Afferent and efferent immunological pathways of the brain. Anatomy, Function and Failure

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Volumn 36, Issue , 2014, Pages 9-14

  Carare, R O ^a   Hawkes, C A ^a   Weller, R O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Blood brain barrier; Brain; CSF; Interstitial fluid; Lymphatic drainage; Neuroimmunology

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ARTERY WALL; BRAIN; BRAIN TISSUE; CELL MIGRATION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CERVICAL LYMPH NODE; EFFERENT NERVE; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTERSTITIAL FLUID; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; LYMPHOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PARENCHYMA; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE;

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE; BASEMENT MEMBRANE (GREEN CONTAINS TRACER); BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BM; BRAIN; CSF; IC; IMMUNE COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM THE BLOOD AND ENTRAPPED IN BASEMENT MEMBRANES OF THE PERIVASCULAR DRAINAGE PATHWAYS; INTERSTITIAL FLUID; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; NEUROIMMUNOLOGY; SMC; SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL IN THE TUNICA MEDIA OF THE ARTERY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; HUMANS; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 84891824818     PISSN: 08891591     EISSN: 10902139     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.012     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Abbott N.J. Evidence for bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid: significance for physiology and pathology 1. Neurochem. Int. 2004, 45(4):545-552.
2. Arbel-Ornath M., Hudry E., Eikermann-Haerter K., Hou S., Gregory J.L., Zhao L., et al. Interstitial fluid drainage is impaired in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Acta Neuropathol. 2013, 126(3):353-364. Epub 2013/07/03.
3. Bechmann I., Galea I., Perry V.H. What is the blood-brain barrier (not)?. Trends Immunol. 2007, 28(1):5-11. Epub 2006/12/05.
4. Blennow K., de Leon M.J., Zetterberg H. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2006, 368(9533):387-403.
5. Boche D., Zotova E., Weller R.O., Love S., Neal J.W., Pickering R.M., et al. Consequence of Abeta immunization on the vasculature of human Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain 2008, 131(Pt 12):3299-3310.
6. Carare R.O., Bernardes-Silva M., Newman T.A., Page A.M., Nicoll J.A., Perry V.H., et al. Solutes, but not cells, drain from the brain parenchyma along basement membranes of capillaries and arteries: significance for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neuroimmunology. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2008, 34(2):131-144.
7. Carare R.O., Hawkes C.A., Jeffrey M., Kalaria R.N., Weller R.O. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Prion angiopathy, CADASIL and the spectrum of Protein Elimination-Failure Angiopathies (PEFA) in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on therapy. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2013, 39(6):593-611. Epub 2013/03/16.
8. Coisne C., Lyck R., Engelhardt B. Live cell imaging techniques to study T cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2013, 10(1):7. Epub 2013/01/23.
9. Engelhardt B., Ransohoff R.M. Capture, crawl, cross: the T cell code to breach the blood-brain barriers. Trends Immunol. 2012, 33(12):579-589. Epub 2012/08/29.
10. Frenkel D., Wilkinson K., Zhao L., Hickman S.E., Means T.K., Puckett L., et al. Scara1 deficiency impairs clearance of soluble amyloid-beta by mononuclear phagocytes and accelerates Alzheimer's-like disease progression. Nat. commun. 2013, 4(2030). Epub 2013/06/27.
11. Galea I., Bechmann I., Perry V.H. What is immune privilege (not)?. Trends Immunol. 2007, 28(1):12-18.
12. Greenberg S.M., Rebeck G.W., Vonsattel J.P., Gomez-Isla T., Hyman B.T. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and cerebral hemorrhage associated with amyloid angiopathy 49. Ann. Neurol. 1995, 38(2):254-259.
13. Gurol M.E., Viswanathan A., Gidicsin C., Hedden T., Martinez-Ramirez S., Dumas A., et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy burden associated with leukoaraiosis: A positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann. neurol. 2012, Epub 2013/02/21.
14. Hawkes C.A., McLaurin J. Selective targeting of perivascular macrophages for clearance of beta-amyloid in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106(4):1261-1266.
15. Hawkes C.A., Hartig W., Kacza J., Schliebs R., Weller R.O., Nicoll J.A., et al. Perivascular drainage of solutes is impaired in the ageing mouse brain and in the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 2011, 121(4):431-443. Epub 2011/01/25.
16. Hawkes C.A., Sullivan P.M., Hands S., Weller R.O., Nicoll J.A., Carare R.O. Disruption of arterial perivascular drainage of amyloid-beta from the brains of mice expressing the human APOE epsilon4 Allele. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(7):e41636. Epub 2012/08/01.
17. Hawkes C.A., Gatherer M., Sharp M.M., Dorr A., Yuen H.M., Kalaria R., et al. Regional differences in the morphological and functional effects of aging on cerebral basement membranes and perivascular drainage of amyloid-beta from the mouse brain. Aging Cell 2013, 12(2):224-236. Epub 2013/02/19.
18. Herring A., Donath A., Yarmolenko M., Uslar E., Conzen C., Kanakis D., et al. Exercise during pregnancy mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology in mouse offspring. FASEB J. 2012, 26(1):117-128. Epub 2011/09/29.
19. Iliff J.J., Wang M., Liao Y., Plogg B.A., Peng W., Gundersen G.A., et al. A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid beta. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012, 4(147):147ra11. Epub 2012/08/17.
20. Lake J., Weller R.O., Phillips M.J., Needham M. Lymphocyte targeting of the brain in adoptive transfer cryolesion-EAE 29. J. Pathol. 1999, 187(2):259-265.
21. Laman J.D., Weller R.O. Drainage of cells and soluble antigen from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2013, 8(4):840-856. Epub 2013/05/23.
22. Li W.H., Tanimura M., Luo C.C., Datta S., Chan L. The apolipoprotein multigene family: biosynthesis, structure, structure-function relationships, and evolution. J. Lipid Res. 1988, 29(3):245-271.
23. Muldoon L.L., Alvarez J.I., Begley D.J., Boado R.J., Del Zoppo G.J., Doolittle N.D., et al. Immunologic privilege in the central nervous system and the blood-brain barrier. J. Cereb. Blood. Flow Metab. 2013, 33(1):13-21. Epub 2012/10/18.
24. Nedergaard M. Neuroscience. Garbage truck of the brain. Science 2013, 340(6140):1529-1530. Epub 2013/07/03.
25. Nicoll J.A., Wilkinson D., Holmes C., Steart P., Markham H., Weller R.O. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide: a case report. Nat. Med. 2003, 9(4):448-452.
26. Phillips M.J., Weller R.O., Kida S., Iannotti F. Focal brain damage enhances experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in brain and spinal cord. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1995, 21(3):189-200.
27. Phillips M.J., Needham M., Weller R.O. Role of cervical lymph nodes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. J. Pathol. 1997, 182(4):457-464.
28. Rangroo Thrane V., Thrane A.S., Plog B.A., Thiyagarajan M., Iliff J.J., Deane R., et al. Paravascular microcirculation facilitates rapid lipid transport and astrocyte signaling in the brain. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3:2582. Epub 2013/09/05.
29. Ridley A., Cavanagh J.B. The cellular reactions to heterologous, homologous and autologous skin implanted into brain. J. Pathol. 1969, 99(3):193-203. Epub 1969/11/01.
30. Schenk D., Games D., Seubert P. Potential treatment opportunities for Alzheimer's disease through inhibition of secretases and Abeta immunization. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2001, 17(2):259-267.
31. Schley D., Carare-Nnadi R., Please C.P., Perry V.H., Weller R.O. Mechanisms to explain the reverse perivascular transport of solutes out of the brain. J. Theor. Biol. 2006, 238(4):962-974. Epub 2005/08/23.
32. Schmitt M., Neubauer A., Greiner J., Xu X., Barth T.F., Bechter K. Spreading of acute myeloid leukemia cells by trafficking along the peripheral outflow pathway of cerebrospinal fluid. Anticancer Res. 2011, 31(6):2343-2345. Epub 2011/07/09.
33. Sperling R., Salloway S., Brooks D.J., Tampieri D., Barakos J., Fox N.C., et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with bapineuzumab: a retrospective analysis. Lancet neurol. 2012, 11(3):241-249. Epub 2012/02/07.
34. Szentistvanyi I., Patlak C.S., Ellis R.A., Cserr H.F. Drainage of interstitial fluid from different regions of rat brain 32. AmJ. Physiol. 1984, 246(6 Pt 2):F44-F835.
35. Voelz K., Kondziella D., von Rautenfeld D.B., Brinker T., Ludemann W. A ferritin tracer study of compensatory spinal CSF outflow pathways in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Acta Neuropathol. 2007, 113(5):569-575. Epub 2007/02/14.
36. Weller R.O., Subash M., Preston S.D., Mazanti I., Carare R.O. Perivascular drainage of amyloid-beta peptides from the brain and Its failure in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol. 2008, 18(2):253-266.
37. Wolburg H., Paulus W. Choroid plexus: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119(1):75-88. Epub 2009/12/25.
38. Wu C., Ivars F., Anderson P., Hallmann R., Vestweber D., Nilsson P., et al. Endothelial basement membrane laminin alpha5 selectively inhibits T lymphocyte extravasation into the brain. Nat. Med. 2009, 15(5):519-527. Epub 2009/04/28.
39. Yurchenco P.D., Schittny J.C. Molecular architecture of basement membranes. FASEB J. 1990, 4(6):1577-1590.
40. Zhang E.T., Richards H.T., Kida S., Weller R.O. Directional and compartmentalised drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain. Acta Neuropathol(Berl). 1992, 83(3):233-239.