Oceanic migration: Paths, sequence, timing and range of prehistoric migration in the pacific and Indian Oceans

Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-401

  Pearce, Charles E M ^a   Pearce, Frances M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^b NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892226700     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3826-5     Document Type: Book

References (424)

1. Oppenheimer S, Richards M (2001a) Slow boat to Melanesia. Nat 410: 166-167;.
2. Oppenheimer S, Richards M (2001b) Fast trains, slow boats and the ancestry of Polynesian islanders. Sci Prog 84(3):157-181;.
3. Oppenheimer S (2004) The 'Express Train from Taiwanto Polynesia': on the congruence of proxy lines of evidence. World Archaeol 36(4):591-600.
4. Trejaut J, Kivisild T et al. (2005) Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations. PloS Biol 3(8): 1362-1372.
5. Oppenheimer S (2004) The 'Express Train from Taiwan to Polynesia': on the congruence of proxy lines of evidence. World Archaeol 36(4): 591-600.
6. Soares P, Trejaut J et al. (2008) Climate change and postglacial human dispersals in Southeast Asia. Mol Biol and Evol 25(6):1209-1218.
7. Matisoo-Smith E, Robins J (2004) Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: evidence from mtDNA phylogenies of the Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(24): 9167-9172.
8. Larson G, Dobney K et al. (2005) Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication. Sci 307: 1618-1621.
9. Larson G, Cucchi T et al. (2007) Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides insight into Neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(12): 4834-4839.
10. Houghton P (1991) The early human biology of the Pacific: some considerations. J Polyn Soc 100(2):167-196, p. 167.
11. Hagelberg E (1997) Ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA sequences and the colonization of the Pacific. Electrophor 18: 1529-1533, p. 1529.
12. Houghton P (1996) People of the great ocean, aspects of human biology of the early Pacific. CUP, Cambridge;.
13. Houghton P (1990) The adaptive significance of Polynesian body form. AnnHum Biol 17(1): 19-32;.
14. Houghton P (1991) The early human biology of the Pacific: someconsiderations. J Polyn Soc 100(2): 167-196;.
15. Houghton P (1991) Selective influences andmorphological variation amongst Pacific Homo sapiens. J Hum Evol 21: 49-59;.
16. Houghton P(1991) Grim fairy tale, comments on some matters raised in The Hansel and Gretel Syndrome by N. van Dijk. NZ Archaeol Assoc 13: 91-99.
17. Wilmshurst J, Anderson A et al. (2008) Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(22): 7676-7680, p. 7676.
18. Brewis A, Molloy M, Sutton D (1990) Modelling the prehistoric Maori population. American J Phys Anthropol 8: 343-356.
19. Wilson E (1998) Consilience: The unity of knowledge. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
20. McCalman I (2006) Latitude for the popularisers. The Australian Literary Review, September 6, 2006.
21. Whewell W(1840) The philosophy of the inductive sciences. JohnW. Parker and Son, London.
22. Houghton P (1996) People of the Great Ocean, aspects of human biology of the early Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;.
23. Houghton P (1990) The adaptive significance ofPolynesian body form. Ann Hum Biol 17(1): 19-32;.
24. Houghton P (1991) The early humanbiology of the Pacific: some considerations. J Polyn Soc 100(2): 167-196;.
25. Houghton P (1991)Selective influences and morphological variation amongst Pacific homo sapiens. J Hum Evol 21: 49-59;.
26. Houghton P (1991) Grim fairy tale, comments on some matters ra in The Hanseland Gretel Syndrome by N. van Dijk. NZ J Archaeol 13: 91-99.
27. Houghton P (1996) People of the Great Ocean, aspects of human biology of the early Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 15.
28. Bellwood P (1978) Man's conquest of the Pacific. Collins, Auckland;.
29. Diamond J (1988)Express Train to Polynesia. Nat 336: 307-308;.
30. Kirch, P (1997) The Lapita peoples, Blackwell, Oxford.
31. Green R (2003) The Lapita horizon and traditions - signature for one set of oceanic migrations. In Pac Archaeol: Assessments and anniversary of the first Lapita excavations (July 1952). In Sand C (ed.) Le cahiers de l'archaeologie en Nouvelle-Caledonie, Noumea, New Caledonia, 15: 95-120.
32. Terrell J, Welsch R (1997) Lapita and the temporal geography of prehistory. Antiq 71: 548-572.
33. Irwin G (1992) The prehistoric exploration and colonisation of the Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
34. Green R (1990) The Lapita cultural complex: current evidence and proposed models. In Bellwood P (ed.) Indo-Pacific Prehistory 2: 295-305;.
35. Green R (1994) Changes overtime - recent advances in dating human colonisation of the Pacific Basin area. In Sutton D (ed.) The origin of the first New Zealanders. Auckland University Press, Auckland, pp. 19-51.
36. Spriggs M (1997) The Island Melanesians. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 88-90.
37. White J, Allen J (1980) Melanesian prehistory: some recent advances. Sci 207: 728-734;.
38. Allen J. (1984) In search of the Lapita homeland. J Pac Hist 19(4): 186-201.
39. Friedlaender J, Friedlaender F, Reed F et al. (2008) The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders. PloS Genet 4(1): 0173-0190.
40. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994) The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
41. Jones M (2001) The molecule hunters. Penguin Press, London.
42. Oppenheimer S (2005) Response to Peter Bellwood and Jarad Diamond (2005): 'On explicit "replacement" models in Island Southeast Asia: A reply to Stephen Oppenheimer'. World Archaeol 38(4): 715-717.
43. Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M et al. (2007) A mitochondrial stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia. Am J Hum Genet 80: 29-43.
44. Soares P, Trejaut J, Loo J-H et al. (2008) Climate change and postglacial human dispersals in Southeast Asia. Mol Biol and Evol 25(6): 1209-1218.
45. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
46. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 441.
47. Oppenheimer S (2004) Genetic substrates for Austronesian language expansions in the Pacific: out of Taiwan or Wallacea? In Jobling M, Hurles M, Tyler-Smith C (eds.) Human evolutionary genetics, origins, peoples and disease. Garland Publishing, New York, pp. 359-360.
48. Richards M, Oppenheimer S, Sykes B (1998) mtDNA suggests Polynesian origins in Eastern Indonesia. Am J Hum Genet 63: 1234-1236.
49. Oppenheimer S (2004) The 'Express Train from Taiwan to Polynesia': on the congruence of proxy lines of evidence. World Archaeol 36(4): 591-600.
50. Trejaut J, Kivisild T, Loo J-H et al. (2005) Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations. PloS Biol 3 (8): 1362-1372.
51. Trejaut J, Kivisild T, Loo J-H et al. (2005) Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations. PloS Biol 3 (8): 1367.
52. Friedlaender J, Friedlaender F, Reed F et al. (2008) The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders. PloS Genet 4(1): 0184.
53. Matisoo-Smith E, Robins J (2004) Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: evidence from mtDNA phylogenies of the Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(24): 9167-9172.
54. Larson G, Dobney K, Albarella U et al. (2005) Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication. 307: 1618-1621.
55. Larson G, Cucchi T, FujitaMet al. (2007) Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides insight into neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(12): 4834-4839.
56. Storey A, Ramirez J, Quiroz D et al. (2007) Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre- Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(25): 178-218.
57. Houghton P (1991) The early human biology of the Pacific: some considerations. J Polyn Soc 100(2): 167-196.
58. Houghton P (1990) The adaptive significance of Polynesian body form. Ann Hum Biol, 17(1): 21.
59. Houghton P (1991) The early human biology of the Pacific: some considerations. J Polyn Soc 100(2): 167.
60. Houghton P (1996) People of the Great Ocean, aspects of human biology of the early Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 108.
61. Houghton P (1991) The early human biology of the Pacific: some considerations: some considerations. J Polyn Soc 100(2): 174.
62. Bindon J (2004) In Jobling M, Hurles M, Tyler-Smith C (eds.) Human evolutionary genetics, origins, peoples and diseases. Garland Publishing, New York. Opinion Box, p. 362.
63. Poulton J (1998) Does a common mitochondrial DNA polymorphism underlie susceptibility to diabetes and the thrifty genotype? Trends in Genet 14(10): 387-389.
64. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 202.
65. Houghton P (1991) Selective influences and morphological variation amongst Pacific Homo Sapiens. J Hum Evol 21: 56.
66. Wallace A (1869) The Malay Archipelago. Paperback edition, 2000, Periplus Editions, Boston, p. 249.
67. Miller J (1969) The spice trade of the Roman Empire 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 171.
68. Martinez J, de Deckker P, Barrows T (2002) Palaeoceanography of the West Pacific Warm Pool during the Last Glacial Maximum: long-term climate monitoring of the Maritime Continent. Adv GeoEcol 34: 147-172.
69. Martinez J, de Deckker P, Barrows T (2002) Palaeoceanography of the West Pacific Warm Pool during the Last Glacial Maximum: long-term climate monitoring of the Maritime Continent. Adv GeoEcol 34, p. 155.
70. Crowley T, Parkinson C. (1988) Late Pleistocoene variations in Antarctic sea ice: effects of inter hemispheric deep-ocean heat exchange. Clim Dyn 3: 93-103.
71. Gagan M, Hendy E, Haberle S, Hantoto W (2004) Post-glacial evolution of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Quat Int 118-119: 127-143, p. 127.
72. Donders T, Wagner-Cremer F, Visscher, H (2008) Integration of proxy data and model scenarios for the mid-Holocene onset of modern ENSO variability. Quat Sci Rev 27: 571-579.
73. Donders T (2005) Reconstruction of El Niño-Southern Oscillation Variability During the Holocene. Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University, 2005.
74. Brierley J (1994) Spices, the story of Indonesia's spice trade. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 4-5.
75. Kirch P (2000) On the road of the winds, an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact. University of California Press, California, p. 76.
76. Spriggs M (1997) The Island Melanesians. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 58.
77. Matisoo-Smith E, Robins J (2004) Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: evidence from mtDNA phylogenies of the Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(24): 9167-9172.
78. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 10.
79. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 279.
80. Lamb H (1972, 1977) Climate, present, past and future. Two volumes, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, Vol II, p 389.
81. Irwin G (1992) The prehistoric exploration and colonisation of the Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
82. Anderson A (2000) Slow boats from China: Issues in the prehistory of Indo-Pacific seafaring. In O'Connor S, Veth P (eds.) East of Wallace's Line, studies of past and present maritime cultures of the Indo-Pacific region. Mod Quat Res in Southeast Asia 16: 13-50.
83. Donders T, Wagner-Cremer F, Visscher, H (2008) Integration of proxy data and model scenarios for the mid-Holocene onset of modern ENSO variability. Quat Sci Rev 27: 571.
84. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 95.
85. Swadling P (1997) Changing shorelines and cultural orientations in the Sepik-Ramu, Papua New Guinea: Implications for Pacific prehistory. World Archaeol 29(1): 1-14, 9.
86. Buccellati G, Kelly-BuccellatiM(1977) Terqa preliminary reports, No 1: general introduction and the stratigraphic record of the first two seasons. Syro-Mesopot Stud 1/3.
87. Liggett R (1982) Ancient Terqa and its temple of Ninkarrak: The excavations of the fifth and sixth seasons. Near East Archaeol Soc Bull New Series 19 (Spring): 5-25.
88. Terqa Excavation website: http://www.iimas.org/Terqa.html, pp. 9-10.
89. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, pp. 76-77.
90. Best E (1901) Te Whanga-nui-a-tara, Wellington in pre-pakeha days. J Polyn Soc 10: 110.
91. Swadling P (1997) Changing shorelines and cultural orientations in the Sepik-Ramu, Papua New Guinea: Implications for Pacific prehistory. World Archaeol 29(1): 11.
92. Carter R (2006) Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC. Antiq 80: 52-63.
93. Thorne A, Raymond R (1989) Man on the Rim: The peopling of the Pacific. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, p. 41.
94. Webb S (2006) The first boat people. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
95. Haddon A, Hornell J (1938) Canoes of Oceania. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, 3 Vols.
96. Athens J, Ward J (2000) Paleoenvironmental evidence for early human settlement in Palau: The Ngerchau core. In Stevenson C, Lee G, Morin F (eds.) Pacific 2000, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, pp. 165-178, p. 167e.
97. Athens J, Ward J (2000) Paleoenvironmental evidence for early human settlement in Palau: The Ngerchau core. In Stevenson C, Lee G, Morin F (eds.) Pacific 2000, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, p. 165.
98. Kumar A (1995) An Indonesian component in the Yayoi?: The evidence of biological anthropology. Anthropol Sci 106(3): 265-273, 272-273;.
99. Kumar, A, Rose, P (2000) Lexical evidence for early contact between Indonesian languages and Japanese. Ocean Ling 39(2): 219-255.
100. Soares P, Trejaut J, Loo J-H et al. (2008) Climate change and postglacial human dispersals in Southeast Asia. Mol Biol and Evol 25(6): 1209-1218.
101. Solheim W (1996) The Nusantao and north-south dispersals. Indo Pac Prehist Assoc Bull 15(2): 106-107.
102. Athens J, Ward J (2000) Paleoenvironmental evidence for early human settlement in Palau: The Ngerchau Core. In Stevenson C, Lee G, Morin F (eds.) Pacific 2000, Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, pp. 165-178.
103. Fornander A (1877 reprinted 1969) An account of the Polynesian race, its origin and migrations. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Vol I p. 162.
104. Whatahoro H (trans. Smith S) (1915) The lore of the Whare-wananga. Part II, J Polyn Soc 2: 18.
105. Whatahoro H (trans. Smith S) (1915) The lore of the Whare-wananga. Part II, J Polyn Soc 2: 49-50.
106. King V (1993) The peoples of Borneo. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 81.
107. Hurles M, Sykes B et al. (2005) The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages. Am J Hum Genet 76: 894-901, 894.
108. Dahl, O (1951) Malgache et Maanyan. Egede Instituttet, Oslo.
109. Adelaar, A (1995) Asian roots of the Malagasy: A linguistic perspective. Bijdragen tot de Taal-land en Volkenkunde 151: 325-356.
110. Dewar R, Wright H (1993) The culture history of Madagascar. J. World Prehist 7: 417-466.
111. Burney D, Burney L et al. (2004) A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. J. Hum Evol 47: 25-63.
112. Miller J (1969) The spice trade of the Roman Empire 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 171.
113. Hurles M, Sykes B et al. (2005) The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages. Am J Hum Genet 76: 895.
114. Oppenheimer S (2004) In: Jobling M, Hurles M, Tyler-Smith C (eds.) Human evolutionary genetics, peoples and disease, Garland Publishing, New York, pp. 359-360.
115. Soodyall H, Jenkins T, Stoneking M (1995) Polynesian mtDNA in the Malagasy. Natl Genet Med 10: 377-378, 377.
116. Soodyall H, Jenkins T, Stoneking M (1995) Polynesian mtDNA in the Malagasy. Natl Genet Med 10: 377.
117. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, quoted in Miller [11].
118. Haddon A and Hornell J, Canoes of Oceania. Bernice P.Bishop Museum Special Publications, 27, 28, 29, 1936-1938, reprinted by Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 1975, Vol. III, p. 17.
119. Miller J (1969) The spice trade of the Roman Empire 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 166.
120. Burney D, Burney L et al. (2004) A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. J Hum Evol 47: 25-63, 31-32.
121. Burney D, Flannery T (2005) Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact. TRENDS in Ecol and Evol 20(7): 395-400, 398.
122. Burney, Burney et al. (2004) A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. J Hum Evol 47: 34.
123. Athens J, Ward J (2000) Paleoenvironmental evidence for early human settlement in Palau: The Ngerchau Core. In Stevenson C, Lee G, Morin F (eds.) Pacific 2000, Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, p. 165.
124. Lamb H (1972-1977) Present, past and future, Two volumes, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London.
125. Haddon A and Hornell J, Canoes of Oceania. Bernice P.Bishop Museum Special Publications, 27, 28, 29, 1936-1938, reprinted by Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 1975, Vol. III, p. 17.
126. Philip Beale's website: www.borobudurshipexpedition.com.
127. Long J (2003) The dinosaur dealers. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, p. 43.
128. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, p. 340.
129. Athens J, Ward J (2000) Paleoenvironmental evidence for early human settlement in Palau: The Ngerchau core. In Stevenson C, Lee G, Morin F (eds.) Pacific 2000, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, pp. 165-178, p. 167.
130. Kumar A (1995) An Indonesian component in the Yayoi?: The evidence of biological anthropology. Anthropol Sci 106(3): 265-273, 272-273.
131. Hendy M (2008) Genetic gems from genomic junk - nested tandem repeats. Adelaide Conference on Mathematical and Evolutionary Biology 2008.
132. Yen D, Wheeler J (1968) Introduction of taro into the Pacific: The indications of the chromosome numbers. Ethnol 7(3): 259-267.
133. Kumar A, Rose P (2000) Lexical evidence for early contact between Indonesian languages and Japanese. Ocean Linguist 39(2): 219-255.
134. Jones T, Klar K (2005) Diffusionism reconsidered: linguistic and archaeological evidence for prehistoric Polynesian contact with Southern California. Am Antiq 70(3): 457-484.
135. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, pp 69-70.
136. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 341.
137. Covell A (1988) Folk art and magic, shamanism in Korea. Hollym Corp. Publishers, New Jersey, pp. 140-143.
138. Jett, S (1978) Precolumbian transoceanic contacts. In Jennings J (ed.) Ancient Native Americans. W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, pp. 640-641.
139. Lang J (1877) Origin and migrations of the Polynesian nation. George Robertson, Sydney.
140. Jones T, Klar K (2005) Diffusionism reconsidered: linguistic and archaeological evidence for prehistoric Polynesian contact with Southern California. Am Antiq 70(3): 457-484.
141. Anderson A (2006) Polynesian seafaring and American horizons: A response to Jones and Klar. Am Antiq 71(4): 759-763.
142. Evans I (1927) Notes on the remains of an old boat found at Pontian. J Federated Malay States Museum XII/4: 93-96.
143. Pierre-Yves Manguin P (1985) Sewn-plank craft of South-East Asia, a preliminary survey. In McGrail S, Kentley E (eds.) Sewn plank boats, archaeological and ethnographic papers based on those presented to a conference at Greenwich in November, 1984. BAR International Series 276, p. 333.
144. Anderson A (2006) Polynesian seafaring and American horizons: A response to Jones and Klar. Am Antiq 71(4): 760.
145. Storey A, Ramirez J et al. (2007) Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile. Proc Natl Acad Sci Vol 104(25): 10335-10339.
146. Gongora J, Rawlence N et al. (2008) Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA. Proc Natl Acad Soc 2008, 105(30): 10308-10313.
147. Carter G (1971) Pre-Columbian Chickens in America. In Riley C, Kelley C, Pennington C, Rands R (eds.) Man across the sea, problems of pre-Columbian contacts. University of Texas Press, Austin and London, pp. 178-218.
148. Jones M (2001) The molecule hunters. Penguin Press, London, p. 92.
149. Jones M (2001) The molecule hunters. Penguin Press, London, p. 175.
150. Johannessen C, Fogg M (1982) Melanotic chicken use and Chinese traits in Guatemala. Rev Hist Am 93: 73-89.
151. Johanannesen C (1981) Folk medicine uses of melanotic Asiatic chickens as evidence of early diffusion to the New World. Soc Sci & Med 15(d): 427-434.
152. Johannessen C, Fogg M (1982) Melanotic chicken use an Chinese traits in Guatemala. Rev Hist Am 93, p. 430.
153. Jett S (1978) Precolumbian Transoceanic Contacts. In Jennings J (ed.) Ancient Native Americans. W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, pp. 592-650.
154. Culbert T (1978) Mesoamerica. In: Ancient Native Americans, W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, pp. 402-453, p. 440.
155. Yen, D (1974) The sweet potato and Oceania: An essay in ethnobotany. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 236, Honolulu, Hawaii.
156. Best E (1925) Maori agriculture. Dominion Museum Bulletin 9, reprinted 1976, A.R. Shearer, Wellington, pp. 112-113.
157. Kirch P (2000) On the road of the winds, an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 109-110.
158. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, p. 142.
159. Kirch P (2000) On the road of the winds, an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, p. 106.
160. Kirch P (2000) On the road of the winds, an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. 88-90.
161. Anderson A, Chappell J, Gagan M, Grove R (2006) Prehistoric maritime migration in the Pacific islands: An hypothesis of ENSO forcing. The Holocene 16(1): 1-6, 3.
162. Kirch P (2000) On the road of the winds, an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, p. 109.
163. Flannery T, White J (1991) Animal translocations: zoogeography of New Ireland marsupials. Natl Geogr Res Explor 7: 96-113.
164. Golson J (ed.) (1952) Polynesian navigation, a symposium on Andrew Sharp's theory of accidental voyages. Published for the Polynesian Society by A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington and Sydney, Third edition 1972, pp. 36-39.
165. Whatahoro H, trans Smith S (1893) The lore of the Whare-wananga, Part II, Te Hauwae-raro or things terrestrial. J Polyn Soc 2: 8-24.
166. Finney B (1994) Voyage of discovery, a cultural odyssey through Polynesia. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, p. 296.
167. Sorenson J, Johannessen C (2008) Scientific evidence for pre-Columbian transoceanic voyages to and from America. Part One. Maxwell Institute, Provo, Utah.
168. Jett S (1978) Precolumbian transoceanic contacts. In Jennings J (ed.) Ancient Native Americans. W. H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, pp. 592-650, pp 640-641.
169. Jett S (1978) Precolumbian transoceanic contacts. In Jennings J (ed.) Ancient Native Americans. W. H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco.
170. Jett S (1978) Precolumbian transoceanic contacts. In Jennings J (ed.) Ancient Native Americans. W. H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, p. 560.
171. Kehoe A (2003) The fringe of American archaeology: Transoceanic and transcontinental contact in prehistoric America. J Sci Explor Vol 17(1): 19-36, p 27.
172. Kehoe A (2003) The fringe of American archaeology: Transoceanic and transcontinental contact in prehistoric America. J Sci Explor Vol 17(1): p. 27.
173. Jett S (2002) Nicotine and cocaine in Eqyptian mummies and THC in Peruvian mummies: A review of the evidence and of scholarly reaction. Pre-Columbiana, 2(4): 297-313, 308.
174. Jett S (1978) Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Contacts. In Jennings J (ed.) Ancient Native Americans. W. H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, p. 635.
175. MacNeish R, Nelkea-Terner, A et al. (1967). The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol 2: Nonceramic Artifacts. University of Texas Press, Austin.
176. Tolstoy P (1963) Cultural parallels between Southeast Asia and Mesoamerica in the manufacture of bark cloth. Trans NY Acad Sci 25: 646-62.
177. Sorenson J, Johannessen C (2008) Scientific evidence for pre-Columbian transoceanic voyages to and from America. Part One. Maxwell Institute, Provo, Utah, p. 23.
178. Miller J (1969) The spice trade of the Roman Empire 29 BC to AD 641. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 147.
179. Miller J (1969) The spice trade of the Roman Empire 29 BC to AD 641, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 166.
180. Kipppis A (1788) The life of Captain James Cook. Printed by J Tourneisen, Basil [Basle], pp. 96-97.
181. Finney B (1994) Voyage of rediscovery, a cultural odyssey through Polynesia. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, p. 129.
182. Anderson A (2000) Slow boats to China: issues in the prehistory of Indo-Pacific seafaring. In O'Connor S, Veth P (eds.) East ofWallace's Line, Studies of Past and present maritime cultures of the Indo-Pacific region. Mod Quat Res in Southeast Asia, 16: 13-50, 36.
183. Finney B (1967) New perspectives on Polynesian voyaging. In: Highland G, Force R et al. (eds.) Polynesian culture history: essays in honor of Kenneth Emory. BP Bishop Museum Special essays in honor of Kenneth Emory. BP Bishop Museum Special: Publication 56: 141-166. Honolulu: Bishop Museum.
184. Mitchell J (1972) Takitimu, a history of the Ngati Kahungunu people. Southern Reprints, AH and AW Reed, Wellington, p. 40.
185. Burrows E (1938)Western Polynesia: A study in cultural differentiation. Ethnological Studies 7, Ethnographical Museum, Gothenburg.
186. Haddon A, Hornell J (1936-1938) Canoes of Oceania. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publications 27-29, reprinted by Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 339-40.
187. Hage P (1998) Was Proto-Oceanic society matrilineal? J Polyn Soc 107(4): 365-379, 372.
188. Kirch P, Green R (2001), Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia, an essay in historical anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 280.
189. Dickinson W, Shutler R Jr (1974) Probable Fijian origin of quartzose temper sands in prehistoric pottery from Tonga and the Marquesas. Sci 185: 4554-457;.
190. Dickinson W, Rolet B, Y.H.Sinoto Y et al. (1988) Temper sands in exotic Marquesan pottery and the significance of their Fijian origin. J Soc Ocean 107: 119-133.
191. Athens J, Tuggle H, Ward J, Welch D (2002) Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawaii. Archaeol. Ocean 37: 57-78, 57.
192. Hunt T, Holsen R (1991) An early radiocarbon chronology for the Hawaiian Islands: A preliminary analysis. Asian Perspect 30(1): 147-161, 158.
193. Fornander A (1877), An account of the Polynesian race, its origins and migrations. Published with three volumes in one by Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont, Tokyo 1969, Vol I, p. 161.
194. Masse W (1995) The celestial basis of civilization. Vistas in Astron 39: 463-477, p. 466.
195. Lamb H (1972, 1977) Climate, present, past and future. Two volumes, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London.
196. Fornander A (1877), An account of the Polynesian race, its origins and migrations. Published with three volumes in one by Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont, Tokyo 1969, Vol I, pp. 164-165.
197. Collerson K, Weisler M (2007) Stone adze compositions and the extent of ancient Polynesian voyaging and trade. Sci 317: 1907-1911.
198. Fornander A (1877), An account of the Polynesian race, its origins and migrations. Published with three volumes in one by Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont, Tokyo 1969, Vol I, pp. 5-15.
199. Beattie H (1941) Moriori, The Morioris of the South Island. Printed by the Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers Co Ltd, Dunedin, pp. 69-70.
200. Evans J (1998) The discovery of Aotearoa. Reed Books, Auckland, pp. 39-42.
201. Poignant R, Oceanic Mythology, the Myths of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia. Paul Hamlyn, London, 1967, p. 135.
202. Irwin G (1992) The prehistoric exploration and colonisation of the Pacific. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 169.
203. Anderson A, Chappell J, Gagan M, Grove R (2006) Prehistoric maritime migration in the Pacific islands: An hypothesis of ENSO forcing. The Holocene 16: 1-63.
204. th century New Zealand example. Sci Tsunami Hazard 21(3): 137-153, 145-146.
205. Dye T, Komori E (1992) A pre-censal population history of Hawaii. NZ J Archaeol 14: 1113-128.
206. Sutton D (1986) Maori demographic change, 1769-1840: The inner workings of "a picturesque but illogical simile." J Polyn Soc 95: 291-339.
207. Houghton P (1978) Prehistoric New Zealanders. NZ Med J 87: 213-216.
208. Brewis A, Allen J (1994) Biological anthropological research in the Pacific. J Polyn Soc 103: 7-10.
209. Anderson A (1991) The chronology of colonization in New Zealand. Antiq 65: 767-795.
210. Poole D (1977) The Maori population of New Zealand. Auckland University Press, Auckland, p. 49.
211. Urlich D (1969) Maori population and migration 1800-1840. MA thesis, Auckland University, Auckland, Appendix II.
212. Walton T (2006) How big are pa? Archaeol NZ 49(3): 174-187.
213. Davidson J (1987) The Paa Maaori revisited. J Polyn Soc 96: 7-26, p. 18.
214. Fox A (1976) Prehistoric Maori fortifications in the North Island of New Zealand. Longman Paul, Auckland, p. 7.
215. nd edn (1975) Dominion Museum, Auckland, p. 27.
216. McGlone M (1989) The Polynesian settlement of New Zealand in relation to environmental and biotic changes. NZ J Ecol 12: 115-129;.
217. Elliot M, Striewski B, Flenley J, Sutton D (1995) Palynological and sedimentological evidence for a radiocarbon chronology of environmental change and Polynesian deforestation from Lake Taumatawhana, Northland, New Zealand. Radiocarb 37(3): 899-916;.
218. Elliot M, Flenley J, Sutton D (1998) Alate Holocene pollen record of deforestation and environmental change from the Lake Tauanui catchment, Northland, New Zealand. J Paleoclimatol 19: 23-32;.
219. Elliot M, Striewski B, Flenley J et al (1997) A 4300 year palynological and sedimentological record of environmental change and human impact from Wharau Road Swamp, Northland, New Zealand. J R Soc NZ 27(4): 401-418;.
220. McGlone M, Wilmshurst J (1995) Dating initial Maori environmental impact on New Zealand. Quat Int 59: 5-16;.
221. Horrocks M, Ogden J, S. Nichol S, Alloway B, Sutton D (1999) The palynology and sedimentology of a coastal swamp at Awana, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, from c. 7000 yr B.P. to present. J R Soc NZ 29(3): 213-233;.
222. Horrocks M, Ogden J, Nichol S et al (2000) Palynology, sedimentology and environmental significance of Holocene swamps at northern Kaitoke, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. J R Soc NZ 30(1): 27-47.
223. Grant P (1994) Late Holocene histories of climate, geomorphology and vegetation, and their effects on the first New Zealanders. In Sutton D (ed) The origins of the first New Zealanders. Auckland University Press, Auckland pp. 164-194.
224. Lamb H (1972) Climate, present, past and future. Two Volumes, Methuen & Co Ltd, London.
225. We have chosen this common name for the period rather than Lamb's "Little Climatic Optimum" because it has clear and useful chronological implications.
226. Lamb H (1977) Climate, present, past and future. Vol 2, Methuen & Co Ltd, London, p. 436.
227. May R (1978) Human reproduction reconsidered. Nat 272: 491-495.
228. Law G (1977) Genesis in Oceania. NZ Archaeol Newsl 20: 86-106, 96.
229. Lamb H (1977) Climate, present, past and future. Vol 2, Methuen & Co Ltd, London, p 265.
230. A population of 3000 with a growth rate of 1.39% p.a. would reach a population of 76, 909 by AD 1095, a close estimate for the actual population at AD 1095, established from tax records as 77, 520.
231. Lamb H (1977) Climate, present, past and future. Vol 2, Methuen & Co Ltd, London, pp 10-11.
232. Cook J (1785) A voyage to the Pacific Ocean in the years 1776-1779. Vol 3, p. 26.
233. Couper-Johnston R (2000) El Niño, the weather phenomenon that changed the world. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 2000, p. 84, quoting from Loeb E (1971) History and traditions of Niue.
234. Brewis A, Allen J (1994) Biological anthropological research in the Pacific. J Polyn Soc 103: 7-10.
235. Jones T, Brown G, RaabMet al (1999) Environmental imperatives reconsidered: demographic crises in Western North America during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. Curr Anthropol 40(2): 137-170.
236. Grant P (1994) Late Holocene histories of climate, geomorphology and vegetation, and their effects on the first New Zealanders. In: Sutton D (ed) The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland University Press, Auckland, pp 164-194, p 171.
237. Beattie H (1954) Our Southernmost Maoris. Facsimile edition 1994, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, pp. 140-141.
238. Cook E, Palmer J, D'Arrigo R (2002) Evidence for a 'MedievalWarm Period' in a 1, 100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in NZ. Geophys Res Lett 29(14): 12-1-12-4;.
239. Cook E, Palmer J, Cook B et al (2002) A multi-millennial palaeoclimatic resource from L. garostrobos colensoi tree-rings at Oroko Swamp, New Zealand. Glob Planet Chang 33: 209-220;.
240. Hellstrom J, McCullochM, Stone J (1998) A detailed 31, 000-year record of climate and vegetation change, from the isotope geochemistry of two New Zealand speleothems. Quat Res 50: 167-178.
241. Lamb H (1977) Climate, present, past and future. Vol 2, Methuen & Co Ltd, London, pp. 7-8.
242. Couper-Johnston R (2000) El Niño, the weather phenomenon that changed the world. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 2000 pp 9-10,
243. quoting from Loeb E (1971) History and traditions of Niue.
244. Barber I (1992) Archaeology, ethnography and the record of Maori cannibalism. J Polyn Soc 101(3): 241-292.
245. Barber I (1992) Archaeology, ethnography and the record of Maori cannibalism. J Polyn Soc 101(3): 254.
246. Beattie H (1941) Moriori, The Morioris of the South Island. Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers, Dunedin, p. 49.
247. Salmond A (1991) Two worlds, first meetings between Maori and Europeans 1642-1772. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, p. 39.
248. Kirch, P (1984) The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 159.
249. Houghton P (1980) The first New Zealanders. Hodder and Stoughton, Auckland.
250. Best E (1927) The Pa Maori. Dominion Museum Bulletin No 6 Reprinted 1975, Wellington, p. 171.
251. Wilmshurst J, Anderson J, Higham T, Worthy J (2008) Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(22): 7676-7677.
252. Walters R, Goff J (2003) Assessing tsunami hazard along the New Zealand coast. Sci Tsunami Hazards, 21(3): 137-153, 145, 146.
253. th Century New Zealand example. Quat Sci Rev 21: 2229-2236.
254. Paleotsunami investigations - Okoropunga and Pukerua Bay. Prepared for the Wellington Regional Council by geo-environmental consultants in association with Bruce McFadgen, p. 10.
255. McFadgen B (2007) Hostile shores: Catastrophic events in prehistoric New Zealand and their impact on Maori coastal communities. Auckland University Press, Auckland.
256. www.sciencemag.org.
257. Best E (1927) The pa Maori. Dominion Museum Bulletin, No 6, 1927, Reprinted 1975, Wellington.
258. Davidson J (1987) The paa Maaori revisited. J Polyn Soc 96: 7-26, p. 7.
259. Davidson J (1984) The prehistory of New Zealand. Longman Paul, Auckland, p. 184.
260. Groube L (1970) The origin and development of earthwork fortifications in the Pacific. In Green R, Kelly M (eds.) Studies in Ocean Cult Hist, Vol 1. Pacific Anthropological Records 11, Department of Anthropology, BP Bishop Museum, Honolulu, pp. 133-164.
261. Best E (1941) The Maori. Vol 2. Mem Polyn Soc 5: p. 373.
262. Davidson J (1987) The paa Maaori revisited. J Polyn Soc 96:, 192.
263. Davidson J (1987) The paa Maaori revisited. J Polyn Soc 96: 18.
264. Fox A (1976) Prehistoric Maori fortifications in the North Island of New Zealand. Longman Paul, Auckland, pp. 10-11.
265. Fox A (1983) Pa and people in New Zealand: An archaeological estimate of population. NZ J Archaeol 5: 5-18.
266. Fox A (1976) Prehistoric Maori fortifications in the North Island of New Zealand. Longman Paul, Auckland, p. 7.
267. Smith S (1910) History and Traditions of the Taranaki Coast, Mem Polyn Soc, Vol 1. New Plymouth. Reprint Christchurch, Capper Press, 1984, p. 67.
268. Lewthwaite G (1999) Rethinking Aotearoa's human geography. Soc Sci J 36(4): 641-658.
269. Pool I (1991) Te iwi Maori, a New Zealand population past, present and projected. Auckland University Press, Auckland, New Zealand.
270. Brewis A (1989) Reconstructions of prehistoric fertility: The Maori case. Man Cult Ocean 5: 21-36.
271. Hoppa R, Vaupel J (eds.). (2002) Paleodemography: Age distributions from skeletal samples. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
272. Houghton P (1975) The first New Zealanders. Hodder and Stoughton, Auckland.
273. Phillipps M (1980) An estimation of fertility in prehistoric New Zealanders. N Z J Archaeol 2: 149-167.
274. Sutton D (1986) Maori demographic change, 1769-1840: The inner workings of "A Picturesque but Illogical Simile." J Polyn Soc 95: 291-339.
275. Visser E (1986) Fertility among prehistoric New Zealanders: An analysis of general and regional patterns. MA thesis, University of Auckland.
276. Houghton P (1975) The bony imprint of pregnancy. Bull NY Acad. Med 51: 655-661.
277. Simpson A (1979) An assessment of health in the prehistoric inhabitants of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. B Med Sci Thesis, Otago Medical School.
278. Sutton D (1979) The prehistoric people of Palliser Bay. Bull NZ Natl Mus. NZ 21: 185-203.
279. Brewis A, Molloy M and Sutton D (1990) Modelling the prehistoric Maori population. Am J Phys Anthropol 81: 343-356.
280. Anderson A (1991) The chronology of colonization in New Zealand. Antiq 65: 767-791.
281. Pool I (1991) Te iwi Maori, a New Zealand population past present and projected. Auckland University Press, p. 43.
282. Urlich D (1969) The distribution and migrations of the North Island Maori population about 1800-1840. MA thesis, University of Auckland.
283. Pool I (1977) The Maori population of New Zealand 1769-1971. Auckland and Oxford University Press.
284. Sattenspiel L, Harpending H (1983) Stable populations and skeletal age. Am Antiq 48: 489- 498.
285. Buikstra J, Konigsberg L, Bullington J (1986) Fertility and the development of agriculture in the prehistoric Midwest. Am Antiq 51: 528-546.
286. Sutton D, Molloy M (1989) Deconstructing Pacific palaeodemography: A critique of density dependent causality. Archaeol Ocean 24: 31-36.
287. Weiss K (1973) Demographic models for anthropology. Am Antiq 38(2) Pt 2, Memoir 27.
288. Brewis S (1988) Assessing infant mortality in prehistoric New Zealand: A life table approach. NZ J Archaeol 10: 73-82.
289. Navara K (2009) Humans at tropical latitudes produce more females. Biol Lett 5: 524-527.
290. th International Symposium on Mathematical and Computational Biology, Brasilia, August 2009. World Scientific, Singapore 2009 (to appear).
291. Walton T (2006) How big are pa? Archaeol NZ 49(3): 174-187, 178.
292. Sutton D (1979) The prehistoric people of Eastern Palliser Bay. Nat Mus NZ Bull 21: 185- 203, 200-211.
293. Visser E (1986) Fertility among prehistoric New Zealanders: An analysis of general and regional patterns. MA thesis, University of Auckland, p. 66.
294. Lamb H (1972) Climate, present, past and future. Methuen & Co Ltd London, Vol 2 p 455.
295. Bongaarts J (1980) Does malnutrition affect fecundity? A summary of evidence. Sci (new series) 208, No 4444.
296. Spielmann K (1989) A review: dietary restrictions on hunter-gatherer women and the implications for fertility and infant mortality. Hum Ecol 17(3): 321-345.
297. Sole T (2005) Ngati Ruanui: A history. Huia, Wellington, New Zealand.
298. Fox A (1983) Pa and people in New Zealand: An archaeological estimate of population. NZ J Archaeol 5: 5-18.
299. Fox A (1976) Pa and other sites in the Parua Bay district, Whangaroa, Northland. Rec Auck Inst Mus 13: 13-27.
300. Best E (1927) The pa Maori. Dominion Mus Bull 6 1975, p 296.
301. Fox A (1983) Pa and people in New Zealand: An archaeological estimate of population. NZ J Archaeol 5: 284.
302. Naroll R (1962) Floor area and settlement population. Am Antiq Vol 27 (4): 587-589.
303. Fox A (1983) Pa and people in New Zealand: An archaeological estimate of population. NZ J Archaeol 5: 7.
304. Walton T (2006) How big are pa? Archaeol NZ 49(3): 174-187.
305. Reed W (2002) On the rank-size distribution for human settlements. J Reg Sci 41: 1-17.
306. Gabaix X (1999) Zipf's law for cities: An explanation. Quart J Econ 114(3): 739-767.
307. Reed W, Hughes B (2002) From gene families and genera to incomes and internet file sizes: why power laws are so common in nature. Phys Rev E 66: 1067103-1067104.
308. Reed W, Jorgensen M (2004) The double Pareto-lognormal distribution - A new parametric model for size distribution. Comm Statist - Theory and Methods 33: 1733-1753.
309. Flannery T (1995) The future eaters, An ecological history of the Australasian lands and people. Reed Books, Australia, p. 263.
310. Anderson A, Chappell J et al. (2006) Prehistoric maritime migration in the Pacific islands: An hypothesis of ENSO forcing. The Holocene 16 1: 1-6, p. 3.
311. Dye T, Komori E (1992) A pre-censal history of Hawai'i. NZ J Archaeol 14: 113-128.
312. Schmidt M (1966) Commencement of pa construction. J Polyn Soc 105: 441-460, p. 446.
313. Prickett N (1983) Wai totara ki parininihi: Aspects of the archaeology of the Taranaki region, pp. 315-316.
314. Bulmer S, Law R and Sutton D (eds) A lot of spadework to be done. NZ Archaeol Assoc Mono 14: 281-329.
315. Smith S (1910) History and traditions of the Maoris of the West Coast North Island of New Zealand prior to 1840. Mem Polyn Soc 1, Thomas Avery, New Plymouth, New Zealand.
316. Belich J (1996) Making peoples, A history of New Zealanders from Polynesian settlement to the end of the Nineteenth Century. Allen Lane, Penguin Press, p. 178.
317. Walters R, Goff J (2003) Assessing tsunami hazard along the New Zealand coast. Sci Tsunami Hazard 21(3): 137-153, p. 153.
318. Orbell M (1985) Hawaiki, A new approach to Maori tradition. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
319. Maguire E, Gadian D; Johnsrude I et al (2000) Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97(8): 4398-4403.
320. Lamb H (1972, 1977) Climate present, past and future. 2 Volumes. Methuen & Co Ltd, London.
321. Lamb H (1972, 1977) Climate present, past and future. 2 Volumes. Methuen & Co Ltd, London, p 253.
322. Beattie H (1954) Our southernmost Maoris. Facsimile edition, 1994, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, pp. 148-156.
323. White J (1881) The ancient history of the Maori. Government Printer, Wellington. Vol II.
324. Tregear E (1891) The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary. Lyon and Blair, Wellington, New Zealand.
325. Beattie H (1954) Our southernmost Maoris. Facsimile edition, 1994, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch" p. 154.
326. Tregear E (1926) The Maori race. AD Wallace, Wanganui, New Zealand, p. 569.
327. Matisoo-Smith E and Robins J (2004) Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: Evidence from mtDNA phylogenies of the Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(24): 9167-9172.
328. The Larousse encyclopedia of mythology. (1959) Paul Hamlin, London, p. 451.
329. Beattie, H (1994) Traditional lifeways of southern Maori. Ed. Anderson A. University of Otago Press, Dunedin, p. 391.
330. Beattie H (1954) Our southernmost Maoris. Facsimile edition, 1994, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, p. 391, 159.
331. White J (1881) The ancient history of the Maori. Government Printer, Wellington, Vol II, pp. 84-88.
332. Fischer S (1991) Hugh Cuming's account of an anchorage at Rapanui (Easter Island), November 27-28, 1827. J Polyn Soc 100(3): 303-316.
333. Routledge K (1919) The mystery of Easter Island. Adventures Unlimited Press, Illinois, USA, 1998, pp. 294-295.
334. Te Ariki Tara 'Are (1899-1918) History and traditions of Rarotonga. First collected and translated by Smith S in JPS 1899-1918. In Walter R and Rangi Moeka'a (eds) (2000) The Polynesian Society, Auckland, p. 144.
335. Hunt T and Lipo C (2006) Late colonization of Easter Island. Sci 311: 1603-1606.
336. Best E (1928) The Maruiwi folk of the Bay of Plenty district, first settlement of Polynesians at Whakatane. J Polyn Soc 37: 194-227, 196.
337. Best E (1928) The Maruiwi folk of the Bay of Plenty district, first settlement of Polynesians at Whakatane. J Polyn Soc 37: 201.
338. Best E (1915) Maori and Maruiwi: notes on the original inhabitants of New Zealand and their culture; on the question of how that culture affected the later-coming Maori; and on the existence in these isles of customs, arts, and artifacts not traceable to Polynesia. Trans Proc NZ Inst 48: 435-447, 437-438.
339. Beattie H (1954) Our southernmost Maoris. Facsimile edition, 1994, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, pp. 86-92.
340. Best E (1915) Maori and Maruiwi: notes on the original inhabitants of New Zealand and their culture; on the question of how that culture affected the later-coming Maori; and on the existence in these isles of customs, arts, and artifacts not traceable to Polynesia. Trans Proc NZ Inst 48: pp. 441-442.
341. Best E (1915) Maori and Maruiwi: notes on the original inhabitants of New Zealand and their culture; on the question of how that culture affected the later-coming Maori; and on the existence in these isles of customs, arts, and artifacts not traceable to Polynesia. Trans Proc NZ Inst 48:442.
342. Best E (1915) Maori and Maruiwi: notes on the original inhabitants of New Zealand and their culture; on the question of how that culture affected the later-coming Maori; and on the existence in these isles of customs, arts, and artifacts not traceable to Polynesia. Trans Proc NZ Inst 48:202.
343. Grace J (1959) Tuwharetoa. Reed, Wellington, p. 86.
344. Burrows, E (1938) Western Polynesia, a study in cultural differentiation. In Kaudern W (ed) Ethnological studies 7. Gothenburg Ethnographical Museum.
345. Best E (1927) The pa Maori. Government Printer, Wellington. 1975 edition, pp. 417-419.
346. Urlich C (2003) A new perspective: new blooms from ancient seeds. Pac Archaeol: 387-391.
347. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, p. 433.
348. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, pp. 211-212.
349. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, pp. 336ff.
350. Oppenheimer S (1998) Eden in the east, the drowned continent of Southeast Asia.Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, p. 434.
351. Luomala K (1940) Oceanic, American Indian, and African myths of snaring the sun. Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 168, Honolulu, Hawaii. Kaus Reprint Co, New York 1971.
352. Robinson S (2005) Tohunga, the revival ancient knowledge for the modern era. Reed Publishing, Auckland, New Zealand.
353. Mahdi W (1999) Linguistic and philological data towards a chronology of Austronesian activity in India and Sri Lanka. In: Blench R, Spriggs M (eds) Archaeology and Language IV, Language change and cultural transformation. Routledge, London and New York, p. 194.
354. Frazer J (1922) The golden bough, a study in magic and rituals. 1954 (edn) Macmillan, London.
355. Dickinson W, Rolett B, Sinoto Y et al (1988) Temper sands in exotic Marquesan pottery and the significance of their Fijian origin. J Soc Ocean 107: 119-133.
356. Poignant R (1967) Oceanic mythology, the myths of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia. Paul Hamlyn, London, p. 72.
357. Shand A (1911) The Moriori people of the Chatham Islands: Their history and traditions. The Polynesian Society of New Zealand, p. 18.
358. Urlich C (2003) A new perspective: new blooms from ancient seeds. Pac Archaeol pp. 387- 391, 387.
359. Tregear E (1891) The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary. Lyon and Blair, Wellington, p. 668.
360. Wood F, Wood K (1999) Homer's secret Iliad: The epics of the night skies decoded. John Murray, London.
361. Evans J (1998) The Discovery of Aotearoa. Reed Books, Auckland.
362. Simmons D (1976) The great New Zealand myth. AH & AW Reed, Wellington.
363. White J (1887-1891) The ancient history of the Maori. Vol 1-7, Government Printer, Wellington 3.
364. Howe K (2003) The quest for origins. Penguin, Auckland.
365. Jones P, Biggs B (1995) Nga iwi o Tainui. Auckland University Press, p. 7.
366. Kelly L (1940) Some problems in the study of Maori genealogies. J Polyn Soc 49: 235-242.
367. Roberton J (1956) Genealogies as a basis for Maori chronology. J Polyn Soc 65: 145-54;.
368. Roberton J (1957) The role of tribal traditions in New Zealand prehistory. J Polyn Soc 66: 249-263;.
369. Roberton J (1959) The significance of New Zealand tribal tradition. J Polyn Soc 68: 39-57;.
370. Roberton J (1962) The evaluation of Maori tribal tradition as history. J Polyn Soc 71: 293-309.
371. Fletcher H (1930) Genealogies for the purpose of dating Polynesian history. J Polyn Soc 39: 188-194.
372. Sharp A (1956) The prehistory of the New Zealand Maoris. J Polyn Soc 65: 155-160;.
373. Sharp A (1958) Maori genealogies and canoe traditions. J Polyn Soc 67: 37-38;.
374. Sharp A (1959)Maori genealogies and the "Fleet." J Polyn Soc 68: 12-13.
375. Stokes J (1934) New bases for Hawaiian chronology. J Polyn Soc 43: 30-32.
376. Simmons D (1976) The great New Zealand myth. AH & AW Reed, Wellington pp. 271, 281, 286, 294.
377. Mitchell J (1944) Takitimu: A history of the Ngati Kahungunu people. AH & AW Reed, Wellington.
378. Ropiha H (1862) Traditions and Poems of Ngati Kahungunu. Sir George Grey Maori Mss 9-10, Auckland Public Library.
379. Mitchell J (1944) Takitimu: A history of the Ngati Kahungunu people. AH & AW Reed, Wellington, pp. 23-24.
380. Cox D (1962) Renewal theory. Methuen & Co, London.
381. Evans J (1997) Nga waka o Nehera, the first voyaging canoes. Reed Books, Auckland.
382. nd edn, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, p. 18.
383. Howe K (2003) The quest for origins. Penguin, Auckland p. 162.
384. Large J (1906) Ruatapu and Cook Island descendants. J Polyn Soc 15: 209-219.
385. nd edn, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch p. 138.
386. Savage S (1962) A dictionary of the Maori language of Rarotonga. Wellington. Reprinted University of the South Pacific, Suva, 1983, pp. 93-94.
387. White J (1887-1891) The ancient history of the Maori. Vol III, pp. 12-23.
388. Steel D (1999) Eclipse. Headline Book Publishers, London, p. 31.
389. Lamb H (1972) Climate, present, past and future. Two volumes, Methuen & Co Ltd, London. Vol 2, p. 436.
390. Grant P (1994) Late Holocene histories of climate, geomorphology and vegetation, and their effects on the first New Zealanders. In Sutton D (ed) The origins of the first New Zealanders. Auckland University Press, pp. 164-194.
391. Lamb H (1972) Climate, present, past and future. Two volumes. Methuen and Co Ltd, London, Vol 2, p. 251.
392. Burroughs W(1991)Watching the world's weather. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 144-145.
393. Couper-Johnston R (2000) El Niño, the weather phenomenon that changed the world. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
394. Lamb (1972, 1977) Climate, present, past and future. Two volumes. Methuen and Co Ltd, London, Vol II, p. 436.
395. Quinn, W, Neal V, de Mayolo A et al. (1987), El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries. J Geophys Res 92: 14, 449-14, 461.
396. Enfield D (1992) Historical and prehistorical overview of El Niño/Southern Oscillation. In: Diaz H, Markgraf V (eds.) El Niño, historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 95-117.
397. Quinn W (1992) A Study of Southern Oscillation-related climatic for AD 622-1900 incorporating Nile River flood data. In: Diaz H, Markgraf V eds.) El Niño, historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 119-149.
398. Couper-Johnston R (2000) El Niño, the weather phenomenon that changed the world. Hodder and Stoughton, London, p. 77.
399. Fornander A (1877) An account of the Polynesian race, its origins and migrations. Published with three volumes in one by Charles E. Tuttle Co, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Vol I, p. 185.
400. Kirch P (2000) On the road of the winds, an archaeological history of the Pacific islands before European contact. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, p. 291.
401. Fornander A (1877) An account of the Polynesian race, its origins and migrations. Published with three volumes in one by Charles E. Tuttle Co, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Vol II, p. 23.
402. Yancheva G, Nowaczyk N, Mingram J et al. (2007) Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on East Asian monsoon. Nat 445: 74-77.
403. Te Ariki Tara 'Are (2000) History and Traditions of Rarotonga, First Collected and Translated by Smith S in the JPS. In Walter R, Moeka'a R (eds.) J Polyn Soc, Auckland.
404. Te Ariki Tara 'Are (2000) History and Traditions of Rarotonga, First Collected and Translated by Smith S in the JPS. In Walter R, Moeka'a R (eds.) J Polyn Soc, Auckland, p. 144.
405. Lamb H (1972, 1977) Climate, present, past and future. Two volumes, Methuen & Co Ltd, London, Vol II, p. 431.
406. Kirch P, Green R (2001) Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia, an essay in historical anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 280.
407. Flannery T (1995) The future eaters, An ecological history of the Australasian lands and people. Reed Books, Australia.
408. King M (1989) Moriori, a people rediscovered. Penguin Books, Auckland, New Zealand, p. 50.
409. Shand A (1911) The Moriori people of the Chatham Islands. Mem Polyn Soc Vol II. Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, p. 106.
410. King M (1989) Moriori, a people rediscovered. Penguin Books, Auckland, New Zealand, p. 22.
411. Goff J, Rouse H, Jones S et al. (2000) Evidence for an earthquake and tsunami about 3100- 3400 years ago, and other catastrophic inundations recorded in a coastal lagoon. NE Mar Geo 171: 233-251;.
412. Walter R, Goff J (2003) Assessing tsunami hazard along the New Zealand coast. Sci Tsunami Hazards 21(3): 137-153, 153.
413. Visser E (1986) Fertility among prehistoric New Zealanders. MA Thesis, University of Auckland, pp. 27-37.
414. King M (1989) Moriori, a people rediscovered. Penguin Books, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 26-27.
415. Evans J (1997) Nga Waka o Nehera - The first voyaging canoes, Reed Books, Auckland, pp. 120-121.
416. Evans J (1997) Nga Waka o Nehera - The first voyaging canoes, Reed Books, Auckland, p. 120.
417. Beattie H (1941) Moriori, The Morioris of the South Island. Facsimile edition, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, 1993;
418. Beattie H, Our Southernmost Maoris. 1954, Facsimile edition, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, 1994.
419. Beattie H (1954) Our Southernmost Maoris Facsimile edition, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, 1994, p. 160.
420. Beattie H (1941) Moriori, The Morioris of the South Island. Facsimile edition, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, 1993, pp. 20-24.
421. White J (1887) The ancient history of the Maori. Vol II, G. Didsbury, government printer, Wellington, pp. 180-182.
422. Beattie H (1941) Moriori, The Morioris of the South Island. Facsimile edition, Cadsonbury Publications, Christchurch, 1993, p. 7.
423. Murray-McIntosh R, Scrimshaw B, Hatfield P, Penny D (1998) Testing migration patterns and estimating founding population size in Polynesia by using human mtDNA sequences. Nat Acad Sci USA 95: 9047-9052, 9047.
424. Whyte A, Marshall S, Chambers G (2005) Human evolution in Polynesia. Hum Biol 77(2): 157-177.