The Libyan economy: Economic diversification and international repositioning

The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-474

  Otman, Waniss ^a   Karlberg, Erling ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892273690     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-46463-8     Document Type: Book

References (368)

1. Abt Associates (1995) Privatization in Tunisia. A Review of the Experience to Date. Private Enterprise Promotion Project, Government of Tunisia/USAID
2. ACSAD The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (2005) http://www.acsad.org
3. Adam CS and Cavendish W (1995) Privatizing Malaysia: Rents, Rhetoric, Realities, in KS Jomo (Ed.), Westview Press Boulder, CA
4. African Development Bank/OECD (1993) African Economic Outlook, Algeria, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/54/2497129.pdf
5. African Union: http://www.africa-union.org/Africasia (1970)
6. Aghrout A and Hodd M (2005) Algeria's Economy: Mutations, Performances and Challenges, Development, International Business, Strategy & the Environment Research Group Research Papers No. 1 Westminster Business School, London
7. Aghrout A and Sutton K (1990) Regional Economic Union in the Maghreb, Journal of Modern African Studies, 28:1
8. Alami R (2005) Changing Financial Structures in the Arab World: Some Implications for Oil and Gas Oxford Institute for Energy Studies F 10
9. Al-Awadhi B (1996) Legal Foundation for Kuwait's Environmental Claims, Journal of Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies, Kuwait
10. Al-Awadhi B (2002) Environmental Legislations and Its Impact on the Protection of the Environment, Arab Center for Education Research of The Gulf Countries, April
11. Aleslam S (2002) Libya and the XXI Century, Editar Spa, Italy
12. Alexander M and Corti C (1993) Argentina's Privatization Program: Experience, Issues, and Lessons. CFS Discussion Paper 103. World Bank, Confinancing and Financial Advisory Services Department, Washington, D. C.
13. Alfaro L, Areendam C, Kalemli-Ozca S and Sayak S (2004), FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local Financial Markets, Journal of International Economics, 64
14. Alghariani SA (2003) Water Transfer Versus Desalination in North Africa: Sustainability and Cost Comparison, Occasional Paper 49, SOAS Water Issues Study Group School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)/King's College London University of London, March
15. Al Qadhafi M (2002) The White Book, A Vision for Peace in the Middle East, Tripoli
16. Al-Sahari Bank, Libya, Annual Reports (2000, 2002, 2003)
17. Anag G, Cremaschi M, Lernia S and Liverani M (2002) Environment, Archaeology, and Oil: The Messak Settafet Rescue Operation (Libyan Sahara), African Archaeological Review 19 (2)
18. Anderson, L (2003) in an interview, 22 December Libyan Expert: Qaddafi, Desperate to End Libya's Isolation, Sends a 'Gift' to President Bush, Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/publication/6617/libyan-expert.html? breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F317 %2Flisa-anderson
19. Andersson T (2005) "Coping Skills" in Strategic Views on Foreign Direct Investment ISA in cooperation with UNCTAD and WAIPA
20. Arnold G (1996) The Maverick State: Gaddafi and the New World Order, Cassell, New York
21. Associated Press, 27 July, 2004, Mrs. Najat Mehdi al-Hajjaji, Libyan Ambassador to UN Atlantic Council (2001)
22. Bacon KH (1996) United States Department of Defense News Briefing Tuesday, 23 April, http://www.dod.mil/transcripts/1996/t042396-tbrfg-42.html
23. Bahgat G (2006) The United States and the Middle East: Interdependence not Independence, OPEC Review, 30
24. Balfour Declaration (1917) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/ balfour.htm
25. Barisan Nasional (National Front) Malaysia http://www.bn.org.my
26. Barker G (2002) A Tale of Two Deserts: Contrasting Desertification Histories on Rome's Desert Frontiers, World Archaeology, 33
27. Barth H (1857) Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord und Central Afrika, Ghota, Perthes BBC News, 5 February, 2001
28. Belev (2001) Privatization in Egypt and Tunisia: Liberal Outcomes And/Or Liberal Policies? Mediterranean Politics, 6:2
29. Birdsall N and Nellis J (2002) Winners and Losers: Assessing the distributional impact of privatization, The Center for Global Development, Working Paper Number 6
30. Birkinshaw J (2005) Brains Matter in Strategic Views on Foreign Direct Investment. ISA in cooperation with UNCTAD and WAIPA
31. Black I and Morris B (1991) Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services, Grove Weidenfeld, New York
32. Blackwell S (2003) Saving the King: Anglo-American Strategy and British Countersubversion Operations in Libya 1953-59, Middle Eastern Studies, 39:1
33. Blonigen BA (1997) Firm-specific Assets and the Link Between Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment, American Economic Review, 87:3
34. Blonigen BA and Feenstra RC (1996) Protectionist Threats and Foreign Direct Investment, NBER Working Papers 5475, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc
35. Blundy D and Lycett A (1987) Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution, Boston: Little, Brown
36. Bolbol A and Omran M (2003) Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Arab Countries, Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 1:3
37. Bolton J, Under Secretary of State, Testimony before House International Relations Committee, 4 June (2003)
38. Borensztein E, De-Gregorio J, Lee JW (1998) How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45
39. Boubakri N and Cosset J (1998) The Operating and Financial Performance of Newly Privatized Firms: Evidence from Developing Countries, Journal of Finance, 53
40. Braudel F (1997) La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, Paris: Armand Colin (© 1949)
41. Brega Oil Marketing Company (BOMC) (2003)
42. Brega Oil Marketing Company (BOMC) (2004)
43. Brusentsev V (2006) Evolution of Female Labor Force Participation in the United States: 1967 to 2003, International Advances in Economic Research
44. Bush Public Papers (1993)
45. Campa JM and Goldberg LS (1995) Investment in Manufacturing, Exchange-Rates and External Exposure, Journal of International Economics, 38
46. Cao A (no date) Privatization of SOEs in Egypt: Labour Issues and Prospects for Development, Applied Research Series Feasibility Studies, International Privatization Group, Price Waterhouse
47. CEDAW UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw
48. CEN-SAD, http://www.cen-sad.org
49. Central Bank of Libya, Reports (2000-2003)
50. Centre for Policy Studies (1975) "Why Britain needs a Social Market Economy", London
51. Central Bank of Libya Annual Reports www.cbl-ly.com
52. CGIAR (1997) http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/publications/annreps/ 1997ar.pdf
53. Chang WN and Radulescu DM (2004) Do Corporate Tax Concessions Really Matter for the Success of Free Economic Zones? Economics of Planning, 37 Springer, Netherlands
54. Chong A and López-de-Silanes F (2003) The Truth about Privatization in Latin America, Inter-American Development Bank. Research Dept
55. Christides V (2000) Byzantine Libya and the March of the Arabs towards the West of North Africa, London, British Archaeological Reports International Series 851, 20
56. CIA (2003) Director of Central Intelligence Reports to Congress, 2002 and 2003
57. Claessens S (1995) The Emergence of Equity Investment in Developing Countries: Overview. The World Bank Economic Review, 9:1, 1-18
58. Claessens S (1996) Banking reform in transition countries, Policy Research Working Paper Series 1642, The World Bank
59. Claussen M, Kubatzki C, Brovkin V, Ganopolski A, Hoelzmann P and Pachur H-J (1999) Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the mid-Holocene Geophyical Research Letters 26:14
60. COMESA (Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa) http://www.comesa.int
61. Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives: http://wwwc.house.gov/international-relations/108/wel092204.html
62. Cooley J (1982) Libyan Sandstorm, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York
63. COPEMED (2005) http://www.faocopemed.org/en/index.htm
64. Corrales J (1998) Coalitions and Corporate Choices in Argentina, 1976-1994: The Recent Private Sector Support of Privatization, Studies in Comparative International Development, 32, 4
65. Corrales J and Cisneros I, Corporatism, Trade Liberalization and Sectoral Responses: The Case of Venezuela, 1989-1999, World Development
66. Cowan LG (1990) Privatization in the Developing World Greenwood Press: New York, Westport, CT, London
67. Crowley P and Lee J (2003) Exchange Rate Volatility and Foreign Investment: International Evidence, International Trade Journal, 13
68. Crumley C (1996) The Historical Ecology of Global Climate Change, Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, Santa Fe
69. Crump RL (1974) Diary of a Desert Rat, Pan Books, London
70. Davis BL (1990) Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the US Attack on Libya, Praeger, New York
71. Davis DK (2004) Wastes of the Maghreb: Desertification Narratives in French Colonial Environmental History of North Africa, Cultural Geographies, 11
72. De Candole E V A (1990) The Life and Times of King Idris of Libya, Mohamed ben Ghalbon, Manchester
73. Deeb M (1989) Inter-Maghribi Relations since 1969: A Study of the Modalities of Unions and Mergers, Middle East Journal, 43:1
74. Deeb M (1991) Libya's Foreign Policy in North Africa, Westview Press, Boulder, CO
75. De Felice R (1985) Jews in an Arab land: Libya, 1835-1970, Trans. Judith Roumani, J. University of Texas Press, Austin
76. De la Balze F A M (1995) Remaking the Argentine Economy, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York
77. DeNicola C (2005) Dubai's Political and Economic Development: An Oasis in the Desert? Thesis, Political Science Dept., Williams College, United States
78. Dioxides Associates (1964) Transport in Libya: A General Survey and Study of the means of Communications Athens, 2 Vols
79. Douglas K (1966) Alamein to Zem Zem, Penguin Modern Classics, Harmondsworth, Middlesex
80. Earth Trends (2003) earthtrends.wri.org
81. Eban A (1977) Abba Eban: An Autobiography, Random House, New York
82. Ebersberger B and Lööf (2004) Multinational Enterprises, Spillovers, Innovation and Productivity, Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 22, tRoyal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies
83. Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey (1998)
84. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Libya (2004)
85. Edwards S (1990) Capital Flows, Foreign Direct Investment, and Debt-Equity Swaps in Developing Countries, Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
86. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) (2005) http://www.eeaa.gov. eg
87. El-Kebir NK, Rodriguez-Cabello C and Tawil M Y O (2001) Age Estimation of Bluefin Tuna (thunnus thynnus, l.) Caught by Traps in Libyan Waters Based on Spine Reading, COPEMED Scientific Documents SCRS/01/135
88. El-Shahat M (1978) Libya Begins the Era of the Jamahiriya, Rome
89. El-Tawil and Gashtî (1998) An Overview of Tuna Catches in Methodology-Biology and Statistics scrs/98/92
90. Emerson M and Noucheva G (2005) From Barcelona Process to Neighbourhood Policy: Assessments and Open Issues Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels
91. Environmental General Authority, Libya (2002) The First National Report on the Environment, Tripoli
92. European Commission (2005) Technical Mission to Libya on Illegal Immigration 27 November-6 December (2004)
93. European Environment Agency (EEA) (2005) www.eea.eu.int
94. European Union (2005) http://europa.eu.int/comm/external-relations/lybia/ news/ip04-279.htm
95. EU-Water Framework Directive, http://www.wfd-info.org/Laws/index.htm
96. Fahmy M (1994) Background Paper: Legal and Judicial Framework, presented at the Conference on Private Sector Development in Egypt: Investing in the Future, Cairo, 9-10 October
97. FAO (2004) http://www.fao.org/es/ess/compendium-2004/pdf/ESS-LIB.pdf
98. FAO (2005) OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook: 2005-2014, http://www.oecd.org/ document/5/0, 2340, en-2649-37401-35015941-1-1-1-37401, 00.html
99. Farley R (1971) Planning for Development in Libya: The Exceptional Economy in the Developing World, Praeger, New York
100. Farsoun SK and Zacharia CE (1997) Palestine and the Palestinians, Westview Press, Boulder, CO
101. Financial Times, 9 March, 2004, The Iraq War did not Force Gadaffi's Hand
102. Foreign Direct Investment Magazine, February (2005)
103. Foreign Office, FO 371/131793, JT 1091/1, No. 160, Ogden to Lloyd 14 July 1958; JT 1091/3/G, No. 196, Lloyd to Ogden, 15 July 1958; Minute by Hooper, 15 July 1958; JT 1091/3/G, 'Libya', Minute by Watson, 15 July 1958
104. Freedom House (2005) Libya Country Report, http://www.freedomhouse.org
105. Freestone D (1996) Legal Dimensions of Environmental Management, Environmental Matters, 38-39
106. Fulford M (1989) To East and West: The Mediterranean Trade of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in Antiquity, Libyan Studies, 20
107. General Electric Company of Libya, Annual Report (2005)
108. General People's Congress Resolution No. 3-2000, March (2000) The Official Gazette, 6:29.4
109. General Secretariat of the General People's Congress of Libya (1973) Qadhafi's Historic Speech at Zuwara, Tripoli, 15 April (Translation from Arabic)
110. Goldberg L (1993) Exchange-rates and Investment in US Industry, Review of Economics and Statistics, 75
111. Gomez ET (1991) Money Politics in the Barisan Nasional, Forum Publications, Kuala Lumpur
112. Government of Malaysia (2005) Prime Minister's Department
113. Government of Tunisia (2004) Census
114. Graziosi P (1969) The Pre-History of South-Western Libya, In Kanes, William H (Ed.) The Geology, Archaeology, and Pre-History of the South-Western Fezzan Libya, Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya, Tripoli
115. Habiby R (1979) R. Mu'ammar Qadhafi's New Islamic Scientific Socialist Society, Middle East Review, Summer
116. Haley E (1984) Qaddafi and the United States since (1969), Praeger, New York
117. Hallet D (2002) Petroleum Geology of Libya, Elsevier
118. Ham A (2002) Lonely Planet: Libya, Lonely Planet Publications
119. Hamdani K (2005) Going for the Crown in Strategic Views on Foreign Direct Investment ISA in cooperation with UNCTAD and WAIPA
120. Hammerich K (2005) WAIPA World Investment Conference 9-10 March (2005), Geneva, Switzerland
121. Hansard, House of Commons Debate, The United Kingdom Parliament, 19January (2005)
122. Haynes D E L (1965) An Archaeological and Historical Guide to the Pre-Islamic Antiquities of Tripolitania, Antiquities, Museums and Archives of Tripoli, Libya
123. Hazbun W (2004) Globalization, Reterritorialization and the Political Economy of Tourism Development in the Middle East, Geopolitics, 9:2
124. HDR (2005) http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005
125. Healey D (1989) The Time of My Life, Penguin, London
126. Heikal M (1975) The Road to Ramadan, New York University, New York
127. Henry PB (2000a) Stock Market Liberalization, Economic Reform, and Emerging Market Equity Prices, Journal of Finance, 55:2
128. Henry PB (2000b) Do Stock Market Liberalizations Cause Investment Booms? Journal of Financial Economics, 58:1-2
129. Heritage Foundation, Annual Index for Economic Freedom (2005) http://www.heritage.org
130. Herrmann DG (1989) The Paralysis of Italian Strategy in the Italian-Turkish War, 1911-1912, The English Historical Review, 104:411
131. Holt PM, Lambton A K S and Lewis B (Eds.) (1997) The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
132. Hume LJ (1980) Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham, Journal of African History, 21, 311-322
133. Ibrahimi AT (1988) Le Traité de fraternité et de concorde ou le Maghreb en movement, Revue Algérienne de Droit International, 9:1
134. ICOMOS (1981) Cyrene World Heritage Site
135. ICOMOS (1985) Sabratha World Heritage Site
136. IMF, 10 April (2006) The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Selected Issue-Medium-Term Economic Reform Strategy, and Statistical Appendix Series: Country Report No. 06/137
137. IMF, Press Release No. 95/31 May 22 (1995) "IMF Approves Credit under Extended Fund Facility for Algeria"
138. IMF, Press Release Number 97/50, 5 November (1997)
139. IMF (1998) 27:17
140. IMF Country Report Libya No. 05/83 (2005)
141. IMF Article IV Consultation, Libya (2004)
142. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1960) The Economic Development of Libya, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore
143. International Court of Justice, The Hague (1993) Verbatim Record, Concerning Territorial Dispute: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
144. International Monetary Fund, Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 03/125, 23 October, 2003 IMF Concludes 2003 Article IV Consultation with the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2003/ pn03125.htm
145. IMF (2005) Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2004 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion
146. Inter-Parliamentary Union (2005) Women in National Parliaments, http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
147. Iran: Department of Environment, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/mna/mena. nsf
148. Italian-Libyan Archaeological Mission in the Acacus and Messak - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" Via Palestro 63, 00185 Rome - Italy http://www.acacus.it/eng/index.htm
149. IUCN (1996) Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-Based Tourism Around the World and Guidelines for Its Development, Cambridge
150. Jackson J, 26 June (1993) Interview with Col. Muammar al Qadhafi, http://www.geocities. com/Athens/8744/mqjj.htm
151. Johansson B and Lööf H (2005) FDI Inflows to Sweden: Consequences for Innovation and Renewal The Royal Institute of Technology, Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Sweden, http://www.infra.kth.se/cesis/documents/WP36.pdf
152. Jomo KS and Tan WS (1995) Privatization and Renationalization in Malaysia: A Survey, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/ unpan021546.pdf
153. Katzman K (2003) U. S.-Libyan Relations: An Analytic Compendium of US Policies, Laws & Regulations, The Atlantic Council, August 2003
154. Keenan J (2002) Tourism, Development and Conservation: A Saharan perspective Saharan Studies Programme University of East Anglia, UK
155. Khadduri M (1963) Modern Libya: A Study in Political Development, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
156. Kingdom of Libya, Ministry of Planning and Development (1963)
157. Kingdom of Libya, Public School Study for Tripoli (1965)
158. Klieman A (1990) Israel and the World After Forty Years, Pergamon-Brassey's McLean, VA
159. Koechler H (2003) Statement on the agreement between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Libyan Jamahiriya on the remaining issues relating to the fulfilment of all Security Council resolutions resulting from the bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Lockerbie-statement- Aug2003.htm
160. Kornai J (1986) Contradictions and Dilemmas Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
161. Kubbah AQ, Libya Its Oil System and Economic System, The Arab Petro-Economic Research Centre, Baghdad
162. Langhammer R and Luecke, M (2000) WTO Accession Issues, Kiel Institute of World Economics, Germany
163. Lavauden L (1927) Les Forets du Sahara, Revue des Eaux et Forets, 65
164. Lamb H, Eichner U and Switsur V (1989) An 18, 000-year Record of Vegetation, Lake-Level and Climate Change from Tigalmamine, Middle Atlas, Morocco, Journal of Biogeography, 16
165. Lamboeuf M (2000) Artisanal Fisheries in Libya - Census of Fishing Vessels and Inventory of Artisanal Fishery Metiers (2000) - COPEMED http://www.faocopemed.org/en/activ/research/artfsh.htm
166. Lemarchand R (Ed.) (1988) The Green and the Black: Qadhafi's Policies in Africa, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana
167. Leverett F Middle Eastern Affairs National Security Council (2002-2003)
168. Lewis B (1968) The Kemalist Republic, in The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press
169. Lhote H (1958) A la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris
170. 1Library of Congress Document (1970) The Libyan Revolution in the Words of Its Leaders, Middle East Journal, 24, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/libya/ly- bibl.html
171. Libya (1977) Declaration of the Establishment of the Authority of the People
172. Libya: Authority for Information and Documentation (2005)
173. Libya: First (1976-80) and Second (1981-1985) Development Plans, Tripoli
174. Libya Focus (2005)
175. Libya, General Board of Ownership Transfer (GBOT) (2005)
176. Libya, General Board of Ownership Transfer (GBOT) (2006)
177. Libya, General Council of Planning (2001)
178. Libya, General Planning Council (2005)
179. Libya, High Planning Council (2006)
180. Libya, Ministry of Planning (1962-2000)
181. Libya, The Great Man Made River Authority (2002) http://www.gmmra.org
182. Libya, United Insurance Company (2005)
183. Libya: Ministry of Planning and Development, Transport in Libya (1964) A general Survey and Study of the Means of Communications, Preliminary Report, Doxiadis Associates, Consultants on Development and Ekistics (2 vols) Athens
184. Libya: Ministry of Planning, Economics and Trade (1996) Achievements of the National Economy for 27 Years
185. Libya: National Supply Corporation (NASCO) (2006) www.nasco.ly.com
186. Libya, Railway Executive Board (2005)
187. Libya Saving and Real Estate Investment Bank (2005)
188. Libya, Secretariat of Finance (2006)
189. Libya: Secretariat of Planning (1978) Economic and Social Achievements in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamhariya, Tripoli
190. Libya, Secretariat of Planning (2006)
191. Libyan Central Bank and Libyan National Oil Corporation (LNOC) (2005)
192. Libyan Constitutional Declaration (1969)
193. Libyan Civil Aviation Authority (2004)
194. Libyan Information and Documentation Authority (2005)
195. Libyan Higher Committee for Statistics and Census (2006)
196. Libyan Mining Company, Tripoli (2005)
197. Libyan Ministry of Higher Education (2005)
198. Libyan National Authority for Information and Documentation, Economic and Social Survey 2002-2003
199. Libyan National Oil Corporation (2004)
200. Libyan National Oil Corporation (LNOC) (2005) Downstream Department, Tripoli
201. Libyan Secretariat of Planning (1978) Economic and Social Achievements, 1970-1977
202. Lieberman IW and Kirkness CD (1998) Overview of Privatization and Emerging Equity Markets, In IW Lieberman and CD Kirkness (Eds.) Privatization and Emerging Equity Markets, The World Bank/Flemmings, Washington, DC
203. Levine R and Zervos S (1996) Stock Market Development And Long-Run Growth, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 1582
204. Levis M (1993) The Long-Run Performance of Initial Offerings: The UK experience, 1980-1988, Financial Management, 22:1
205. Lhote H (1959) The Search for the Tassili Frescoes, Hutchinson, London
206. Lippman TW (2000) Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy, Westview Press, Boulder, CO
207. Lipsey RE (2002) Home and host country effects of FDI, NBER Working Paper 9293
208. Literacy Trust (2005) www.literacytrust.org.uk
209. Liverani M, Cremaschi M and di Lernia S (2000) The "Archaeological Park" of the Tadrart Acacus and Messak Settafet (south-western Fezzan, Libya). A Preliminary Project, Sahara, 12
210. Llanos M (2001) Understanding Presidential Power in Argentina: A Study of the Policy of Privatisation in the 1990s, Journal of Latin American Studies
211. Llewelyn O (1982) Desert Reclamation and Conservation in Islamic Law, The Muslim Scientist, 11:9
212. López-Calva LF, On Privatization Methods Development Discussion Paper No. 665 Harvard Institute for International Development Harvard University
213. Louis WR (1984) The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, The United States and Post-War Imperialism, Oxford University Press. Oxford and New York
214. Lutz W, Yousif HM and Goujon A (1996) Future Population and Education Trends in the Countries of North Africa RR-96-11. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA
215. Maghreb Digest (1965)
216. Mainguet M (1991) Desertification: Natural Background and Human Mismanagement, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
217. Malaysian Economic Planning Unit (2005)
218. Manzetti L (1999) Privatization South American Style, Oxford University Press, New York
219. Mauer DC and Senbet WL (1992) The Effect of the Secondary Market on the Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 27, 55-79
220. Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) (2003)
221. Megginson WL (2000) The Long-Run Return to Investors in Share Issue Privatization, Financial Management
222. Megginson WL, Nash RJ, Netter J and Poulsen A (1998) The Choice of Privatization Method: An Empirical Analysis, mimeo, Department of Finance, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
223. Megginson WL and Netter JM (2001) From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization, Journal of Economic Literature, 39
224. Meliani H (1985) Le Traité de fraternité et de concorde de (1983), ou un nouveau droit de la coopération maghrébine Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord, CNRS, Paris
225. Menyah K and Paudyal K (1996) Share Issue Privatisations: The UK Experience, In Levis, M (Ed.), Empirical Issues in Raising Capital, Elsevier, Amsterdam
226. Mercer Investment Consulting (2006) Norwegian Government Petroleum Fund. Annual Performance Evaluation Report (2005) http://www.regjeringen. no
227. Merryll Lynch (1998a) The Privatization Process: Role of Equity Capital Markets, Presentation for the Harvard Institute for International Development, New York
228. Merryll Lynch (1998b) The Privatization Process, Presentation for the Harvard Institute for International Development, New York
229. Messines J (1952) La fixation et le reboisement des sables en Tripolitanie (The Fixing and the Afforestation of Sands in Tripolitanie, Libya). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Unasylva 6:2
230. METAP (2005) Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program Partnership for an Improved Environment http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena. nsf/0/8fc955045c197a038525694a004ebe77? OpenDocument
231. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, June, 2000
232. Milgrom P (1989) Auctions and Bidding, A Primer, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3
233. Mirza S and Haider M (2003) The State of Infrastructure in Canada: Implications for Infrastructure, Planning and Policy, Montreal, Canada
234. Mobbs P (2005) The Mineral Industry of Libya http://minerals.usgs.gov/ minerals/pubs/country/2004/lymyb04.pdf
235. Muhanna Rating Services (2005)
236. National Intelligence Council (2004)
237. Nelson HD (Ed.) (1979) Libya: A Country Study, American University, Washington DC
238. NEPAD, www.nepad.org
239. NEPAD/OECD Investment Initiative (2005)
240. Neumann RE (1999) Speech for Middle East Institute, November 30 (1999) Office of International Information Programs, US Department of State
241. Newsweek, 20 July (1981)
242. New York Times, 6 April, 1974
243. Nigeria: Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) (1991) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria
244. Norges Bank Investment Management (2005) Management of the Government Petroleum Fund, Report for the second quarter of 2005 http://www.norges-bank.no/ english/petroleum-fund/reports
245. Noorul Ainur (2001) Data provided by Finance Division, Kelang Port Authority (1999)
246. Noreng Ø (2004) The Predicament of the Gulf Rentier State, In Daniel Heradstveit and Helge Hveem (Eds.) Oil in the Gulf: Obstacles to Democracy and Development. Ashgate, Aldershot
247. Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (2004)
248. OAPEC Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries http://www.oapecorg.org
249. Obeidi A (1999) Changing Attitudes to the Role of Women in Libyan Society, Journal of Economic Research, 10:1.2. The Economic Research Centre, Benghazi, Libya
250. Obeidi A (2001) Political Culture in Libya, Curzon Press, Surrey
251. Omran M and Bolbol A (2003) Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Arab Countries, Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 1 (3)
252. OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletins (2001-2005) http://www.opec.org
253. Otman WA (2003) Economic and Technical Evaluation of the Libyan Petroleum Industry, MSc Dissertation, University of Aberdeen, UK
254. Otman WA (2004) Libyan Petroleum Law: Its Impact on Oil & Gas Development In Libya - Economic and Policy Aspects, Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, 2:2
255. Otman WA (2005) "Libyan Gas Industry" in Hydrocarbon Reserves: Abundance or Scarcity, Joint Seminar arranged by the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, French Petroleum Institute Joint Seminar, 28 June, Paris, France
256. Otman WA December 2005, Private Interview with Misuratah Governor
257. Otman WA and Bunter M (2005) The Libyan Petroleum Industry in the Twenty First Century: The Uprtream, Midstream and Downstream Handbook, OGEL/MARIS
258. Otman WA and Karlberg EJ (2005) Libya: Petroleum Industry & the Economic Diversification, OGEL, 3:3
259. Pannier D (1996) Corporate Governance of Public Enterprises in Transitional Economies, World Bank Technical Paper no. 323
260. Perotti EC and Guney SE (1993) The structure of privatization plans, Financial Management, 22;1
261. Pindeiro AC and Schneider BR (1995) The fiscal impact of privatization in Latin America, Journal of Development Studies, 31:5
262. Potrykus I (2003) From "golden" to "nutritionally optimized" rice - and from a scientific concept to the farmer. Presentation delivered at the conference "In the Wake of the Double Helix: from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution", Bologna, Italy, 27-31 May
263. Public Records Office, London, FO 371/119729, JT11170/1, "Libya", Minute by Watson, 7 December (1956)
264. Qanwus S et al. (1999) Libya al-Thawraf Thalathwn Amman: Revolutionary Libya in Thirty Years: Political-Economic-Social Transformational 1969-1999, Misrata: A-Dar al-Jamahiriya lil-Nashir
265. Rafael G (1981) Three Decades of Israeli Foreign Policy, Stein & Day, New York
266. Raviv D and Melman Y (1990) Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel's Intelligence Community, Houghton Mifflin, Boston
267. Reagan R (1986) Libyan Sanctions, Department of State Bulletin 86:36-39, March
268. Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative (RSSTI) (2005) http://www.rssti.org/links/Mar-2000/sustainble.html
269. Reynolds J (1976) Libyan studies; select papers of the late R. G. Goodchild, Paul Elek, London
270. Ritchie JC (1984) Analyse pollinique de sédiments holocènes supérieurs des hauts plateaux du Maghreb oriental, Pollen et Spores 26
271. Robiquet P (Ed.) (1897) Discours et Opinions de Jules Ferry, Paris: Armand Colin & Cie
272. Rodger G (1944) Desert Journey, The Cresset Press, London
273. Rodríguez-Boetsch L (2005) Public service privatisation and crisis in Argentina Development in Practice, 15:3-4
274. Rognon P (1987) Late quaternary climatic reconstruction for Desert "wastes" of the Maghreb, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 58
275. Rogozinski J (1998) High Price for Change: Privatization in Mexico, Inter-American Development Bank
276. Roeskau M, Synergies between Private Investment and Foreign Aid: A Practitioner's Point of View, World Bank (2005) siteresources.worldbank.org/ intamsterdam/resources/michaelroeskau.pdf
277. Ross ML (2001) Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics, 53
278. Saghir J (1993) Privatization in Tunisia, CFS Discussion Paper Series, The World Bank
279. Salem P (2003) The Impact of Corruption on Human Development in the Arab World: A Concept Paper, The Lebanese Transparency Association, The Fares Foundation
280. Sauvant KP (2005) UNCTAD, Global and Regional FDI Trends
281. Scheffler T (2003) 'Fertile Crescent', 'Orient', 'MiddleEast': The Changing Mental Maps of Southwest Asia European Review of History - Revue Europeaenne d'Histoire, 10;2
282. Scottish Sunday Times, October 23 (2005)
283. Segrè Claudio G (1975) Fourth Shore: The Italian Colonization of Libya (Studies in Imperialism Series), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
284. Shafer DM (1995) Winners and Losers: How Sectors Shape the Development Prospects of States. Sub-Saharan Africa. Africa Economic Policy, Discussion Paper, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
285. Shaw BD (2003) A Peculiar Island: Maghrib and Mediterranean, Mediterranean Historical Review, 18:2
286. Shehadi K (2002) Lessons in Privatisation: Considerations for Arab States Sub Regional Resource Facility UNDP, New York
287. Shenon P (1996) New York Times, 20 December
288. Sicker M (1987) The Making of a Pariah State: The Adventurist Politics of Muammar Qaddafi, Praeger, New York
289. Sinha T (2005) An Analysis of the Evolution of Insurance in India, CRIS Discussion Paper Series, University of Nottingham
290. Sirte Declaration (1999) Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, 8-9 September Sirte, Libya EAHG/Draft/Decl. (IV) Rev. 1
291. Social Fund for Development (SFD) (1994) Annual Report, Cairo
292. St. John RB (1998) Historical Dictionary of Libya, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD
293. St. John RB (2002) Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania
294. St. John RB (2003) Libya and the United States: Elements of a Performance-Based Roadmap, Middle East Policy, X: 3
295. Sturman K (2003) The Rise of Libya as a Regional Player, African Security Review, 12;2
296. Standard Oil Company, undated
297. Stone GD (2002) Both Sides Now: Fallacies in the Genetic Modification Wars, Implications for Developing Countries, and Anthropological Perspectives. Current Anthropology, 43:4
298. Stone O (Director) (1987) Wall Street, 20th Century Fox Film Co. Ltd
299. Sturman K and Baimu E (2003) Amendment to the African Union's Right to Intervene. A Shift from Human Security to Regime Security? African Security Review, 12:2
300. Sudan Tribune, 1 May (2005)
301. Takeyh R (2001) Qadhafi's Libya and the Prospect of Islamic Succession, Middle East Policy, February
302. Tarablus al Gharb, 29 July (1956)
303. Tawil M Y O (1999) Libyan National Report ICCAT, SCRS/99/121
304. The Great Man Made River Water Utilisation Authority, Tripoli, Libya (2005) http://www.gmmra.org/infrastructure.htm
305. The Great Man-Made River Authority (2005) Tripoli, Libya http://www.gmmra.org
306. The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (2005) http://www.npd.no
307. The National Centre for Policy Analysis (2005) http://www.nepa.org
308. The Scotsman, November (2005)
309. Tohamy S and Swinscoe A (2000) The Economic Impact of Tourism in Egypt, ECES Working Paper 40
310. Toumi K (2005) Culture Lies at the Heart of the Mediterranean Construction in Ten Years after the Barcelona Process: Assessment and Perspectives, EC
311. Transparency International, Global Corruption Report (2005) http://www.transparency.org/publications/gcr
312. Treisman D (2002) Cardoso, Menem, and Machiavelli: Political Tactics and Privatization in Latin America, Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles
313. Tremlett G (1993) Gadaffi: The Desert Mystic, Carroll and Graf, New York
314. Tripoli Chamber of Commerce, Ofuk Magazine, November, 2004 (Author's Translation)
315. Tyler PE (2004) American and British Weapons Experts Return to Libya, New York Times, 20 January
316. Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (2005) http://ww1.transparency.org/cpi/2005/cpi2005-infocus.html
317. Tunisie, Institut National de la Statistique (2005) http://www.ins.nat.tn
318. UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992) http://www.ciesin.org/datasets/unced/unced.html
319. UNCTAD (2005) Global Investment Prospects Assessment (GIPA)
320. UNCTAD (2005) Gross Fixed Capital Formation, by Host Region and Economy, 1970-2004 http://www.unctad.org
321. UNDP Arab Human Development Reports, Years 2002, 2003, 2004
322. UNDP (2005) http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005
323. UNEP (2005) One Planet Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development http://www.ciesin.org/ datasets/unced/unced.html
324. United Nations Economic and Social Council (UN ECOSOC) (1993) Structural Adjustment and Reform Policies in Egypt: Economic and Social Implications. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia E/ESCWA/SED/1993/14
325. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2005) One Planet Many People http://www.na.unep. net/OnePlanet
326. UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report (2005)
327. UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA/ECA), Sustainable Development Division (2005) Review of the application of environmental impact assessment in selected African countries http://www.uneca.org/eca-programmes/sdd/documents/ EIA-book-final-sm.pdf
328. UN Global E-Government Readiness Report (2005)
329. Union du Maghreb Arabe http://www.maghrebarabe.org
330. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 748
331. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1192, 27 August 1998
332. United Nations World Economic Survey (1967) New York
333. UN Resolution 883, November (1993) http//www.i-p-o.org/security-council- resolution-883.htm
334. US Bureau of the Census, September, 2005
335. US Coastal Zone Management Act Of 1972 http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/ czm/czm-act.html
336. US Congress (2004) President George W. Bush's Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union, 20 January
337. US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (1945) Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (1967), Vol. 18, p. 273
338. US Environmental Protection Agency (1998) The National Environmental Policy Act (1969), http://www.epa.gov
339. US Presidential Documents, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2001
340. US Presidential Public Papers (1992)
341. US Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Staff of the Committee and the Department 1955-57, Vol. 18
342. US Senate, Subcommittee on US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Morocco and Libya, Hearings, 20 July 1970, p. 2002
343. Vanclay F and Bronstein DA (Eds.) (1995) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester UK
344. Vanderwalle D (1998) Libya Since Independence, Oil and State-Building, Cornell, Ithaca
345. Verne H (1869) La France en Algerie Paris: Douniol, 1869
346. Welch D and Fremond O (1998) The Case-by-Case Approach to Privatization: Techniques and Examples, World Bank Technical Papers, No. 403, The World Bank, Washington, DC
347. White House, 9 December (2003) Weapons of Mass Destruction
348. WHO (2004) Selected Indicators, Norway, http://www.who.int/countries/nor/ en
349. WHO (2004) Selected Indicators, Libya, http://www.who.int/countries/lby/ en
350. World Bank (1995) Sustainable Development Environmental Management
351. World Bank (2000) Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Learning and Innovation Loan in the Amount of US$5 million Equivalent to the Republic of Algeria for Privatization Assistance Private and Financial Sector Development Department Middle East and North Africa Regional Office
352. World Bank (2001) Global Development Finance: Building Coalitions for Effective Development Finance
353. World Bank (2002) Technical Paper No. 403
354. World Bank (2004) Middle East and North Africa Region Strategy Paper http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf
355. World Bank, Report No. 30295-LY, July 2006, Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Country Economic Report http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTLIBYA/Resources/libyacountryeconomicreport.pdf
356. World Bank World Development Indicators (2005) http://devdata.worldbank. org/wdi2005
357. World Development Report 1998/1999
358. World Population Data Sheet (1998)
359. World Telecommunication Development Report (2003)
360. World Tourism Organization (WTO) (2006) http://www.world-tourism.org
361. Wright C (1981) Libya and the West: Headlong into Confrontation, International Affairs, Winter, 1981-82
362. Wright J (1969) Libya (Nations of the Modern World Series) New York, Praeger
363. Xu Bin (2000) Multinational Enterprises, Technology Diffusion, and Host Country Productivity Growth, Journal of Development Economics, 62
364. Yediot Ahronot, December (2003)
365. Yergin D (1991) The Prize, Simon and Schuster, New York
366. Zartman W, The Ups and Downs of Maghrib Unity, In Hudson, MC (Ed.) (1999) Middle East Dilemma, Tauris & Co. Ltd
367. Zohry A (2005) 'Migration Without Borders: North Africa as a Reserve of Cheap Labour for Europe'. UNESCO Discussion Paper. http://portal.unesco.org/shs/ en/ev. php-URL-ID=7181&URL-DO=DO-TOPIC&URL-SECTION=201.html
368. Zoubir YH (2000) Algerian-Moroccan Relations and Their Impact on Maghribi Integration, Journal of North African Studies, 5/3