Political participation in an unlikely place: How individuals engage in politics through social networking sites in China

International Journal of Communication

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 21-42

  Zhang, Xinzhi ^a   Lin, Wan Ying ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892468951     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19328036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Back, H., Teorell, J., & Westholm, A. (2011). Explaining modes of participation: A dynamic test of alternative rational choice models. Scandinavian Political Studies, 34(1), 74-97. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00262.x
2. Balch, G. I. (1974). Multiple indicators in survey research: The concept "sense of political efficacy." Political Methodology, 1(1), 1-43. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25791375
3. Best, S. J., & Krueger, B. S. (2005). Analyzing the representativeness of Internet political participation. Political Behavior, 27(2), 183-216. doi:10.1007/s11109-005-3242-y
4. Bimber, B. (1999). The Internet and citizen communication with government: Does the medium matter?. Political Communication, 16(4), 409-428. doi:10.1080/105846099198569
5. Blumler, J. G., & Katz, E. (Eds.). (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
6. Bode, L. (2012). Facebooking it to the polls: A study in online social networking and political behavior. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 9(4), 352-369. doi:10.1080/19331681.2012.709045
7. Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193-211. doi:10.1080/10584600902854363
8. Boyd, d. m., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
9. Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2010). Towards a unified media-user typology (MUT): A meta-analysis and review of the research literature on media-user typologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 940-956. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.008
10. Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Heim, J. (2009). Why people use social networking sites. Online Communities and Social Computing, Proceedings, 5621, 143-152. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02774-1_16
11. Bucy, E. P., & Gregson, K. S. (2001). Media participation: A legitimizing mechanism of mass democracy. New Media and Society, 3(3), 357-380. doi:10.1177/1461444801003003006
12. Campbell, S. W., & Kwak, N. (2010). Mobile communication and civic life: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 536-555. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01496.x
13. Carter, H. L., Foulger, T. S., & Ewbank, A. D. (2008). Have you Googled your teacher lately? Teachers' use of social networking sites. Phi Delta Kappan, 89(9), 681-685. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ794356
14. Chen, X., Ender, P., Mitchell, M., & Wells, C. (2003). Regression with STATA, Chapter 1: Simple and Multiple Regression. Retrieved from http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/webbooks/reg/chapter1/statareg1.htm
15. China Education Ministry. (2011). The China education yearbook 2010. Beijing, China: People's Education Press. [In Chinese]
16. Clarke, H. D., & Acock, A. C. (1989). National elections and political attitudes: The case of political efficacy. British Journal of Political Science, 1989(19), 551-562. doi:10.1017/S0007123400005639
17. CNNIC. (2011). 28th statistic report of Chinese Internet development (July 2010). Beijing, China: China Internet Network Information Center. Retrieved from http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/201107/P020120709345279403991.pdf [In Chinese]
18. CNNIC. (2012). 29th statistic report of Chinese Internet development (January, 2012). Beijing, China: China Internet Network Information Center. Retrieved from http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/201201/P020120709345264469680.pdf [In Chinese]
19. CNNIC. (2013). 31th statistic Report of Chinese Internet development (January, 2013). Beijing: China Internet Network Information Center. Retrieved from http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201301/P020130801546406723463.pdf [In Chinese]
20. de Zúñiga, H. G., Puig-i-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: An assessment of how the Internet is changing the political environment. New Media and Society, 11(4), 553-574. doi:10.1177/1461444809102960
21. Delli Carpini, M. X. (2004). Mediating democratic engagement: The impact of communications on citizens' involvement in political and civic life. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of political communication research (pp. 395-434). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22. DiFranceisco, W., & Gitelman, Z. (1984). Soviet political culture and "covert participation" in policy implementation. American Political Science Review, 78(3), 603-621. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1961832
23. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2012). The democracy index 2011 Retrieved from http://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011
24. Endeshaw, A. (2004). Internet regulation in China: The never-ending cat and mouse game. Information and Communications Technology Law, 13(1), 41-57. doi:10.1080/1360083042000190634
25. Freedom House. (2011). Freedom House Reports: Freedom in the World: The China Report.. Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/china
26. He, Z. (2008). SMS in China: A major carrier of the nonofficial discourse universe. The Information Society, 24(3), 182-190. doi:10.1080/01972240802020101
27. Jiang, M. (in press). Authoritarian deliberation on Chinese Internet. In E. Leib & B. He (Eds.), In search for deliberative democracy in China. New York, NY: Palgrave. Retrieved from http://pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/sites/pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/files/MinJiang_SpacesOfAuthoritarianDeliberation_BookChapter.pdf
28. Kennedy, J. J. (2009). Maintaining popular support for the Chinese Communist Party: The influence of education and the state-controlled media. Political Studies, 57(3), 517-536. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00740.x
29. King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326-343. doi:10.1017/s0003055413000014
30. Kuan, H.-C., & Lau, S.-K. (2002). Traditional orientations and political participation in three Chinese societies. Journal of Contemporary China, 11(31), 297-318. doi:10.1080/10670560220129649
31. Kwak, N., Campbell, S. W., Choi, J., & Bae, S. Y. (2011). Mobile communication and public affairs engagement in Korea: An examination of non-linear relationships between mobile phone use and engagement across age groups. Asian Journal of Communication, 21(5), 485-503. doi:10.1080/01292986.2011.587016
32. Lacharite, J. (2002). Electronic decentralisation in China: A critical analysis of Internet filtering policies in the People's Republic of China. Australian Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 333-346. doi:10.1080/10361140220148188
33. Lagerkvist, J. (2012). The Wukan uprising and Chinese state-society relations: Toward "shadow civil society"? International Journal of China Studies, 3(3), 345-361. Retrieved from http://cmsad.um.edu.my/images/ics/IJCSV3N3/lagerkvist.pdf
34. Li, L. J. (2011). Distrust in government leaders, demand for leadership change, and preference for popular elections in rural China. Political Behavior, 33(2), 291-311. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9111-3
35. Lin, F., & Zhang, X. (2011, August). Bureaucratic nature of news websites and online activism in China. Paper presented at the 106th Convention of American Sociological Association, Las Vegas, NV.
36. MacKinnon, R. (2009). China's censorship 2.0: How companies censor bloggers. First Monday, 14(2). Available at http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2378/2089
37. McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315-336. doi:10.1080/105846099198659
38. Mou, Y., Atkin, D., & Fu, H. L. (2011). Predicting political discussion in a censored virtual environment. Political Communication, 28(3), 341-356. doi:10.1080/10584609.2011.572466
39. Moy, P., Scheufele, D., & Holbert, R. (1999). Television use and social capital: Testing Putnam's time displacement hypothesis. Mass Communication and Society, 2, 27-45. doi:10.1080/15205436.1999.9677860
40. Neuman, W. R. (2001). The impact of the new media. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 299-322 ). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
41. Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 national election study. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1407-1413. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1963953
42. Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix: Reinventing political activism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
43. Pollock, P. H. (1983). The participatory consequences of internal and external political efficacy: A research note. Political Research Quarterly, 36(3), 400-409. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/448398
44. Qiu, L. J. (2009, February). New media events and the transition of virtual society in China. Media Digest (Radio Television Hong Kong), 1, 4-5. Retrieved from http://rthk.hk/mediadigest/20090212_76_122163.html [In Chinese]
45. Rojas, H., & Puig-i-Abril, E. (2009). Mobilizers mobilized: Information, expression, mobilization and participation in the digital age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 902-927. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01475.x
46. Sayed, N. (2011). Towards the Egyptian revolution: Activists' perceptions of social media for mobilization. Journal of Arab and Muslim Media Research, 4(2-3), 273-298. doi:10.1386/jammr.4.2-3.273_1
47. Schofer, E., & Fourcade-Gourinchas, M. (2001). The structural contexts of civic engagement: Voluntary association membership in comparative perspective. American Sociological Review, 66(6), 806-828. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088874
48. Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling Internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32(5), 531-565. doi:10.1177/0093650505279209
49. Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001). "Connecting" and "disconnecting" with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18(2), 141-162. doi:10.1080/105846001750322952
50. Shen, M. (2008). Attitudes towards citizenship in China: Data report of a national survey (2008). Beijing, China: Social Science Literature Press. [In Chinese]
51. Shi, T. J. (1997). Political participation in Beijing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
52. Shi, T. J. (1999). Voting and nonvoting in China: Voting behavior in plebiscitary and limited-choice elections. Journal of Politics, 61(4), 1115-1139. doi:10.2307/2647556
53. Shyu, H. (2010). Psychological resources of political participation: Comparing Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mainland China. Journal of International Cooperation Studies, 17(2), 25-47. Retrieved from http://www.ipsas.sinica.edu.tw/image/speech/53/1.pdf
54. Suo, Q. (2012). How student tutors improve new media literacy. University-based party organization and political education, 2012(13), 79-81. Accession number: 1007-5968(2012)05-0079-03. [In Chinese]
55. Swanson, D. L. (2000). The homologous evolution of political communication and civic engagement: Good news, bad news, and no news. Political Communication, 17(4), 409-414. doi:10.1080/10584600050179031
56. Townsend, J. R. (1969). Political participation in Communist China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
57. Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2012). The social media basis of youth protest behavior: The case of Chile. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 299-314. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01635.x
58. Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students' life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875-901. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
59. Verba, S., Nie, N. H., & Kim, J.-O. (1971). The modes of democratic participation: A cross-national comparison. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
60. Waite, B. (2007). Myspace: My politics. In D. Remenyi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on e-Government (pp. 307-314). Montreal, Canada.
61. Wallis, C. (2011). New media practices in China: Youth patterns, processes, and politics. International Journal of Communication, 5, 406-436. Retrieved from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/698/530
62. Wan, Y. (2012). On the innovation of university tutors' education method within new media enviornment. Education and Occupation, 2012(15), 68-69. Accession number: 1004-3985(2012)15-0068-02. [In Chinese]
63. Wang, H. (2013). On the warning mechanism of online public opinion in the university campus. China Newspaper Industry, 6, 33-35. Accession number: 1671-0029(2013)03(B)-0033-03. [In Chinese]
64. Xie, B. (2008). Civic engagement among older Chinese Internet users. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27(4), 424-445. doi:10.1177/0733464808315292
65. Yang, G., & Calhoun, C. (2007). Media, civil society, and the rise of a green public sphere in China. China Information, 21, 211-236. doi:10.1177/0920203X07079644
66. Zhang, S. (2011, July 14). Nearly one-fifth of the university graduates in Guangdong Province are Chinese Community Party members. Southern Daily. Retrieved from http://epaper.nfdaily.cn/html/2011-07/14/content_6986406.htm [In Chinese]
67. Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92. doi:10.1177/0894439309335162
68. Zhang, X. (2010). The impact of online social networking on university students' civic participation: A case of two universities in Southern China. In G. Zhang (Ed.), Communication in e-society:Innovation, collaboration, and responsibility (pp. 95-115). Shanghai, China: Shanghai People's Press.
69. Zhang, X. (2011, August). Twenty years of the Internet and civic engagement: A review beyond hypes and hopes. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Louis, MO.
70. Zhao, D. (2000). State-society relations and the discourses and activities of the 1989 Beijing student movement. American Journal of Sociology, 105(6), 1592-1632. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/210467
71. Zhao, S. S. (1998). A state-led nationalism: The patriotic education campaign in post-Tiananmen China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 31(3), 287-302. doi:10.1016/S0967-067X(98)00009-9
72. Zheng, Y. N., & Wu, G. G. (2005). Information technology, public space, and collective action in China. Comparative Political Studies, 38(5), 507-536. doi:10.1177/0010414004273505
73. Zhu, T., Phipps, D., Pridgen, A., Crandall, J. R., & Wallach, D. S. (2013). The velocity of censorship: High-fidelity detection of microblog post deletions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.0597. Available at http://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.0597v1.pdf
74. Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenking, K., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen: Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.