Poorly processed reusable surface disinfection tissue dispensers may be a source of infection

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Kampf, Günter ^a,b   Degenhardt, Stina ^a   Lackner, Sibylle ^a   Jesse, Katrin ^a   von Baum, Heike ^c   Ostermeyer, Christiane ^a  

^a Bode Chemie GmbH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Achromobacter spp; Adaptation; Bacterial contamination; Biofilm; Reusable dispenser; Surface disinfection; Surface active biocidal ingredients

Indexed keywords

DISINFECTANT AGENT;

ACHROMOBACTER; ACHROMOBACTER XYLOSOXIDANS; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; DEVICES; DISINFECTION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; INFECTION; NONHUMAN; RECYCLING; SERRATIA MARCESCENS; TISSUE DISPENSER; DRUG CONTAMINATION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ACHROMOBACTER; DISINFECTANTS; DISINFECTION; DRUG CONTAMINATION; SERRATIA MARCESCENS;

EID: 84892572699     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-37     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Walsh TR, Toleman MA. The emergence of pan-resistant Gram-negative pathogens merits a rapid global political response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67(1):1-3. 10.1093/jac/dkr378, 21994911.
2. Anonym Hygienemaßnahmen bei Infektionen oder Besiedelung mit multiresistenten gramnegativen Stäbchen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 2012, 55(10):1311-1354. Anonym.
3. Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH Flächendesinfektion/Surface disinfection. Desinfektionsmittel-Liste des VAH 2008, 52-87. Wiesbaden: mhp-Verlag, VAH, Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH.
4. Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH unter Mitwirkung der "4+4 Arbeitsgruppe". Empfehlung zur Kontrolle kritischer Punkte bei der Anwendung von Tuchspendersystemen im Vortränksystem für die Flächendesinfektion. Hygiene + Medizin 2012, 37(11):468-470. Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH.
5. Voelz A, Müller A, Gillen J, Le C, Dresbach T, Engelhart S, Exner M, Bates CJ, Simon A. Outbreaks of Serratia marcescens in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units: clinical aspects, risk factors and management. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010, 213(2):79-87. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.003, 19783209.
6. Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH Flächendesinfektion/Surface disinfection. Desinfektionsmittel-Liste des VAH 2012, 51-92. Wiesbaden: mhp-Verlag, VAH, Desinfektionsmittel-Kommission im VAH.
7. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, Swaminathan B. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995, 33(9):2233-2239. 228385, 7494007.
8. EN 13727:2007 Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity in the medical area. Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1) 2007, Brussels: CEN - Comité Européen de Normalisation, EN 13727:2007.
9. O'Toole GA. Microtiter dish biofilm formation assay. J Vis Exp 2011, 47:e2437.
10. Gahrn-Hansen B, Alstrup P, Dessau R, Fuursted K, Knudsen A, Olsen H, Oxhoj H, Petersen AR, Siboni A, Siboni K. Outbreak of infection with Achromobacter xylosoxidans from contaminated intravascular pressure transducers. J Hosp Infect 1988, 12(1):1-6.
11. Lee JC, Fialkow PJ. Benzalkonium chloride-source of hospital infection with gram-negative bacteria. JAMA 1961, 177:708-710. 10.1001/jama.1961.73040360013012a, 13760236.
12. Jones MV, Herd TM, Christie HJ. Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to amphoteric and quaternary ammonium biocides. Microbios 1989, 58(234):49-61.
13. Pagedar A, Singh J, Batish VK. Adaptation to benzalkonium chloride and ciprofloxacin affects biofilm formation potential, efflux pump and haemolysin activity of Escherichia coli of dairy origin. J Dairy Res 2012, 79(4):383-389. 10.1017/S0022029912000295, 22874089.
14. Fox JG, Beaucage CM, Folta CA, Thornton GW. Nosocomial transmission of Serratia marcescens in a veterinary hospital due to contamination by benzalkonium chloride. J Clin Microbiol 1981, 14(2):157-160. 271926, 7024303.
15. Kucken D, Feucht H, Kaulfers P. Association of qacE and qacEDelta1 with multiple resistance to antibiotics and antiseptics in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000, 183(1):95-98.
16. Nagai I, Ogase H. Absence of role for plasmids in resistance to multiple disinfectants in three strains of bacteria. J Hosp Infect 1990, 15(2):149-155. 10.1016/0195-6701(90)90124-7, 1969437.
17. Anonymous Anforderungen an die Hygiene bei der Reinigung und Desinfektion von Flächen. Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Bundesgesundheitsblatt 2004, 47(1):51-61. Anonymous.
18. Tsuji A, Kaneko Y, Takahashi K, Ogawa M, Goto S. The effects of temperature and pH on the growth of eight enteric and nine glucose non-fermenting species of gram-negative rods. Microbiol Immunol 1982, 26(1):15-24. 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00149.x, 7087800.
19. Majtan V, Majtanova L. Antibacterial efficacy of disinfectants against some gramnegative bacteria. Cent Eur J Public Health 2002, 10(3):104-106.
20. Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett EE. Outbreaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(12):4217-4224. 10.1128/AAC.00138-07, 2167968, 17908945.
21. Malizia WF, Gangarosa EJ, Goley AF. Benzalkonium chloride as a source of infection. N Engl J Med 1960, 263:800-802. 10.1056/NEJM196010202631608, 13765827.
22. Nakashima AK, Highsmith AK, Martone WJ. Survival of Serratia marcescens in benzalkonium chloride and in multiple-dose medication vials: relationship to epidemic septic arthritis. J Clin Microbiol 1987, 25(6):1019-1021. 269127, 3298309.
23. Ehrenkranz NJ, Bolyard EA, Wiener M, Cleary TJ. Antibiotic-sensitive Serratia marcescens infections complicating cardiopulmonary operations: contaminated disinfectant as a reservoir. Lancet 1980, 2(8207):1289-1292.
24. Maseda H, Hashida Y, Konaka R, Shirai A, Kourai H. Mutational upregulation of a resistance-nodulation-cell division-type multidrug efflux pump, SdeAB, upon exposure to a biocide, cetylpyridinium chloride, and antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(12):5230-5235. 10.1128/AAC.00631-09, 2786342, 19752278.
25. Pancer KW, Laudy AE, Mikulak E, Gliniewicz A, Staniszewska M, Stypulkowska-Misiurewicz H. [Bioactive effectiveness of selected disinfective agents on Gram-negative bacilli isolated from hospital environment]. Przegl Epidemiol 2004, 58(4):655-662.
26. Meade MJ, Waddell RL, Callahan TM. Soil bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans inactivate triclosan in liquid and solid substrates. Fed Eur Microbiol Soc Microbiol Lett 2001, 204:45-48.
27. Frank MJ, Schaffner W. Contaminated aqueous benzalkonium chloride. An unnecessary hospital infection hazard. JAMA 1976, 236(21):2418-2419. 10.1001/jama.1976.03270220038032, 989860.
28. Adair FW, Geftic SG, Gelzer J. Resistance of Pseudomonas to quaternary ammonium compounds. I. Growth in benzalkonium chloride solution. Appl Microbiol 1969, 18(3):299-302. 377972, 4984761.
29. Kampf G, Ostermeyer C. Effective processing of reusable dispensers for surface disinfection tissues - the devil is in the details. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013, 2(Suppl. 1):375.
30. Traglia GM, Almuzara M, Merkier AK, Adams C, Galanternik L, Vay C, Centron D, Ramirez MS. Achromobacter xylosoxidans: an emerging pathogen carrying different elements involved in horizontal genetic transfer. Curr Microbiol 2012, 65(6):673-678. 10.1007/s00284-012-0213-5, 3477587, 22926720.