Hypomania spectrum disorder in adolescence: A 15-year follow-up of non-mood morbidity in adulthood

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Päären, Aivar ^a   Bohman, Hannes ^a   von Knorring, Anne Liis ^a   von Knorring, Lars ^a   Olsson, Gunilla ^a   Jonsson, Ulf ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Comorbidity; Follow up; Hypomania spectrum

Indexed keywords

PRESCRIPTION DRUG; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ADULTHOOD; ARTICLE; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOMANIA; HYPOMANIA SPECTRUM DISORDER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MOOD DISORDER; PERSONALITY DISORDER; SELF EVALUATION; STRUCTURED CLINICAL INTERVIEW FOR DSM DISORDERS; SWEDEN; BIPOLAR DISORDER; PERSONALITY DISORDERS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; SELF-ASSESSMENT; SWEDEN;

EID: 84892489763     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-9     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. World Health Organization The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Uppdate 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization Press, World Health Organization.
2. Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M, Goldstein BI, Ha W, Gill MK, Goldstein TR, Yen S, Hower H, Hunt JL, Liao F, Iyengar S, Dickstein D, Kim E, Ryan ND, Frankel E, Keller MB. Course of subthreshold bipolar disorder in youth: Diagnostic progression from bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011, 50:1001-1015. 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.005, 3185249, 21961775.
3. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M, Gill MK, Valeri S, Chiappetta L, Ryan N, Leonard H, Hunt J, Iyengar S, Keller M. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63:175-183. 10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.175, 3079382, 16461861.
4. Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:1125-1133. 10.1001/archpsyc.65.10.1125, 2751607, 18838629.
5. Akiskal HS, Downs J, Jordan P, Watson S, Daugherty D, Pruitt DB. Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic-depressives. Mode of onset and prospective course. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985, 42:996-1003. 10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790330076009, 4037989.
6. Geller B, Tillman R, Craney JL, Bolhofner K. Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:459-467. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.459, 15123490.
7. DelBello MP, Hanseman D, Adler CM, Fleck DE, Strakowski SM. Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:582-590. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.582, 17403971.
8. Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Small JW, Seeley JR, Altman SE. Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: a 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009, 50:1485-1494. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02117.x, 2804772, 19573034.
9. Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Seeley JR. Bipolar disorder during adolescence and young adulthood in a community sample. Bipolar Disorders 2000, 2:281-293. 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.20309.x, 11249806.
10. Zimmermann P, Brückl T, Nocon A, Pfister H, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Holsboer F, Angst J. Heterogeneity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder as a consequence of subthreshold bipolarity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:1341-1352. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.158, 19996039.
11. Päären A, Von Knorring AL, Olsson G, Bohman H, Von Knorring L, Jonsson U. Hypomania spectrum disorders from adolescence to adulthood: a 15-year follow-up of a community sample. J Affect Disord 2013, 145:190-199. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.031, 22884232.
12. Duffy A. The early natural history of bipolar disorder: what we have learned from longitudinal high-risk research. Can J Psychiatry 2010, 55:477-485.
13. Duffy A, Doucette S, Lewitzka U, Alda M, Hajek T, Grof P. Findings from bipolar offspring studies: methodology matters. Early Interv Psychiatry 2011, 5:181-191. 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00276.x, 21718461.
14. Gottesman II, Laursen TM, Bertelsen A, Mortensen PB. Severe mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:252-257. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.1, 20194825.
15. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B, Monk K, Kalas C, Obreja M, Hickey MB, Iyengar S, Brent D, Shamseddeen W, Diler R, Kupfer D. Psychiatric disorders in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS). Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:321-330. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070977, 2868596, 20080982.
16. Hammen C, Burge D, Burney E, Adrian C. Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990, 47:1112-1117. 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810240032006, 2244796.
17. Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Seeley JR. Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:454-463. 10.1097/00004583-199504000-00012, 7751259.
18. Lewinsohn PM, Shankman SA, Gau JM, Klein DN. The prevalence and comorbidity of sub threshold psychiatric conditions. Psychol Medicine 2004, 34:613-622.
19. Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B, Strauss NA, Kaufmanm P. Controlled, blindly rated, direct-interview family study of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype: morbid risk, age at onset, and comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63:1130-1138. 10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1130, 17015815.
20. Arnold LE, Demeter C, Mount K, Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Fristad M, Birmaher B, Findling RL, Horwitz SM, Kowatch R, Axelson DA. Pediatric bipolar spectrum disorder and ADHD: comparison and comorbidity in the LAMS clinical sample. Bipolar Disord 2011, 13:509-521. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00948.x, 3201827, 22017220.
21. Biederman J. Resolved: mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998, 37:1091-1099. 10.1097/00004583-199810000-00020, 9785721.
22. Harpold TL, Wozniak J, Kwon A, Gilbert J, Wood J, Smith L, Biederman J. Examining the association between pediatric bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Affect Disord 2005, 88:19-26. 10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.016, 16043229.
23. Masi G, Perugi G, Millepiedi S, Toni C, Mucci M, Bertini N, Pfanner C, Berloffa S, Pari C, Akiskal K, Akiskal HS. Clinical and research implications of panic-bipolar comorbidity in children and adolescents. Psychiatry Res 2007, 153:47-54. 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.10.010, 17602754.
24. Masi G, Milone A, Manfredi A, Pari C, Paziente A, Millepiedi S. Comorbidity of conduct disorder and bipolar disorder in clinical referred children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008, 18:271-279. 10.1089/cap.2008.0051, 18582182.
25. Romero S, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein T, Goldstein BI, Gill MK, Iosif AM, Strober MA, Hunt J, Esposito-Smythers C, Ryan ND, Leonard H, Keller M. Prevalence and correlates of physical and sexual abuse in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009, 112:144-150. 10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.005, 2707081, 18538857.
26. Steinbuchel PH, Wilens TE, Adamson JJ, Sgambati S. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder in adolescent bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:198-204. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00652.x, 2917470, 19267702.
27. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, McCloskey S, Grof P. The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2013, in press.
28. Duffy A. The nature of the association between childhood ADHD and the development of bipolar disorder: a review of prospective high-risk studies. Am J Psychiatry 2012, 169:1247-1255. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11111725, 23212056.
29. Fagiolini A, Forgione R, Maccari M, Cuomo A, Morana B, Dell'osso MC, Pellegrini F, Rossi A. Prevalence, chronicity, burden and borders of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013, 148:161-169. 10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.001, 23477848.
30. McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Keck PE, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Leverich GS, Rochussen JR, Rush AJ, Post RM. Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:420-426. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.420, 11229983.
31. Perugi G, Ceraudo G, Vannucchi G, Rizzato S, Toni C, Dell'osso L. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in Italian bipolar adult patients: A preliminary report. J Affect Disord 2013, 149:430-434. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.010, 23267727.
32. Perugi G, Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden C, Vieta E, Young AH. BRIDGE Study Group: Is comorbid bordeline personality disorder in patients with major depressive episode and bipolarity a developmental subtype? Findings from the international BRIDGE study. J Affect Disord 2013, 144:72-78. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.008, 22858216.
33. Perugi G, Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden C, Vieta E, Young AH. The bipolar bordeline personality disorders connection in major depressive patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013, in press.
34. Provencher MD, Guimond AJ, Hawke LD. Comorbid anxiety in bipolar spectrum disorders: a neglected research and treatment issue?. J Affect Disord 2012, 137:161-164. 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.001, 22209124.
35. Vieta E, Colom F, Martínez-Arán A, Benabarre A, Gastó C. Personality disorders in bipolar II patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999, 187:245-248. 10.1097/00005053-199904000-00009, 10221559.
36. Vieta E, Colom F, Martínez-Arán A, Benabarre A, Reinares M, Gastó C. Bipolar II disorder and comorbidity. Compr Psychiatry 2000, 41:339-343. 10.1053/comp.2000.9011, 11011829.
37. Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG. Antisocial personality disorder and borderline symptoms are differentially related to impulsivity and course of illness in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013, 148:384-390. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.027, 22835849.
38. Nusslock R, Frank E. Subthreshold bipolarity: diagnostic issues and challenges. Bipolar Disord 2011, 13:587-603. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00957.x, 3397420, 22085472.
39. Akiskal HS. Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic and bipolar II disorders in the " bordeline" realm. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1981, 4:25-46.
40. Goldberg JF, Garno JL. Age at onset of bipolar disorder and risk for comorbid bordeline personality disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:205-208. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00653.x, 19267703.
41. Belli H, Ural C, Akbudak M. Borderline personality disorder: bipolarity, mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics in treatment. J Clin Med Res 2012, 4:301-308. 3449426, 23024731.
42. McElroy SL, Frye MA, Hellemann G, Altshuler L, Leverich GS, Suppes T, Keck PE, Nolen WA, Kupka R, Post RM. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in 875 patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2011, 128:191-198. 10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.037, 20674033.
43. Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN. A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007, 68:1776-1784. 10.4088/JCP.v68n1118, 18052572.
44. Olsson GI, Von Knorring AL. Adolescent depression: prevalence in Swedish high-school students. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999, 99:324-331.
45. Jonsson U, Bohman H, Von Knorring L, Olsson G, Päären A, Von Knorring AL. Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample. J Affect Disord 2011, 130:395-404. 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.046, 21112639.
46. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961, 4:561-571. 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004, 13688369.
47. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Grimson RC, Wagner EH. Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 1982, 116:791-800.
48. Reich W, Herjanic B, Welner Z, Gandhy PR. Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement on diagnosis comparing child and parent interviews. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982, 10:325-336. 10.1007/BF00912325, 7175041.
49. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 20):22-33.
50. Ottosson H, Bodlund O, Ekselius L, Grann M, Von Knorring L, Kullgren G, Lindström E, Söderberg S. DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders: a comparisson of a self-report questionnaire (DIP-Q) with a structured interview. Eur Psychiatry 1998, 13:246-53. 10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80013-8, 19698634.
51. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, Delbello MP, Soutullo CA. Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2000, 10:157-164. 10.1089/10445460050167269, 11052405.
52. Olsson GI. Adolescent depression. Epidemiology, nosology, life stress and social network. Uppsala J Med Sciences 1998, 103:77-145.
53. Graham JW, Olchowski AE, Gilreath TD. How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prev Sci 2007, 8:206-213. 10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9, 17549635.
54. Sala R, Axelson DA, Castro-Fornieles J, Goldstein TR, Ha W, Liao F, Gill MK, Iyengar S, Strober MA, Goldstein BI, Yen S, Hower H, Hunt J, Ryan ND, Dickstein D, Keller MB, Birmaher B. Comorbid anxiety in children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: prevalence and clinical correlates. J Clin Psychiatry 2010, 71:1344-1350. 10.4088/JCP.09m05845gre, 2978760, 20868643.
55. Sala R, Goldstein BI, Morcillo C, Liu SM, Castellanos M, Blanco C. Course of comorbid anxiety disorders among adults with bipolar disorder in the U.S. population. J Psychiatr Res 2012, 46:865-872. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.024, 3372764, 22534180.
56. Henin A, Biederman J, Mick E, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Sachs GS, Wu Y, Yan L, Ogutha J, Nierenberg AA. Childhood antecedent disorders to bipolar disorder in adults: a controlled study. J Affect Disord 2007, 99:51-57. 10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.001, 17045657.
57. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B, Strober M, Gill MK, Hunt J, Houck P, Ha W, Iyengar S, Kim E, Yen S, Hower H, Esposito-Smythers C, Goldstein T, Ryan N, Keller M. Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the course and outcome of bipolar youth (COBY) study. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:795-804. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08101569, 2828047, 19448190.
58. Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C, Jiang H, Schmidt AB, Olfson M. National trends in the outpatient diagnoses and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:1032-1039. 10.1001/archpsyc.64.9.1032, 17768268.
59. Goldstein BI, Herrmann N, Shulman KI. Comorbidity in bipolar disorder among the elderly: results from an epidemiological community sample. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163:319-321. 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.319, 16449489.
60. Stringaris A, Cohen P, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Adult outcomes of adolescent irritability: A 20-year community follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:1048-1054. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121849, 2791884, 19570932.
61. Stringaris A, Santosh P, Leibenluft E, Goodman R. Youth meeting symptom and impairment criteria for mania-like episodes lasting less than four days: an epidemiological enquiry. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010, 51:31-38. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02129.x, 19686330.
62. Klassen LJ, Katzman MA, Chokka P. Adult ADHD and its comorbidities, with a focus on bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2010, 124:1-8. 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.036, 19683348.
63. Merikangas KR, Herrell R, Swendsen J, Rössler W, Ajdacic-Gross V, Angst J. Specificity of bipolar spectrum conditions in the comorbidity of mood and substance use disorders: results from the Zurich cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:47-52. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.18, 18180428.
64. Merikangas KR, Angst J, Eaton W, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Wacker H, Wittchen HU, Andrade L, Essau C, Whitaker A, Kraemer H, Robins LN, Kupfer DJ. Comorbidity and boundaries of affective disorders with anxiety disorders and substance misuse: results of an international task force. Br J Psychiatry 1996, 30(Suppl):58-67.
65. Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord 1998, 50:143-151. 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00142-6, 9858074.
66. Jarbin H, Von Knorring AL. Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescent-onset psychotic disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 2004, 58:115-123. 10.1080/08039480410005611, 15204217.
67. Yerevanian BI, Koek RJ, Ramdev S. Anxiety disorders comorbidity in mood disorder subgroups: data from a mood disorders clinic. J Affect Disord 2001, 67:167-173. 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00448-7, 11869764.
68. Pini S, Cassano GB, Simonini E, Savino M, Russo A, Montgomery SA. Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression, unipolar depression and dysthymia. J Affect Disord 1997, 42:145-153. 10.1016/S0165-0327(96)01405-X, 9105956.
69. Simon NM, Smoller JW, Fava M, Sachs G, Racette SR, Perlis R, Sonawalla S, Rosenbaum JF. Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 2003, 37:187-192. 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00021-9, 12650739.
70. Simon NM, Fischmann D. The implications of medical and psychiatric comorbidity with panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66(Suppl 4):8-15.
71. Mantere O, Melartin TK, Suominen K, Rytsälä HJ, Valtonen HM, Arvilommi P, Leppämäki S, Isometsä ET. Differences in Axis I and II comorbidity between bipolar I and II disorders and major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67:584-93. 10.4088/JCP.v67n0409, 16669723.
72. Mantere O, Isometsä E, Ketokivi M, Kiviruusu O, Suominen K, Valtonen HM, Arvilommi P, Leppämäki S. A prospective latent analyses study of psychiatric comorbidity of DSM.IV bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disord 2010, 12:271-284. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00810.x, 20565434.
73. Fornaro M, Perugi G, Gabrielli F, Prestia D, Mattei C, Vinciguerra V, Fornaro P. Lifetime co-morbidity with different subtypes of eating disorders in 148 females with bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2010, 121:147-151. 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.007, 19559486.
74. Angst J, Cui L, Swendsen J, Rothen S, Cravchik A, Kessler RC, Merikangas KR. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold bipolarity in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:1194-1201. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09071011, 3145248, 20713498.
75. Post RM, Leverich GS, Kupka RW, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Luckenbaugh DA, Rowe M, Grunze H, Suppes T, Nolen WA. Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry 2010, 71:864-72. 10.4088/JCP.08m04994yel, 20667291.
76. Leverich GS, Post RM, Keck PE, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Grunze H, Denicoff K, Moravec MK, Luckenbaugh D. The poor prognosis of childhood-onset bipolar disorder. J Pediatr 2007, 150:485-90. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.10.070, 17452221.
77. Perlis RH, Dennehy EB, Miklowitz DJ, Delbello MP, Ostacher M, Calabrese JR, Ametrano RM, Wisniewski SR, Bowden CL, Thase ME, Nierenberg AA, Sachs G. Retrospective age at onset of bipolar disorder and outcome during two-year follow-up: results from the STEP-BD study. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:391-400. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00686.x, 19500092.
78. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 2013, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association.
79. Bohman H, Jonsson U, Päären A, Von Knorring L, Olsson G, Von Knorring AL. Prognostic signficance of functional somatic symptoms in adolescence: a 15-year community-based follow-up study of adolescents with depression compared with healthy peers. BMC Psychiatry 2012, 12:90. 10.1186/1471-244X-12-90, 3439696, 22839681.
80. Päären A, Von Knorring L, Jonsson U, Bohman H, Olsson G, Von Knorring AL. Drug prescriptions of adults with adolescent depression in a community sample. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012, 21:130-136.
81. Bohman H, Jonsson U, Päären A, Von Knorring AL, Olsson G, Von Knorring L. Long-term follow-up of adolescent depression. A population-based study. Ups J Med Sci 2010, 115:21-29. 10.3109/03009730903572057, 2853351, 20095923.
82. Duffy A. Does bipolar disorder exist in children? A selected review. Can J Psychiatry 2007, 52:409-417.
83. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL. Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:125-127. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.125, 11136645.
84. Hillegers MH, Reichart CG, Wals M, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, Nolen WA. Five-year prospective outcome of psychopathology in the adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord 2005, 7:344-350. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00215.x, 16026487.
85. Strober M, Schmidt-Lackner S, Freeman R, Bower S, Lampert C, DeAntonio M. Recovery and relapse in adolescent with bipolar affective illness: a five-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:724-731. 10.1097/00004583-199506000-00012, 7608045.
86. Angst J, Sellaro R, Stassen HH, Gamma A. Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a long-term prospective study of hospital admissions. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:149-157. 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00195-2, 15708412.
87. Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W. Toward a redefinition of sub threshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders, and hypomania. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:133-146. 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00322-1, 12507746.