Surveyed and modelled one-year morphodynamics in the braided lower Tana River

Hydrological Processes

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 2685-2716

  Lotsari, Eliisa ^a   Wainwright, David ^b,d   Corner, Geoffrey D ^c   Alho, Petteri ^a,e   Käyhkö, Jukka ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^b BMT WBM Australia   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^e AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

2 D morphodynamic model; Braided river; River bed; Sediment; Tana River

Indexed keywords

BED-LOAD TRANSPORT; BRAIDED RIVER; MORPHODYNAMIC MODELING; RIVER BED; TANA RIVERS; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION; TRANSPORT EQUATION; VOLUMETRIC CHANGES;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; SEDIMENTS; SURVEYS; WEAVING;

RIVERS;

BEDLOAD; BRAIDED RIVER; CHANNEL CHANGE; MORPHODYNAMICS; RIVER BED; RIVER CHANNEL; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; THALWEG;

KENYA; TANA RIVER [KENYA];

EID: 84892444990     PISSN: 08856087     EISSN: 10991085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9750     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Ackers P, White WR. 1973. Sediment transport: New approach and analysis. Journal of the Hydraulics Division 99: 2041-2060.
2. Alaraudanjoki T, Elster M, Fergus T, Hoseth K, Moen K, Rönkä E, Smith-Meyer S. 2001. Tenojoen eroosio - Tenojoen Säilyttäminen Luonnonmukaisena Lohijokena. Raportti A. Eroosio Ja Sedimentin Kulkeutuminen. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat, Finnmarkin lääninhallitus and Lapin ympäristökeskus: Finland; 60.
3. Alho P, Mäkinen J. 2010. Hydraulic parameter estimations of a 2D model validated with sedimentological findings in the point-bar environment. Hydrological Processes 24: 2578-2593. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7671.
4. Alho P, Kukko A, Hyyppä H, Kaartinen H, Hyyppä J, Jaakkola J. 2009. Letters to ESEX: Application of boat-based laser scanning for river survey. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34: 1831-1838. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1879.
5. Alho P, Baker VR, Smith LN. 2010. Paleohydraulic reconstruction of the largest Glacial Lake Missoula draining(s). Quarternary Science Reviews 29: 3067-3078. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.015.
6. Alho P, Vaaja M, Kukko A, Kasvi E, Kurkela M, Hyyppä J, Hyyppä H, Kaartinen H. 2011. Mobile laser scanning in fluvial geomorphology: mapping and change detection of point bars. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 55(Suppl. 2): 31-50.
7. Ashmore P, Bertoldi W, Gardner JT. 2011. Active width of gravel-bed braided rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landoforms 36: 1510-1521.
8. Ashworth P, Ferguson R. 1986. Interrelationships of channel processes, changes and sediments in a proglacial braided river. Geografiska Annaler 68A: 361-371. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/521527.
9. Ashworth PJ, Best JL, Boden JE, Bristow CS, Klaassen GJ. 2000. Morphological evolution and dynamics of a large, sand braid-bar, Jamuna River, Bangladesh. Sedimentology 47: 533-555.
10. Bagnold RA. 1966. An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem from General Physics. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-I. United States Government Printing Office: Washington; 37.
11. Baker VR. 1977. Stream-channel response to floods, with examples from central Texas. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88: 1057-1071.
12. Bathurst J, Graf W, Cao H. 1987. Bed load discharge equations for steep mountain rivers. In Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers, Thorne C, Bathurst J, Hey R (eds). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester; 453-491.
13. Bernini A, Caleffi V, Valiani A. 2006. Numerical modelling of alternate bars in shallow channels. In Braided Rivers: Process, Deposits, Ecology and Management, Sambrook Smith H́GH, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (eds.). Special publication number 36 of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS). Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK; 153-175.
14. Bertin X, Oliveira A, Fortunato AB. 2009. Simulating morphodynamics with unstructured grids: Description and validation of a modeling system for coastal applications. Ocean Modelling 28: 75-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.11.001.
15. Bertoldi W, Ashmore P, Tubino M. 2009. A method for estimating the mean bed load flux in braided rivers. Geomorphology 103: 330-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.06.014.
16. Bledsoe BP, Watson CC. 2001. Logistic analysis of channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding, and incising. Geomorphology 38: 281-300. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00099-4.
17. Blizard CR, Wohl EE. 1998. Relationships between hydraulic variables and bedload transport in a subalpine channel, Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Geomorphology 22: 359-371. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00055-X.
18. BMT WBM. 2007a. Burrill lake catchment flood study. Final Report prepared for Shoalhaven City Council; 103. Available at: http://gis.wbmpl.com.au/burrilllake/web/Docs/Burrill_Lake_FS_whole.pdf.
19. BMT WBM. 2007b. Lake conjola flood study. Final Report prepared for Shoalhaven City Council, R.N0758.004.05.; 122. Available at: http://gis.wbmpl.com.au/conjolalake/web/Docs/ConjolaLake.pdf.
20. BMT WBM. 2010a. Barrages EIS Modelling Report (Coorong, Murray Mouth, Barrages, Lower Lakes). Prepared for SA Water. Final Draft.
21. BMT WBM. 2010b. Tabourie lake flood study. Final Report prepared for Shoalhaven City Council.
22. Bridge J. 2008. Numerical modelling of alluvial deposits: recent developments. In Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Sedimentary Systems, From Understanding to Prediction, de Boer P, Postma G, van der Zwan K, Burgess P, Kukla P (eds). Special publication number 40 of the International Association of Sedimentologists. Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK; 97-138.
23. Bridge J, Gabel S. 1992. Flow and sediment dynamics in a low sinuosity, braided river: Calamus River, Nebraska Sandhills. Sedimentology 39: 125-142. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01026.x.
24. Brunner GW. 2010. HEC-RAS, River Analysis System. Hydraulic Reference Manual, Version 4.1. CPD-69. U.S. Army corps of engineers, Hydrologic engineering center (HEC): Davis, USA; 417.
25. Bull W. 1988. Floods; degradation and aggradation. In Flood Geomorphology, Baker V, Kochel R, Patton P (eds). John Wiley & Sons: USA; 157-165.
26. Carling P, Williams J, Gölz E, Kelsey A. 2000. The morphodynamics of fluvial sand dunes in the River Rhine, near Main, Germany. II. Hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Sedimentology 47: 253-278. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00291.x.
27. Carson M. 1984. The meandering-braided river threshold: a reappraisal. Journal of Hydrology 73: 315-334. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90006-4.
28. Chanson H. 1999. The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow, An Introduction. Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, UK; 495.
29. Collinson JD. 1970. Bed forms of the Tana River, Norway. Geografiska Annaler 52A: 31-56.
30. Collinson JD. 1971. Some effects of ice on a river bed. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 41: 557-564.
31. Corner GD, Eilertsen RS. 2008. Raised beaches, falling-stage deltas, river terraces and postglacial fjord-valley fill, arctic Norway. Excursion guide No 40. 33. International Geological Congress, Oslo, 1-4 August 2008; 88. Available at: http:\\www.33igc.org, 2008.
32. Coulthard TJ, Hicks DM, van de Viel MJ. 2007. Cellular modelling of river catchments and reaches: Advantages, limitations and prospects. Geomorphology 90: 192-207. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.030.
33. Dankers R. 2002. Sub-Arctic hydrology and climate change: a case study of the Tana River Basin in Northern Fennoscandia. Ph.D. thesis, Netherlands Geographical Studies 304. KNAG / Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht: Utrecht; 240.
34. Darby S, Alabyan A, Van de Wiel M. 2002. Numerical simulation of bank erosion and channel migration in meandering rivers. Water Resources Research 38: 1163.
35. Dargahi B. 2004. Three-dimensional flow modelling and sediment transport in the River Klarälvan. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29: 821-852. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1071.
36. DHI 2009. Mike 21 c curvilinear model scientific documentation.
37. Doeschl AB, Ashmore PE, Davison M. 2006. Methods for assessing exploratory computational models of braided rivers. In Braided Rivers: Process, Deposits, Ecology and Management, Sambrook Smith H́GH, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (eds). Special publication number 36 of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS). Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK; 177-198.
38. Doeschl-Wilson AB, Ashmore PE. 2005. Assessing a numerical cellular braided-stream model with a physical model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30: 519-540. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1146.
39. Drebs A, Nordlund A, Karlsson P, Helminen J., Rissanen P. 2002. Tilastoja Suomen ilmastosta 1971-2000. 2002:1. Ilmatieteenlaitos: Helsinki; 99.
40. Duan J, Nanda S. 2006. Two-dimensional depth-averaged model simulation of suspended sediment concentration distribution in a groyne field. Journal of Hydrology 327: 426-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.055.
41. Duan J, Scott S. 2007. Selective bed load transport in Las Vegas Wash, a gravel-bed stream. Journal of Hydrology 342: 320-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.001.
42. Duan J, Wang S, Jia Y. 2001. The application of the enhanced CCHE2D model to study the alluvial channel migration processes. Journal of Hydraulic Research 39: 469-480.
43. Egozi R, Ashmore P. 2008. Defining and measuring braiding intensity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33: 2121-2138. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1658.
44. Egozi R, Ashmore P. 2009. Experimental analysis of braided channel pattern response to increased discharge. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: F02012. DOI: 10.1029/2008JF001099.
45. Eilertsen RS, Corner GD. 2011. Role of scouring and base-level change in producing anomalously thick fluvial successions: an example from the Tana River, northern Norway. In From River to Rock Record, Davidson S, Leleu S, North C (eds). SEPM (Society of Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 97: Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA; 265-280.
46. Engelund F. 1974. Flow and bed topography in channel bends. Journal of the Hydraulics Division 100: 1631-1648.
47. Fassnacht SR. 1997. A multi-channel suspended sediment transport model for the MacKenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Journal of Hydrology 197: 128-145. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03269-6.
48. Ferguson RI. 1987. Hydraulic and sedimentary controls of channel pattern. In River Channels: Environment and Process, Richards K (ed.). The institute of British Geographers, Blackwell: Oxford; 129-158.
49. Flener C, Lotsari E, Alho P, Käyhkö J. 2012. Comparison of empirical and theoretical remote sensing based bathymetry models in river environments. River Research and Applications 28: 118-133. DOI: 10.1002/rra.1441.
50. Formann E, Habersack HM, Schober St 2007. Morphodynamic river processes and techniques for assessment of channel evolution in Alpine gravel bed rivers. Geomorphology 90: 340-355. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.029.
51. Foufoula-Georgiou E, Sapozhnikov V. 2001. Scale invariance in the morphology and evolution of braided rivers. Mathematical Geology 33: 273-291.
52. French JR. 2010. Critical perspectives on the evaluation and optimization of complex numerical models of estuary hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35: 174-189. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1899.
53. Fuller IC. 2008. Geomorphic impacts of a 100-year flood: Kiwitea Stream, Manawatu catchment, New Zealand. Geomorphology 98: 84-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.026.
54. Gaweesh MTK, van Rijn LC. 1994. Bed-load sampling in sand-bed rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 120: 1364-1384.
55. Hardy R, Bates P, Anderson M. 1999. The importance of spatial resolution in hydraulic models for floodplain environments. Journal of Hydrology 216: 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00002-5.
56. Hardy R, Bates P, Anderson M. 2000. Modelling suspended sediment deposition on a fluvial floodplain using a two-dimensional dynamic finite element model. Journal of Hydrology 229: 202-218. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00159-1.
57. Héquette A, Tremblay P. 2009. Effects of low water temperature on longshore sediment transport on a subarctic beach, Hudson Bay, Canada. Journal of Coastal Research 25: 171-180. DOI: 10.2112/07-0906.1.
58. Hicks D, Shankar U, Duncan MJ, Rebuffé M, Aberle J. 2006. Use of remote-sensing with two-dimensional hydrodynamic models to assess impacts of hydro-operations on a large, braided, gravel-bed river: Waitaki River, New Zealand. In Braided Rivers: Process, Deposits, Ecology and Management, Sambrook Smith H́GH, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (eds). Special publication number 36 of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS). Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK; 311-326.
59. Hodge R, Richards K, Brasington J. 2007. A physically-based bed load transport model developed for 3-D reach-scale cellular modelling. Geomorphology 90: 244-262. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.022.
60. Hohenthal J, Alho P, Hyyppä J, Hyyppä H. 2011. Laser scanning applications in fluvial studies. Progress in Physical Geography 35: 782-809. DOI: 10.1177/0309133311414605.
61. Howard AD, Keetch ME, Linvood Vincent C. 1970. Topological and geometrical properties of braided streams. Water Resources Research 6: 1674-1688.
62. Hu K, Ding P, Wang Z, Yang S. 2009. A 2D/3D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the Yangtze Estuary, China. Journal of Marine Systems 77: 114-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.014.
63. Hunter N, Bates P, Neelz S, Pender G, Villanueva I, Wright N, Liang D, Falconer R, Lin B, Waller S, Crossley A, Mason D. 2008. Benchmarking 2D hydraulic models for urban flooding. Water Management 161: 13-30. DOI: 10.1680/wama.2008.161.1.13.
64. Ikeda S. 1982. Lateral bed load transport on side slopes. Journal of the Hydraulics Division 108: 1369-1373.
65. Ipson M. 2006. Analysis of the sediment transport capabilities of FEWMS FST2DH. M.S. thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Brigham Young University; 128.
66. Jain S, Sudheer KP. 2008. Fitting of hydrologic models: A close look at the Nash-Sutcliffe index. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 13: 981-986. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:10(981).
67. Jenkins CG. 2009. Analysis of the sediment transport capabilities of TUFLOW. M.S. thesis. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Brigham Young University; 118.
68. Jowett IG, Duncan MJ. 2012. Effectiveness of 1D and 2D hydraulic models for instream habitat analysis in a braided river. Ecological Engineering. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.06.036.
69. Kabir MR, Ahmed N. 1996. Bed shear stress for sediment transportation in the River Jamuna. Journal of Civil Engineering, The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh CE24: 55-68.
70. Kasvi E, Vaaja M, Alho P, Hyyppä H, Hyyppä J, Kaartinen H, Kukko A. 2012. Morphological changes on meander point bars associated with flow structure at different discharges. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: published online 31.8.2012. DOI: 10.1002/esp.3303.
71. Khorram S, Ergil M. 2010. Most influential parameters for the bed-load sediment flux equations used in alluvial rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 46: 1065-1090. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00468.x.
72. Kiss T, Sipos G. 2007. Braid-scale channel geometry changes in a sand-bedded river: Significance of low stages. Geomorphology 84: 209-221. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.041.
73. Kleinhans MG, van den Berg JH. 2011. River channel and bar patterns explained and predicted by an empirical and physics-based method. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 721-738. DOI: 10.1002/esp.2090.
74. Krause P, Boyle DB, Bäse F. 2005. Comparison of different efficiency criteria for hydrological model assessment. Advances in Geosciences 5: 89-97. Available at: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296842/fr/.
75. Lane S. 1998. Hydraulic modelling in hydrology and geomorphology: a review of high resolution approaches. Hydrological Processes 12: 1131-1150. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19980630)12:8<1131::AID-HYP611>3.0.CO;2-K.
76. Lane S, Richards K, Chandler J. 1996. Discharge and sediment supply controls on erosion and deposition in a dynamic alluvial channel. Geomorphology 15: 1-15. DOI: 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00113-J.
77. Lane SN, Widdison PE, Thomas RE, Ashworth PJ, Best JL, Lunt A, Sambrook Smith GH, Simpson CJ. 2010. Quantification of braided river channel change using archival digital image analysis. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35: 971-985. DOI: 10.1002/esp.2015.
78. Leopold LB, Wolman MG, Miller JP. 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman and company: San Fransisco and London; 522.
79. Lesser GR, Roelvik JA, van Kester JATM, Stelling GS. 2004. Development and validation of a three-dimensional morphological model. Coastal Engineering 51: 883-915. DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2004.07.014.
80. Lewin J, Brewer P. 2001. Predicting channel patterns. Geomorphology 40: 329-339. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00061-7.
81. Lotsari E, Veijalainen N, Alho P, Käyhkö J. 2010. Impact of climate change on future discharges and flow characteristics of the Tana River, Sub-Arctic northern Fennoscandia. Geografiska Annaler 92A: 241-262. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00394.x.
82. Mansikkaniemi H. 1970. Deposits of sorted material in the Inarijoki-Tana River valley in Lapland. Turun Yliopiston Maantieteen Laitoksen Julkaisuja 49: 1-63.
83. McCuen RH, Knight Z, Cutter AG. 2006. Evaluation for the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 11: 597-602. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2006)11:6(597).
84. McDowell DM. 1986. Discussion of Sediment transport, part III: Bed Forms and Alluvial Roughness. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112: 1113-1114. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1986)112:11(1113).
85. Meunier P, Métivier F, Lajeunesse E, Mériaux A, Faure J. 2006. Flow pattern and sediment transport in a braided river: The "torrent de St Pierre" (French Alps). Journal of Hydrology 330: 496-505. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.009.
86. Meybeck M, Laroche L, Dürr H, Syvitski J. 2003. Global variability of daily total suspended solids and their fluxes in rivers. Global and Planetary Change 39: 65-93. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00018-3.
87. nd Meeting, IAHR, Stockholm, Sweden, 7-9 June Stockholm: 39-64.
88. Molinas A, Wu B. 2001. Transport of sediment in large sand-bed rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Research 39: 135-146.
89. Moriasi DN, Arnold JG, Van Liew MW, Bingner RL, Harmel RD, Veith TL. 2007. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions for ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) 50: 885-900.
90. Mosley MP. 1982. Analysis of the effect of changing discharge on channel morphology and instream uses in a braided river, Ohau River, New Zealand. Water Resources Research 18: 800-812.
91. Mosley MP. 1983. Response of braided rivers to changing discharge. Journal of Hydrology (NZ) 22: 18-67.
92. Murray AB, Paola C. 1994. A cellular model of braided rivers. Nature 371: 54-57. DOI: 10.1038/371054a0.
93. Nafziger J, Hicks F, Andrishak R, Marsh P, Lesack L. 2009. Hydraulic model of river flow and storage effects in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. 17th International Northern Research Basins Symposium and Workshop, Iqaluit-Pangnirtung-Kuujjuaq, Canada, 12-18 August 2009. Available at: http://staff.civil.ualberta.ca/water/FEHicks/Papers/Nafziger_et_al_2009.pdf.
94. Nash JE, Sutcliffe JV. 1970. River forecasting through conceptual models 1: a discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10: 282-290.
95. van der Nat D, Schmidt AP, Tockner K, Edwards PJ, Ward JV. 2002. Inundation dynamics in braided floodplains: Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy. Ecosystems 5: 636-647. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-002-0170-0.
96. Neal J, Bates P, Fewtrell T, Hunter N, Wilson M, Horritt M. 2009. Distributed whole city water level measurements from the Carlisle 2005 urban flood event and comparison with hydraulic model simulations. Journal of Hydrology 368: 42-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.026.
97. Neumeier U, Ferrarin C, Amos C, Umgiesser G, Li M. 2008. Sedtran05: An improved sediment-transport model for continental shelves and coastal waters with a new algorithm for cohesive sediments. Computers and Geosciences 34: 1223-1242. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.007.
98. Nicholas A. 2000. Modelling bed load yield in braided gravel bed rivers. Geomorphology 36: 89-106. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00050-7.
99. Nicholas A. 2003. Investigation of spatially distributed braided river flows using a two-dimensional hydraulic model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28: 655-674. DOI: 10.1002/esp.491.
100. Nicholas AP. 2005. Cellular modeling in fluvial geomorphology. ESEX Commentary. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30: 645-649. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1231.
101. Nicholas, AP, Quine TA. 2007. Crossing the divide: Representation of channels and processes in reduced-complexity river models at reach and landscape scales. Geomorphology 90: 318-339. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.026.
102. Nicholas AP, Thomas R, Quine TA. 2006. Cellular modelling of braided river form and process, In Braided Rivers: Process, Deposits, Ecology and Management, Sambrook Smith H́GH, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (eds). Special publication number 36 of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS). Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK; 137-152.
103. Papanicolaou AN, Elhakeem M, Krallis G, Prakash S, Edinger J. 2008. Sediment transport modelling review - Current and future developments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 134: 1-14. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:1(1).
104. Parker G. 1976. On the cause and characteristic scales of meandering and braiding in rivers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 76: 457-480.
105. Pender G, Néelz S. 2007. Use of computer models of flood inundation to facilitate communication in flood risk management. Environmental Hazards 7: 106-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.07.006.
106. Pickup G. 1976. Adjustment of stream-channel shape to hydrologic regime. Journal of Hydrology 30: 365-373.
107. Pickup G, Higgins RJ. 1979. Estimating sediment transport in a braided gravel channel - The Kawerong river, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Hydrology 40: 283-297. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(79)90035-0.
108. Pinto L, Fortunato A, Freire P. 2006. Sensitivity analysis of non-cohesive sediment transport formulae. Continental Shelf Research 26: 1826-1839. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2006.06.001.
109. Rennie C, Millar R, Church M. 2002. Measurement of bed load velocity using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128: 473-482. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:5(473).
110. Richards K. 1986. Fluvial geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography 10: 401-420.
111. Richardson WR, Thorne CR. 2001. Multiple thread flow and channel bifurcation in a braided river: Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, Bangladesh. Geomorphology 38: 185-196. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00080-5.
112. van Rijn L. 1984a. Sediment transport, part I: Bed load transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 110: 1431-1456. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:10(1431).
113. van Rijn L. 1984b. Sediment transport, part II: Suspended load transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 110: 1613-1641. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:11(1613).
114. van Rijn L. 1984c. Sediment transport, part III: Bed forms and alluvial roughness. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 110: 1733-1754. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1733).
115. van Rijn L. 1986a. Applications of sediment pick-up function. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112: 9-16.
116. van Rijn LC. 1986b. Closure to Sediment transport, part III: Bed Forms and Alluvial Roughness. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112: 1114-1116.
117. van Rijn LC. 1989. Handbook sediment transport by currents and waves. Delft hydraulics report h461. 307 p. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory: Delft, The Netherlands.
118. van Rijn LC. 1993. Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas. 1993 edition. Aqua Publications: The Netherlands; 715.
119. van Rijn L. 2007. Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas. Aqua Publications: The Netherlands; 500. Available at: http://www.theseusproject.eu/wiki/Manual_Sediment_Transport_Measurements_in_Rivers, _Estuaries_and_Coastal_Seas.
120. Rozovskii I. 1963. Flow of water in bends of open channels. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
121. Rust B. 1972. Structure and process in a braided river. Sedimentology 18: 221-245. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1972.tb00013.x.
122. Sambrook Smith GH, Ashworth PJ, Best JL, Woodwards J, Simpson CJ. 2006. The sedimentology and alluvial architecture of the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Sedimentology 53: 413-434.
123. Sarma, J.N., 2005. Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India. Geomorphology 70: 226-256. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007.
124. Schumm SA. 1985. Patterns of alluvial rivers. Annual Reviews of Earth Planetary Sciences 13: 5-27.
125. Scrimgeour GJ, Prowse TD, Culp JM, Chambers PA. 1994. Ecological effects of river ice break-up: a review and perspective. Freshwater Biology 32: 261-275.
126. Shields A. 1936. Application of similarity principles and turbulence research to bed-load movement. Mitteilungen der Preussischen Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau und Schiffbau 26: 5-24.
127. Sørensen R, Bakkelid S, Torp B.1987. Landhevning (Land Uplift), Nasjonalatlas for Norge (National atlas of Norway), kartblad 2.3.3. Statens kartverk, Hønefoss.
128. Stelling GS. 1983. On the construction of computational methods for shallow water flow problems. Rijkwaterstaat Communications No 35/1984. The Hague, The Netherlands; 224. Available at: http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3Ad3b818cb-9f91-4369-a03e-d90c8c175a96/.
129. Syme WJ. 1991. Dynamically linked two-dimensional/one-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling program for rivers, estuaries and coastal waters. M.S. thesis. University of Queensland: Australia; 135. Available at: http://www.tuflow.com/Downloads/Dynamically%20Linked%202D%20and%201D%20Hydrodynamic%20Modelling, %20Syme, %201991.pdf.
130. Vaaja M, Hyyppä J, Kukko A, Kaartinen H, Hyyppä H, Alho P. 2011. Mapping Topography Changes Using a Mobile Laser Scanner. Remote Sensing 3: 587-600. DOI: 10.3390/rs3030587.
131. Veijalainen N, Lotsari E, Alho P, Vehviläinen B, Käyhkö J. 2010. National scale assessment of climate change impacts on flooding in Finland. Journal of Hydrology 391: 333-350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.035.
132. Wahba G. 1990. Spline models for observational data. CBMS-NSF regional conference series in applied mathematics 59. Society for industrial and applied mathematics: Philadelphia; 169.
133. Wainwright D, Vienot P, Syme B. 2004. Dynamic modelling of the impact of entrance scour on flood behaviour in coastal lakes and estuaries. NSW Flood Mitigation Conference; 7. Available at: http://www.tuflow.com/Downloads_Publications.htm.
134. Warburton J. 1992. Observations of bedload transport and channel bed changes in a proglacial mountain stream. Arctic and Alpine Research 3: 195-203.
135. Ward R. 1978. Floods, a Geographical Perspective. Focal problems in geography series. The MacMillan Press Ltd: London and Basingstoke; 244.
136. Wells RR, Bennett SJ, Alonso CV. 2009. Effect of soil texture, tailwater height, and porewater pressure on the morphodynamics of migrating headcuts in upland concentrated flows. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34: 1867-1877. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1871.
137. Williams G. 1983. Paleohydrological methods and some examples from Swedish fluvial environments, I. Cobble and boulder deposits. Geografiska Annaler 65A: 227-243.
138. Wong M, Parker G. 2006. Reanalysis and correction of bed-load relation of Meyer-Peter and Müller using their own database. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 132: DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:11(1159).
139. Wu B, Molinas A, Julien P. 2004. Bed-material load computations for nonuniform sediments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 130: 1002-1012. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:10(1002).
140. Zabilansky LJ, Hains DB, Remus JI. 2006. Increased bed erosion due to ice. In Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering (July 23-26, 2006, Orono, Maine), Davis M, Zufelt JE (eds). ASCE 210, 16. American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, VA, USA; 1-12. DOI: 10.1061/40836(210)16.