Multilevel urban governance and the 'European City': Discussing metropolitan reforms in Stockholm and Helsinki

Multilevel Urban Governance and the 'European City': Discussing Metropolitan Reforms in Stockholm and Helsinki

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-238

  Giersig, Nico ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892075235     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-531-90999-8     Document Type: Book

References (137)

1. Alestalo, M., and Flora, P. (1994) Scandinavia: Welfare states in the periphery-peripheral welfare states? In A. Alestalo, E. Allardt and A. Rychard, eds., The Transformation of Europe-Social Conditions and Consequences. Warzaw: IFIS Publishers.
2. Amin, A., ed., (1994) Post-Fordism. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
3. Andersen, H. T. (2001) Social justice and competitiveness-A cohesive strategy? In K. Dösen et al., eds., Urban Futures Anthology. Urban Futures: Urban Policy Developments and Urban Social Transformation in Europe in the 21st Century. Stockholm: NäringsdePARTment.
4. Andersson, R. (2001) The Swedish area-based urban strategy. In I. Christoffersson, ed., Swedish Planning in Times of Diversity. Gävle: 'Plan', The Swedish Society for Town and Country Planning.
5. Andersson, R. (2006): 'Breaking segregation'-rhetorical construct or effective policy? The case of the metropolitan development initiative in Sweden, Urban Studies, 43/4: 787-99.
6. Bagnasco, A., and Le Gales, P. (2000) Introduction. European cities: Local societies and collective actors? In A. Bagnasco and P. Le Galès, eds., Cities in Contemporary Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Baldwin, P. (1996) Can we define a European welfare state model? In B. Greve, ed., Comparative Welfare Systems. The Scandinavian Model in a Period of Change. Houndmills: MacMillan.
8. Blanke, B., and Benzler, S. (1991) Horizonte der lokalen Politikforschung. In B. Blanke and S. Benzler, eds., Staat und Stadt. Systematische, Vergleichende und Problemorientierte Analysen 'Dezentraler' Politik (PVS Sonderheft 22). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
9. Borraz, O., and John, P. (2004) The transformation of urban political leadership in Western Europe, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28/1: 107-20.
10. Brenner, N. (1999) Globalization as reterritorialization: The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union, Urban Studies, 36/3: 431-51.
11. Brenner, N. (2003) Metropolitan institutional reform and the rescaling of state space in contemporary Western Europe, European Urban and Regional Studies, 10/4: 297-324.
12. Brenner, N. (2004) New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Brenner, N. (2005) Urban Governance and the Production of New State Spaces in Western Europe, 1960-2000. Eurex Paper 2005/12.
14. Brenner, N. (2006) Locational Policy, State Rescaling and the New Metropolitan Governance in Western Europe. Paper presented at the 'COST Conference', Turku, in April 2006.
15. Brunet, R. (1989) Les Villes Européennes. Paris: Datar-Reclus-La Documentation Française.
16. Burns, D. (2000) Can local democracy survive governance? Urban Studies, 37/5-6: 963-73.
17. Byrkjeflot, H. (2003) Nordic management: From functional socialism to shareholder value? In B. Czarniawska and G. Sevón, eds., The Northern Lights. Organization Theory in Scandinavia. Malmö: Liber.
18. Castells, M. (2000) The Rise of the Network Society. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. I. Oxford: Blackwell.
19. Christensen, J.G. (1997) The Scandinavian welfare state: The institutions of growth, governance, and reform: Review article, Scandinavian Political Studies, 20/4: 367-86
20. City of Helsinki (2004) Annual Report 2004. Helsinki: City of Helsinki.
21. DiGaetano, A., and Klemanski, J.S. (1999) Power and City Governance. Comparative Perspectives on Urban Development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
22. DiGaetano, A., and Strom, E. (2003) Comparative urban governance: An integrated approach, Urban Affairs Review, 38/3: 356-95.
23. Elander, I. (2002) PARTnerships and governance, International Social Science Journal, 54/172: 191-204.
24. Elander, I. (2005) Social Inclusion, Regional Growth and Ecological Sustainability: Three Embryos of a National Swedish Urban Policy. Paper presented at the 'Life in the Urban Landscape' conference, Gothenburg in May/June 2005.
25. Elander, I., and Montin, S. (1994) European integration, regionalism and local self-governance in Sweden. In U. Bullmann, ed., Die Politik der Dritten Ebene: Regionen im Europa der Union. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
26. Elander, I., and Strömberg, T. (2001) From Local Welfare Regimes to Fragmented Urban Coalitions. Paper presented at the conference 'Area-Based Initiatives in Contemporary Urban Policy', Copenhagen in May 2001.
27. Eskelinen, H., and Schmidt-Thomé, K. (2002) Rural Finland, Urban Europe-PARTnership. Nordregio Report 2002/1. Stockholm: Nordregio.
28. Esping-Andersen, G. (1991) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
29. Esping-Andersen, G. (1999) Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Esser, J., and Hirsch, J. (1994) The crisis of Fordism and the dimensions of a 'post-Fordist' regional and urban structure. In A. Amin, ed., Post-Fordism. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
31. Geyer, R. (2003) Globalization, Europeanization, complexity, and the future of Scandinavian exceptionalism, Governance, 16/4: 559-77.
32. Geyer, R., Ingebritsen, C., and Moses, J., eds. (2000) Globalization, Europeanization and the End of Scandinavian Social Democracy? London: MacMillan.
33. Giersig, N. (2004a) Perspektiven demokratischer Stadtpolitik im Postfordismus. Online Publication. www.socialscience.hu-berlin.de/lehrbereiche/ stadtzoz/abschlussarbeiten/GiersigDiplomarbeit.pdf (last accessed 12th January, 2008).
34. Giersig, N. (2004b) Non-places. In Y. Kazepov, ed., Cities of Europe. Studies in Urban and Social Change (Accompanying CD-ROM: 'Visual Paths through Urban Europe'). Oxford: Blackwell.
35. Giersig, N. (2007) Neil Brenner: New state spaces. Urban governance and the rescaling of statehood. Review article, Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98/2: 298-300.
36. Gissendanner, S. (2003) Methodology problems in urban governance studies, Environment and Planning C (Government and Policy), 21: 663-85.
37. Goldsmith, M. (2005) The experience of metropolitan government in England. In H. Heinelt, and D. Kübler, eds., Metropolitan Governance. Capacity, Democracy and the Dynamics of Place (ECPR Series in European Political Science). London: Routledge.
38. Goldsmith, M., and Larsen, H. (2004) Local political leadership: Nordic style, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28/1: 121-33.
39. Goodwin, M., and Painter, J. (1997) Concrete research, urban regimes, and regulation theory. In M. Lauria, ed., Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory. Regulating Urban Politics in a Global Economy. London: Sage.
40. Goss, S. (2001) Making Local Governance Work. Networks, Relationships and the Management of Change. Houndmills: MacMillan.
41. Greve, B., and Rydbjerg, M. (2003) Cross-border commuting in the EU: Obstacles and barriers. Country Report: The Øresund Region. In Research Paper No. 11/03 for the DePARTment of Social Sciences, Roskilde University, Denmark.
42. Greve, C. (2003) Public-private PARTnerships in Scandinavia, International Public Management Review, 4/2: 59-69.
43. Gullberg, A., and Kaijser, A. (2004) City-building regimes in post-war Stockholm, Journal of Urban Technology, 11/2: 13-39.
44. Haila, A., and Beauregard, R. (2000) The unavoidable continuities of the city. In P. Marcuse and R. van Kempen, eds., Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order? Oxford: Blackwell.
45. Haila, A., and Le Galès, P. (2005) The coming of age of metropolitan governance in Helsinki? In H. Heinelt and D. Kübler, eds., Metropolitan Governance: Capacity, Democracy and the Dynamics of Place. London: Routledge.
46. Harvey, D. (1989) From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism, Geografiska Annaler (Series B: Human Geography), 71b/1: 3-17.
47. Häußermann, H. (1991) Die Bedeutung 'lokaler Politik'-neue Forschung zu einem alten Thema. In B. Blanke and S. Benzler, eds., Staat und Stadt. Systematische, Vergleichende und Problemorientierte Analysen 'Dezentraler' Politik (PVS Sonderheft 22). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
48. Häußermann, H., and Haila, A. (2004) The European city: An analytical framework and a normative concept. In Y. Kazepov, ed., Cities of Europe: Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements and the Challenge to Social Cohesion. Oxford: Blackwell.
49. Hårsman, B., and Rader Olsson, A. (2003) The Stockholm region. Metropolitan governance and spatial policy. In W. Salet, A. Thornley and A. Kreukels, eds., Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning. Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions. London: Spon Press.
50. Heinelt, H. (2005) PARTicipatory governance and European democracy. Bringing empirical evidence to a theoretical debate. In H. Heinelt and D. Kübler, eds., Metropolitan Governance: Capacity, Democracy and the Dynamics of Place. London: Routledge.
51. Heinelt, H., and Hlepas, N. (2006) Typologies of local government systems. In H. Bäck, H. Heinelt and A. Magnier, eds., The European Mayor. Political Leaders in the Changing Context of Local Democracy. Wiesbaden: VS.
52. Heinelt, H., and Kübler, D., eds. (2005) Metropolitan Governance: Capacity, Democracy and the Dynamics of Place. London: Routledge.
53. Henning, R. (2001) Regional Governance in the Nordic Capital Areas. Nordregio Working Paper 2001/8. Stockholm: Nordregio.
54. Herrschel, T., and Newman, P. (2002) Governance of Europe's City Regions. Planning, Policy and Politics. London: Routledge.
55. Holstila, E. (1998) Finland. In L. van den Berg, E. Braun and J. van den Meer, eds., National Urban Policies in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate.
56. Holstila, E. (1999) Helsinki: Changing the strategy. In M. Ilmonen, M. Johansson and H. Stenius, eds., Helsinki-Berlin-Stockholm. 3 European Capitals Facing the Future. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology.
57. Holstila, E. (2007) Finland: Towards urban innovation policy. In L. van den Berg, E. Braun and J. van den Meer, eds., National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
58. Hoyningen-Huene, P. (1989) Die Wissenschaftsphilosophie Thomas S. Kuhns. Rekonstruktion und Grundlagenprobleme. Wiesbaden: Vieweg.
59. Jessop, B. (1994) Post-fordism and the state. In A. Amin, ed., Post-Fordism. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
60. Jessop, B. (1999) The dynamics of PARTnership and governance failure. In G. Stoker, ed., The New Politics of Local Governance in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61. Jessop, B., and Sum, N.-L., eds. (2006) Beyond The Regulation Approach: Putting Capitalist Economies In Their Place. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
62. John, P. (2000) The Europeanisation of sub-national governance, Urban Studies, 37/5-6: 877-94.
63. Judge, D., Stoker, G. and Wolman, H. (1995) Urban politics and theory: An introduction. In D. Judge, G. Stoker and H. Wolman, eds., Theories of Urban Politics. London: Sage.
64. Kaelble, H. (2001) Die Besonderheiten der europäischen Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert, Leviathan, 29/2: 256-74.
65. Kalajoki, H. (1999) Helsinki-Common strategies to face problems. In M. Ilmonen, M. Johansson and H. Stenius, eds., Helsinki-Berlin-Stockholm. 3 European Capitals Facing the Future. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology.
66. Kantor, P., and Savitch, H.V. (2005) How to study comparative urban development politics: A research note, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29/1: 135-51.
67. Karvinen, M. (2005) Innovation and Creativity Strategies in Helsinki Metropolitan Area-Reinvention of Regional Governance. Paper for the 41st 'IsoCaRP' congress 2005. http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case-studies/589.pdf (last accessed 12th January, 2008).
68. Katznelson, I. (1997) Structure and configuration in comparative politics. In M. Lichbach and A. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics. Rationality, Culture and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Kaufmann, F.-X. (2003) Varianten des Wohlfahrtsstaates. Der deutsche Sozialstaat im internationalen Vergleich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
70. Kautto, M. (2001) Diversity Among Welfare States. Comparative Studies on Welfare State Adjustment in Nordic countries. Helsinki: Stakes.
71. Kazepov, Y. (2004) Introduction. Cities of Europe: Changing contexts, local arrangements and the challenge to social cohesion. In Y. Kazepov, ed., Cities of Europe: Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements and the Challenge to Social Cohesion. Oxford: Blackwell.
72. Kearns, A., and Paddison, R. (2000) New challenges for urban governance, Urban Studies, 37/5-6: 845-50.
73. Kettunen, P. (2001) The Nordic welfare state in Finland, Scandinavian Journal of History, 26/3: 225-47.
74. Kohn, M. L. (1989) Cross-national research as an analytic strategy. In M.L. Kohn, ed., Cross-National Research in Sociology. London: Sage.
75. Kooiman, J. (2002) Governance. A social-political perspective. In J.R. Grote and B. Gbikpi, eds., PARTicipatory Governance. Political and Societal Implications. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
76. Kosonen, P. (2001) Globalization and the Nordic welfare states. In R. Sykes, B. Palier and P.M. Prior, eds., Globalization and European Welfare States. Challenges and Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
77. Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
78. Kvist, J. (2002) Die Nordischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten im europäischen Kontext-Vorbild oder Auslaufmodell? NordeuropaForum, 2002/1: 11-20.
79. Laakso, S., and Kostiainen, E. (2004) The regional economy of Helsinki from a European perspective. City of Helsinki Urban Facts Statistics 2004: 17.
80. Larsen, S.U., and Ugelvik, I.L. (1997) Scandinavia. In R. Eatwell, ed., European Political Cultures. Conflict or Convergence? London: Routledge.
81. Latham, A. (2006) Anglophone urban studies and the European City: Some comments on interpreting Berlin, European Urban and Regional Studies 13/1: 88-92.
82. Lauria, M. (1997) Introduction. Reconstructing urban regime theory. In M. Lauria, ed., Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory. Regulating Urban Politics in a Global Economy. London: Sage.
83. Laurila, T. et al. (2005) Innovation Strategy. The Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Helsinki: Culminatum.
84. Lawson, A. (2004) Urban governance: Experiences from Implementation of Local Development Programs in the Stockholm Region. Why so Little for so Much? Paper for the 'ECPR Joint Sessions' workshop 23 (governing the metropolis-The impact of global trends on urban governance), Uppsala in April 2004.
85. Lefèvre, C. (1998) Metropolitan government and governance in Western countries: A critical review, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22/1: 9-25.
86. Le Galès, P. (1998) Regulations and governance in European cities, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22/3: 482-506.
87. Le Galès, P. (2000) Private-sector interests and urban governance. In A. Bagnasco and P. Le Galès, eds., Cities in Contemporary Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Le Galès, P. (2002) European Cities. Social Conflicts and Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
89. Le Galès, P. (2004) Elusive urban policies in Europe. In Y. Kazepov, ed., Cities of Europe: Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements and the Challenge to Social Cohesion. Oxford: Blackwell.
90. Le Galès, P. (2006) New state space in Western Europe? Review article, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30/3: 717-21.
91. Lehto, J. (2000) Different cities in different welfare states. In A. Bagnasco and P. Le Galès, eds., Cities in Contemporary Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
92. Lichbach, M., and Zuckerman, A. (1997) Research traditions and theory in comparative politics: An introduction. In M. Lichbach and A. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics. Rationality, Culture and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
93. Lindblom, A. (2001) Dismantling the social democratic welfare model? Has the Swedish welfare state lost its defining characteristics? Scandinavian Political Studies, 24/3: 171-93.
94. Lindner, R. (1990) Die Entdeckung der Stadtkultur. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
95. Lindvall, J., and Rothstein, B. (2006) Sweden: The fall of the strong state, Scandinavian Political Studies, 29/1: 47-63.
96. Lipietz, A. (1994) Post-fordism and democracy. In A. Amin, ed., Post-Fordism. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
97. Lundberg, U. and Åmark, K. (2001) Social rights and social security: The Swedish welfare state, 1900-2000, Scandinavian Journal of History, 26/3: 157-76.
98. MacLeod, G., and Goodwin, M. (1999) Space, scale and state strategy: Rethinking urban and regional governance, Progress in Human Geography, 23/4: 503-27.
99. Manninen, A. (1999) Current features of development in urban areas. In Committee for Urban Policy, ed., A Portrait of Finnish Cities, Towns and Functional Regions. Helsinki: Ministry of the Interior.
100. Mayer, M. (1991) Neue Trends in der Stadtpolitik: Eine Herausforderung für die lokale Politikforschung. In B. Blanke and S. Benzler, eds., Staat und Stadt. Systematische, Vergleichende und Problemorientierte Analysen 'Dezentraler' Politik (PVS Sonderheft 22). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
101. Miles, L. (2000) Making peace with the union? The Swedish social democratic PARTy and European integration. In R. Geyer, C. Ingebritsen and J. Moses, eds., Globalization, Europeanization and the End of Scandinavian Social Democracy? London: MacMillan.
102. Montin, S. (2005) The Swedish model: Many actors and few strong leaders. In R. Berg and N. Rao, eds., Transforming Local Political Leadership. Houndmills: MacMillan.
103. Neubauer, J. et al. (2007) Regional Development in the Nordic Countries 2007. Nordregio Report 2007/1. Stockholm: Nordregio.
104. Nilsson, J.-E. (1998) Sweden. In L. van den Berg, E. Braun and J. van den Meer, eds., National Urban Policies in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate.
105. Nordic Working Group on Cities and Regions (2006) The Role of Urban Areas in Regional Development-European and Nordic Perspectives. Proceedings of the Nordic Working Group on Cities and Regions. Nordregio Working Paper 2006/4. Stockholm: Nordregio.
106. OECD Territorial Reviews (2003) Helsinki, Finland. Paris: OECD Publications.
107. OECD Territorial Reviews (2006) Stockholm, Sweden. Paris: OECD Publications.
108. Osborne, D., and Gaebler, T. (1993) Reinventing Government. New York: Plume Books.
109. Øresund Committee (2004) Annual report. Copenhagen: Øresundskomiteen.
110. Paloheimo, H. (2003) The rising power of the Prime Minister in Finland, Scandinavian Political Studies, 26/3: 219-43.
111. Peck, J., and Tickell, A. (1994) Searching for a new institutional fix: The after-fordist crisis and the globallocal disorder. In A. Amin, ed., Post-Fordism. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
112. Pierre, J. (1999) Models of urban governance. The institutional dimension of urban politics, Urban Affairs Review, 34/3: 372-96.
113. Pierre, J. (2005) Comparative urban governance. Uncovering complex causalities, Urban Affairs Review, 40/4: 446-62.
114. Raunio, T. (2004) The changing Finnish democracy: Stronger parliamentary accountability, coalescing political PARTies and weaker external constraints, Scandinavian Political Studies, 27/2: 133-52.
115. Rose, N. (2000) Governing cities, governing citizens. In E.F. Isin, ed., Democracy, Citizenship and the Global City. London: Routledge.
116. Rosenberg, G. (2002) The crisis of consensus in postwar Sweden. In N. Witozek and L. Träghård, eds., Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. New York: Berghahn Books.
117. Salet, W., Thornley, A., and Kreukels, A. (2003) Institutional and spatial coordination in European metropolitan regions. In W. Salet, A. Thornley and A. Kreukels, eds., Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning. Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions. London: Spon Press.
118. Sellers, J. (2002) The nation state and urban governance: Toward multilevel analysis, Urban Affairs Review, 37/5: 611-41.
119. Sellers, J. (2005) Re-placing the nation. An agenda for comparative urban politics, Urban Affairs Review 40/4: 419-45.
120. Simmel, G. (1995) Die Großstädte und das Geistesleben. In G. Simmel: Aufsätze und Abhandlungen 1901-1908 (Band I, Gesamtausgabe Band 7). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
121. Stein, T. (2000) Der zweite Schlag über den Öresund. Vom Bau einer grenzüberschreitenden Region, NordeuropaForum, 2000/1: 3-18.
122. Stoker, G. (1998) Governance as theory: Five propositions, International Social Science Journal, 50/155: 17-28.
123. Stone, C. (1989) Regime politics: Governing Atlanta 1946-1988. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
124. Stone, C. (2005) Looking back to look forward. Reflections on urban regime analysis, Urban Affairs Review, 40/3: 309-41.
125. Sulkunen, P. (2004) The welfare state and the state of knowledge: The Finnish case. In J. Marjanen, H. Stenius and J. Vauhkonen, eds., Research on the Study of the Nordic Welfare State. Helsinki: Renvall Institute.
126. Susiluoto, I. (2003) Portrait of the Helsinki Region. Helsinki Urban Facts Web Publications 2003:1. www.hel2.fi/Tietokeskus/julkaisut/pdf/03-12-30- susiluoto-vj1.pdf (last accessed 12th January, 2008).
127. Svensson, T. (2002) Globalisation, marketisation and power: The Swedish case of institutional change, Scandinavian Political Studies, 25/3: 197-229.
128. Swank, D. (2000) Social democratic welfare states in a global economy: Scandinavia in comparative perspective. In R. Geyer, C. Ingebritsen and J. Moses, eds., Globalization, Europeanization and the End of Scandinavian Social Democracy? London: MacMillan.
129. Tainio, R., and Lilja, K. (2003) The Finnish business system in transition: Outcomes, actors and their influence. In B. Czarniawska and G. Sevón, eds., The Northern Lights. Organization Theory in Scandinavia. Malmö: Liber.
130. Therborn, G. (2000) Die Gesellschaften Europas 1945-2000. Ein Soziologischer Vergleich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
131. Vaattovaara, M., and Kortteinen, M. (2003) Beyond polarisation versus professionalisation? A case study of the development of the Helsinki region, Finland, Urban Studies, 40/11: 2127-45.
132. Veltz, P. (2000) European cities in a world economy. In A. Bagnasco and P. Le Galès, eds., Cities in Contemporary Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
133. Weber, M. (2000) Die Stadt. In Studienausgabe der Max-Weber- Gesamtausgabe. Abt. I, Schriften und Reden, Bd. 22 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Die Wirtschaft und die Gesellschaftlichen Ordnungen und Mächte; Teilband 5. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
134. Werner, H. (2002) Vorbild oder Auslaufmodell? Überlegungen zu Status und Zukunft des Nordischen Modells, NordeuropaForum, 2002/1: 3-10.
135. Wijkmark, B. (1997) Stockholm: Welfare and well-being. In C. Jensen-Butler, A. Shachar and J. van Weesep, eds., European Cities in Competition. Aldershot: Ashgate.
136. Wolman, H., and Goldsmith, M. (1992) Urban Politics and Policy. A Comparative Approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
137. World Bank (1996) The Growth of Government and the Reform of the State in Industrial Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.