mode internal waves at finite isolated topography

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 359-383

  Legg, Sonya ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Circulation Dynamics; Internal waves; Mixing

Indexed keywords

INCOMING ENERGY; INTERNAL WAVE BREAKING; INTERNAL WAVES; PROVIDE GUIDANCES; RELATIVE HEIGHTS; TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE; TWO-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION; WAVE AMPLITUDES;

FROUDE NUMBER; MIXING; TIDES; TOPOGRAPHY; WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION;

SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY;

FROUDE NUMBER; INTERNAL WAVE; NUMERICAL MODEL; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; PARAMETERIZATION; SHOALING WAVE; TOPOGRAPHY; WAVE BREAKING; WAVE ENERGY;

EID: 84892633401     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: 15200485     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-12-0241.1     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Alford, M. H., 2008: Observations of parametric subharmonic instability of the diurnal internal tide in the South China Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15602, doi:10.1029/2008GL034720.
2. Alford, M. H., and Z. Zhao, 2007: Global patterns of low-mode internalwave propagation. Part I: Energy and energy flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1829-1848.
3. Alford, M. H., and Coauthors, 2011: Energy flux and dissipation in Luzon Strait: Two tales of two ridges. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2211-2222.
4. Althaus, A., E. Kunze, and T. Sanford, 2003: Internal tide radiation from Mendocino Escarpment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1510-1527.
5. Arbic, B., A. Wallcraft, and E. Metzger, 2010: Concurrent simulation of the eddying general circulation and tides in a global ocean model. Ocean Modell., 32, 175-187.
6. Aucan, J., M. A. Merrifield, D. S. Luther, and P. Flament, 2006: Tidal mixing events on the deep flanks of Kaena Ridge, Hawaii. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1202-1219.
7. Balmforth, N. J., and T. Peacock, 2009: Tidal conversion by supercritical topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1965-1974.
8. Balmforth, N. J., G. Ierley, and W. Young, 2002: Tidal conversion by subcritical topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2900-2914.
9. Bell, T., 1975: Topographically generated internal waves in the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 320-327.
10. Buehler, O., and M. Holmes-Cerfon, 2011: Decay of an internal tide due to random topography in the ocean. J. Fluid Mech., 678, 271-293.
11. Buijsman, M., S. Legg, and J. Klymak, 2012: Double ridge internal tide interference and its effect on dissipation in Luzon Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1337-1356.
12. Cacchione, D., and C. Wunsch, 1974: Experimental study of internal waves over a slope. J. Fluid Mech., 66, 223-239.
13. 2 barotropic-to-baroclinic conversion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1136-1147.
14. 2 barotropic-tobaroclinic tidal conversion at the Hawaiian Islands. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2205-2223.
15. Chapman, D. C., and M. Hendershott, 1981: Scattering of internal waves obliquely incident upon a step change in bottom slope. Deep-Sea Res., 28A, 1323-1338.
16. Egbert, G., and R. Ray, 2000: Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data. Nature, 405, 775-778.
17. Eriksen, C., 1982: Observations of internal wave reflection offsloping bottoms. J. Geophys. Res., 87 (C1), 525-538.
18. Eriksen, C., 1985: Implications of ocean bottom reflection for internal wave spectra and mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1145-1156.
19. Garrett, C., and E. Kunze, 2007: Internal tide generation in the deep ocean. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 39, 57-87.
20. Gayen, B., and S. Sarkar, 2011: Direct and large-eddy simulations of internal tide generation at a near-critical slope. J. Fluid Mech., 681, 48-79.
21. Grisouard, N., C. Staquet, and T. Gerkema, 2011: Generation of internal solitary waves in a pycnocline by an internal wave beam: A numerical study. J. Fluid Mech., 676, 491-513.
22. Hall, R., J. Huthnance, and R. Williams, 2013: Internal wave reflection on shelf-slopes with depth-varying stratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 243-258.
23. Holloway, P. E., and M. Merrifield, 1999: Internal tide generation by seamounts, ridges, and islands. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25 937-25 951.
24. Ivey, G., and R. Nokes, 1989: Vertical mixing due to the breaking of critical internal waves on sloping boundaries. J. FluidMech., 204, 479-500.
25. Ivey, G., K. Winters, and I. de Silva, 2000: Turbulent mixing in a sloping benthic boundary layer energized by internal waves. J. Fluid Mech., 418, 59-76.
26. Johnston, T., and M. Merrifield, 2003: Internal tide scattering at seamounts, ridges, and islands. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3180, doi:10.1029/2002JC001528.
27. Johnston, T., M. Merrifield, and P. Holloway, 2003: Internal tide scattering at the Line Islands Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3365, doi:10.1029/2003JC001844.
28. Johnston, T., D. Rudnick, and G. Carter, 2011: Internal tidal beams and mixing near Monterey Bay. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03017, doi:10.1029/2010JC006592.
29. Kelly, S., and J. Nash, 2010: Internal-tide generation and destruction by shoaling internal tides. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23611, doi:10.1029/2010GL045598.
30. Kelly, S., J. Nash, K. Martini, M. Alford, and E. Kunze, 2012: The cascade of tidal energy from low to high modes on a continental slope. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1217-1232.
31. Khatiwala, S., 2003: Generation of internal tides in an ocean of finite depth: Analytical and numerical calculations. Deep-Sea Res., 50, 3-21.
32. Klymak, J. M., and S. Legg, 2010: A simple mixing scheme for models that resolve breaking internal waves. Ocean Modell., 33, 224-234, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.02.005.
33. Klymak, J. M., and Coauthors, 2006: An estimate of tidal energy lost to turbulence at the Hawaiian Ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1148-1164.
34. Klymak, J. M., R. Pinkel, and L. N. Rainville, 2008: Direct breaking of the internal tide near topography: Kaena Ridge, Hawaii. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 380-399.
35. Klymak, J. M., M. Buijsman, S. Legg, and R. Pinkel, 2013: Parameterizing baroclinic internal tide scattering and breaking on supercritical topography: The one-and two-ridge cases. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1380-1397.
36. Lee, C., E. Kunze, and T. Sanford, 2006: Internal tides and turbulence along the 3000-m isobath of the Hawaiian Ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1165-1183.
37. Legg, S., and A. Adcroft, 2003: Internal wave breaking at concave and convex continental slopes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2224-2246.
38. Legg, S., and J. Klymak, 2008: Internal hydraulic jumps and overturning generated by tidal flow over a tall steep ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1949-1964.
39. Levine, M. D., and T. J. Boyd, 2006: Tidally-forced internal waves and overturns observed on a slope: Results from the HOME survey component. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1184-1201.
40. Llewellyn Smith, S., and W. Young, 2002: Conversion of the barotropic tide. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1554-1566.
41. Llewellyn Smith, S., and W. Young,,2003: Tidal conversion at a very steep ridge. J. Fluid Mech., 495, 175-191.
42. MacKinnon, J. A., and M. Gregg, 2003: Mixing on the late-summer New England shelf-Solibores, shear, and stratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1476-1492.
43. MacKinnon, J. A., and K. Winters, 2005: Subtropical catastrophe: Significant loss of low-mode tidal energy at 28.98. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15605, doi:10.1029/2005GL023376.
44. MacKinnon, J. A., M. Alford, and R. Pinkel, 2013a: The latitudinal dependence of shear and mixing in the Pacific transiting the critical latitude for PSI. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 3-16.
45. MacKinnon, J. A., M. Alford, and O. Sun, 2013b: Parametric subharmonic instability of the internal tide at 29°N. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 17-28.
46. Martini, K., M. Alford, E. Kunze, S. Kelly, and J. Nash, 2011: Observations of internal tides on the Oregon continental slope. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 1772-1794.
47. Merrifield, M., and P. Holloway, 2002: Model estimates of M2 internal tide energetics at the Hawaiian Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 107 (C8), doi:10.1029/2001JC000996.
48. Muller, P., and X. Liu, 2000: Scattering of internal waves at finite topography in two dimensions. Part I: Theory and case studies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 532-549.
49. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1998: Abyssal recipes II: Energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 1977-2010.
50. Nash, J., E. Kunze, J. Toole, and R. Schmitt, 2004: Internal tide reflection and turbulent mixing on the continental slope. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1117-1134.
51. Nash, J., E. Kunze, C. Lee, and T. Sanford, 2006: Structure of the baroclinic tide generated at Kaena Ridge, Hawaii. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1123-1135.
52. Nash, J., M. Alford, E. Kunze, K. Martini, and S. Kelley, 2007: Hotspots of deep ocean mixing on the Oregon continental slope. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01605, doi:10.1029/2006GL028170.
53. Nash, J., S. Kelley, E. Shroyer, J. Moum, and T. F. Duda, 2012: The unpredictable nature of internal tides on continental slopes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1981-2000.
54. Nikurashin, M., and S. Legg, 2011: A mechanism for local dissipation of internal tides generated at rough topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 378-395.
55. Nycander, J., 2005: Generation of internal waves in the deep ocean by tides. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C10028, doi:10.1029/2004JC002487.
56. Phillips, O., 1966. The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean. Cambridge University Press, 344 pp.
57. Ray, R., and G. Mitchum, 1996: Surface manifestation of internal tides generated near Hawaii. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2101-2104.
58. Rudnick, D., and Coauthors, 2003: From tides to mixing along the Hawaiian Ridge. Science, 301, 355-357.
59. Shroyer, E., J. Moum, and J. Nash, 2011: Nonlinear internal waves over New Jersey's continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03022, doi:10.1029/2010JC006332.
60. Simmons, H., 2008: Spectral modification and geographic redistribution of the semi-diurnal internal tide. Ocean Modell., 21, 126-138.
61. Slinn, D., and J. Riley, 1996: Turbulent mixing in the oceanic boundary layer caused by internal wave reflection from sloping terrain. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 24, 51-62.
62. St. Laurent, L., and C. Garrett, 2002: The role of internal tides in mixing the deep ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2882-2899.
63. St. Laurent, L., and J. D. Nash, 2004: An examination of the radiative and dissipative properties of deep ocean internal tides. Deep-Sea Res., 51, 3029-2042.
64. St. Laurent, L., S. Stringer, C. Garrett, and D. Perrault-Joncas, 2003: The generation of internal tides at abrupt topography. Deep-Sea Res., 50, 987-1003.
65. Venayagamoorthy, S., and O. Fringer, 2006: Numerical simulations of the interaction of internal waves with a shelf break. Phys. Fluids, 18, 076603.
66. Venayagamoorthy, S., and O. Fringer, 2007: On the formation and propagation of nonlinear internal boluses across a shelf break. J. Fluid Mech., 577, 137-159.
67. Wunsch, C., 1969: Progressive internal waves on slopes. J. Fluid Mech., 35, 131-145.
68. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281-314.
69. Zhao, Z., M. Alford, and J. MacKinnon, 2010: Long-range propagation of the semi-diurnal internal tide from the Hawaiian Ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 713-736.
70. Zikanov, O., and D. Slinn, 2001: Along-slope current generation by obliquely incident internal waves. J. Fluid Mech., 445, 235-261.
71. 2 internal tides at the Hawaiian Ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2021-2036.